Given an embedding of a smooth projective curve $X$ of genus $g\geq1$ into $\mathbb{P}^N$, we study the locus of linear subspaces of $\mathbb{P}^N$ of codimension 2 such that projection from said subspace, composed with the embedding, gives a Galois morphism $X\to\mathbb{P}^1$. For genus $g\geq2$ we prove that this locus is a smooth projective variety with components isomorphic to projective spaces. If $g=1$ and the embedding is given by a complete linear system, we prove that this locus is also a smooth projective variety whose positive-dimensional components are isomorphic to projective bundles over étale quotients of the elliptic curve, and we describe these components explicitly.
We explore connections between birational anabelian geometry and abstract projective geometry. One of the applications is a proof of a version of the birational section conjecture.
A criterion for the existence of a birational embedding of an algebraic curve into a projective plane with two Galois points is presented. Several novel examples of plane curves with two inner Galois points as an application are described.
We characterize all $(n-2)$-dimensional linear subspaces of $\mathbb{P}^{n}$ such that the induced linear projection, when restricted to the rational normal curve, gives a Galois morphism. We give an explicit description of these spaces as a disjoint union of locally closed subvarieties in the Grassmannian $\mathbb{G}(n-2,n)$.
In the projective plane PG(2,q) over a finite field of order q, a Tallini curve is a plane irreducible (algebraic) curve of (minimum) degree q+2 containing all points of PG(2,q). Such curves were investigated by G. Tallini in 1961, and by Homma and Kim in 2013. Our results concern the automorphism groups, the Weierstrass semigroups, the Hasse-Witt invariants, and quotient curves of the Tallini curves.
A criterion for the existence of a birational embedding into a projective plane with three collinear Galois points for algebraic curves is presented. The extendability of an automorphism induced by a Galois point to a linear transformation of the projective plane is also discussed, under the assumption that two Galois points exist.
The article provides a sufficient condition for a locally finite module over the absolute Galois group of a finite field F to satisfy the Riemann Hypothesis Analogue with respect to the projective line. The condition holds for all smooth irreducible projective curves of positive genus, defined over F. By construction of an explicit example we establish that the scope of our main result is larger than the class of the smooth irreducible projective varieties, defined over F.
Given a connection on a meromorphic vector bundle over a compact Riemann surface with reductive Galois group, we associate to it a projective variety. Connections such that their associated projective variety are curves can be classified, up to projective equivalence, using ruled surfaces. In particular, such a meromorphic connection is the pullbacks of a Standard connection. This extend a similar result by Klein for second-order ordinary linear differential equations to a broader class of equations.
We study cyclic finite Galois extensions of the rational function field of the projective line P^{1}(F_q) over a finite field F_q with q elements defined by considering quotient curves by finite subgroups of the projective linear group PGL(2,q), and we enumerate them expressing the count in terms of Stirling numbers.
We give an explicit presentation with generators and relations of the quantum cohomology ring of the blow-up of a projective space along a linear subspace.
The arrangement of all Galois lines for the Artin-Schreier-Mumford curve in the projective 3-space is described. It may be surprising that there exist infinitely many Galois lines intersecting this curve.
We describe the arrangement of all Galois lines for the Giulietti--Korchmáros curve in the projective $3$-space. As an application, we determine the set of all Galois points for a plane model of the GK curve. This curve possesses many Galois points.
For $X$ a smooth projective variety over a field $k$, we consider the problem of Galois descent for higher Brauer groups. More precisely, we extend a finiteness result of Colliot-Thélène and Skorobogatov to higher Brauer groups.
We show that two curves of Artin-Schreier type have a birational embedding into a projective plane with two Galois points. As a consequence, all curves with large automorphism groups in the classification list by Henn have a birational embedding with two Galois points.
We classify smooth complex projective varieties $X \subset \proj^N$ of dimension $2s+1$ containing a linear subspace $Λ$ of dimension $s$ whose normal bundle $N_{Λ/X}$ is numerically effective.
In this note we show that if an abelian variety possesses a Galois embedding into some projective space, then it must be isogenous to the self product of an elliptic curve. We prove moreover that the self product of an elliptic curve always has infinitely many Galois embeddings.
In this paper I explore the structure of the fields of definition of Galois branched covers of the projective line over \bar Q. The first main result states that every mere cover model has a unique minimal field of definition where its automorphisms are defined, and goes on to describe special properties of this field. One corollary of this result is that for every G-Galois branched cover there is a field of definition which is Galois over its field of moduli, with Galois group a subgroup of Aut(G). The second main theorem states that the field resulting by adjoining to the field of moduli all…
A criterion for the existence of a birational embedding into a projective plane with non-collinear Galois points for algebraic curves is presented. A new example of a plane curve with non-collinear Galois points as an application is described. Furthermore, a new characterization of the Fermat curve in terms of non-collinear Galois points is presented.
A point $P$ in projective space is said to be Galois with respect to a hypersurface if the function field extension induced by the projection from $P$ is Galois. We present a hyperplane section theorem for Galois points. Precisely, if $P$ is a Galois point for a hypersurface, then $P$ is Galois for a general hyperplane section passing through $P$. As an application, we determine hypersurfaces of dimension $n$ with $n$-dimensional sets of Galois points.
Let $X$ be a smooth projective connected curve of genus $g\ge 2$ defined over an algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic $p>0$. Let $G$ be a finite group, $P$ a Sylow $p$-subgroup of $G$ and $N_G(P)$ its normalizer in $G$. We show that if there exists an étale Galois cover $Y\to X$ with group $N_G(P)$, then $G$ is the Galois group wan étale Galois cover $\mathcal{Y}\to\mathcal{X}$, where the genus of $\mathcal{X}$ depends on the order of $G$, the number of Sylow $p$-subgroups of $G$ and $g$. Suppose that $G$ is an extension of a group $H$ of order prime to $p$ by a $p$-group $P$ and $…
We consider the inverse Galois problem over function fields of positive characteristic p, for example, the inverse Galois problem over the projective line. We describe a method to construct certain Galois covers of the projective line and other curves, which are ordinary in the sense that their Jacobian has maximal p-torsion. We do this by constructing Galois covers of ordinary semi-stable curves, and then deforming them into smooth Galois covers.
Let $C \subset \mathbb{P}^2$ be a plane curve of degree at least three. A point $P$ in projective plane is said to be Galois if the function field extension induced by the projection $π_P: C \dashrightarrow \mathbb P^1$ from $P$ is Galois. Further we say that a Galois point is extendable if any birational transformation induced by the Galois group can be extended to a linear transformation of the projective plane. This article is the second part of [2], where we showed that the Galois group at an extendable Galois point $P$ has a natural action on the dual curve $C^* \subset \mathbb{P}^{2*}$ w…
For a plane curve, a point in the projective plane is said to be Galois when the point projection induces a Galois extension of function fields. We give a new characterization of a Fermat curve whose degree minus one is a power of $p$ in characteristic $p>2$, which is sometimes called Hermitian, by the number of Galois points lying on the curve.
We present four new examples of plane rational curves with two Galois points in positive characteristic, and determine the number of Galois points for three of them. Our results are related to a problem on projective linear groups.
Let X be the complex Fermat variety of dimension n=2d and degree m>2. We investigate the submodule of the middle homology group of X with integer coefficients generated by the classes of standard d-dimensional subspaces contained in X, and give an algebraic (or rather combinatorial) criterion for the primitivity of this submodule.
There are two purposes in this article. One is to present a criterion for the existence of a birational embedding into a projective plane with inner and outer Galois points for algebraic curves. Another is to classify plane curves of degree $d$ admitting an inner Galois point $P$ and an outer Galois point $Q$ with $G_PG_Q=G_P \rtimes G_Q$ or $G_P \ltimes G_Q$, under the assumption that the characteristic $p$ is zero or $p$ does not divide $d-1$.
In his previous paper (Math. Res. Letters 7(2000), 123--132) the author proved that in characteristic zero the jacobian $J(C)$ of a hyperelliptic curve $C: y^2=f(x)$ has only trivial endomorphisms over an algebraic closure $K_a$ of the ground field $K$ if the Galois group $Gal(f)$ of the irreducible polynomial $f(x) \in K[x]$ is either the symmetric group $S_n$ or the alternating group $A_n$. Here $n>4$ is the degree of $f$. In math.AG/0003002 we extended this result to the case of certain ``smaller'' Galois groups. In particular, we treated the infinite series $n=2^r+1, Gal(f)=L_2(2^r)$ and $…
Let $X$ be a smooth hypersurface $X$ of degree $d\geq4$ in a projective space $\mathbb P^{n+1}$. We consider a projection of $X$ from $p\in\mathbb P^{n+1}$ to a plane $H\cong\mathbb P^n$. This projection induces an extension of function fields $\mathbb C(X)/\mathbb C(\mathbb P^n)$. The point $p$ is called a Galois point if the extension is Galois. In this paper, we will give a necessary and sufficient conditions for $X$ to have Galois points by using linear automorphisms.
Special covers are metacyclic covers of the projective line, with Galois group of order pm, which have a specific type of bad reduction to characteristic p. Such covers arise in the study of the arithmetic of Galois covers of the projective line with three branch points. Our results provide a classification of all special covers in terms of certain lifting data in characteristic p.
For a plane curve, a point on the projective plane is said to be Galois if the projection from the point as a map from the curve to a line induces a Galois extension of function fields. We present upper bounds for the number of Galois points, if the genus is greater than zero. If the curve is not an immersed curve, then we have at most two Galois points. If the degree is not divisible by two nor three, then the number of outer Galois points is at most three. As a consequence, a conjecture of Yoshihara is true in these cases.
We use the theory of canonical models of Shimura varieties to describe the projective limit of the curves Y(N), all N, and its automorphism group. In particular we prove that the Galois group of Q(CM) over Q is an extension of a certain abelian group by a 2-element group, where Q(CM) stands for the the extension of Q by all the CM-points on all the curves Y(N).
Let k be a p-adic field. Some time ago, D. Harbater [9] proved that any finite group G may be realized as a regular Galois group over the rational function field in one variable k(t), namely there exists a finite field extension $F/k(t)$, Galois with group G, such that F is a regular extension of k (i.e. k is algebraically closed in F). Moreover, one may arrange that a given k-place of k(t) be totally split in F. Harbater proved this theorem for k an arbitrary complete valued field. Rather formal arguments ([10, §4.5]; \S2 hereafter) then imply that the theorem holds over any `large' field k. …
We introduce the notion of Galois holomorphic foliation on the complex projective space as that of foliations whose Gauss map is a Galois covering when restricted to an appropriate Zariski open subset. First, we establish general criteria assuring that a rational map between projective manifolds of the same dimension defines a Galois covering. Then, these criteria are used to give a geometric characterization of Galois foliations in terms of their inflection divisor and their singularities. We also characterize Galois foliations on $\mathbb P^2$ admitting continuous symmetries, obtaining a com…
We introduce the new notion of the "quasi-Galois point" in Algebraic geometry, which is a generalization of the Galois point. A point $P$ in projective plane is said to be quasi-Galois for a plane curve if the curve admits a non-trivial birational transformation which preserves the fibers of the projection $π_P$ from $P$. We discuss the standard form of the defining equation of curves with quasi-Galois points, the number of quasi-Galois points, the structure of the Galois group for the projection, relations with dual curves, and so on. Our theory also has applications to the study of automorph…
We prove a generalization of Shafarevich's Conjecture for fields of Laurent series in two variables over an arbitrary field. While not projective, the absolute Galois group of such a field is shown to be semi-free. We also show that the function field of a smooth projective curve over a large field has semi-free absolute Galois group. In the first edition of this paper it was shown that these groups are quasi-free, which is weaker.
In this paper, we study the problem of tropicalizing tame degree three coverings of the projective line. Given any degree three covering $C\longrightarrow{\mathbb{P}^{1}}$, we give an algorithm that produces the Berkovich skeleton of $C$. In particular, this gives an algorithm for finding the Berkovich skeleton of a genus $3$ curve. The algorithm uses a continuity statement for inertia groups of semistable Galois coverings, which we prove first. After that we give a formula for the decomposition group of an irreducible component $Γ\subset{\mathcal{C}_{s}}$ for a semistable Galois covering $\ma…
In "Curves on Heisenberg invariant quartic surfaces in projective 3-space", Eklund showed that a general $(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})^{4}$-invariant quartic K3 surface contains at least $320$ conics. In this paper we analyse the field of definition of those conics as well as their Monodromy group. As a result, we prove that the moduli space $(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})^{4}$-invariant quartic K3 surface with a marked conic has $10$ irreducible components.
Stratifications and iterative differential equations are analogues in positive characteristic of complex linear differential equations. There are few explicit examples of stratifications. The main goal of this paper is to construct stratifications on projective or affine curves in positive characteristic and to determine the possibilities for their differential Galois groups. For the related "differential Abhyankar conjecture" we present partial answers, supplementing the literature. The tools for the construction of regular singular stratifications and the study of their differential Galois g…
We show that the d-th secant variety of a projective curve of genus g imbedded in projective space by a complete linear system of degree 2g-2+m, with m at least 2d+3, does not contain linear spaces of dimension bigger than d-1, and that the only linear subspaces of dimension d-1 contained in it are the obvious ones.
Let $C$ be a smooth plane curve. A point $P$ in the projective plane is said to be Galois with respect to $C$ if the function field extension induced from the point projection from $P$ is Galois. We denote by $δ(C)$ (resp. $δ'(C)$) the number of Galois points contained in $C$ (resp. in $\mathbb P^2 \setminus C$). In this article, we determine the numbers $δ(C)$ and $δ'(C)$ in any remaining open cases. Summarizing results obtained by now, we will have a complete classification theorem of smooth plane curves by the number $δ(C)$ or $δ'(C)$. In particular, we give new characterizations of Fermat …
In this paper, we introduce \textit{splitting numbers} of subvarieties in a smooth variety for a Galois cover, and prove that the splitting numbers are invariant under certain homeomorphisms. By splitting numbers, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for two plane curves of type $(b,m)$ to be topologically equivalent as pairs of the complex projective plane and plane curves, where a plane curve of type $(b,m)$ is an arrangement of two smooth plane curves of degree $3$ and $b$ defined by I.~Shimada. Consequently, we prove that there are $π_1$-equivalent Zariski $k$-plets for any $k\geq2…
We consider the quotient X of bi-elliptic surface by a finite automorphism group. If X is smooth, then it is a bi-elliptic surface or ruled surface with irregularity one. As a corollary any bi-elliptic surface cannot be Galois covering of projective plane, hence does not have any Galois embedding.
let f be an endomorphism of a complex projective space, of degree bigger than one. Let us call an algebraic subset exceptional for f, if its inverse image is set-theoretically equal to itself. J.-Y. Briend, S. Cantat and M. Shishikura proved that an irreducible set like this is a linear subspace. In this paper, we obtain a bound for the number of codimension-two exceptional subspaces. In particular, we show that an endomorphism of the projective plane can be completely ramified at nine points at most.
Let SU_C(2) denote the moduli variety of rank 2 semistable vector bundles with trivial determinant on an algebraic curve C. We prove that if C is trigonal then there exists a projective moduli variety N_C containing SU_C(2) as a subvariety and smooth of dimension 7g-14 away from SU_C(2). N_C parametrises Galois Spin(8)-bundles on the Galois closure of C over P^1. Moreover, if x in J_C[2] is a 2-torsion point let R(x) be the Recillas tetragonal curve whose Jacobian is isomorphic to Prym(C,x). Then there is an injection of SU_R(x)(2) into N_C giving a `nonabelian Schottky configuration' in N_C s…
We construct and study two series of curves whose Jacobians admit complex multiplication. The curves arise as quotients of Galois coverings of the projective line with Galois group metacyclic groups $G_{q,3}$ of order $3q$ with $q \equiv 1 \mod 3$ an odd prime, and $G_m$ of order $2^{m+1}$. The complex multiplications arise as quotients of double coset algebras of the Galois groups of these coverings. We work out the CM-types and show that the Jacobians are simple abelian varieties.
Let $p: Y \ra X$ be a Galois cover of smooth projective curves over $\CC$ with Galois group $Γ$. This paper is devoted to the study of principal orthogonal and symplectic bundles $E$ on $Y$ to which the action of $Γ$ on $Y$ lifts. We notably describe them intrinsically in terms of objects defined on $X$ and call these objects parahoric bundles. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the non-emptiness of the moduli of stable (and semi-stable) parahoric special orthogonal, symplectic and spin bundles on the projective line $\PP^1$.
The fundamental group of Fermat and generalized Fermat curves is computed. These curves are Galois ramified covers of the projective line with abelian Galois groups $H$. We provide a unified study of the action of both cover Galois group $H$ and the absolute Galois group $\mathrm{Gal}(\bar{\Q}/\Q)$ on the pro-$\ell$ homology of the curves in study. Also the relation to the pro-$\ell$ Burau representation is investigated.
Let V be a nonsingular projective algebraic variety of dimension n. Suppose there exists a very ample divisor D such that D^n=6 and dim H^0(V, O(D))=n+3. Then, (V, D) defines a D_6-Galois embedding if and only if it is a Galois closure variety of a smooth cubic in P^{n+1} with respect to a suitable projection center such that the pull back of hyperplane of P^n is linearly equivalent to D.
