Let $C \subset \mathbb{P}^2$ be a plane curve of degree at least three. A point $P$ in projective plane is said to be Galois if the function field extension induced by the projection $π_P: C \dashrightarrow \mathbb P^1$ from $P$ is Galois. Further we say that a Galois point is extendable if any birational transformation induced by the Galois group can be extended to a linear transformation of the projective plane. This article is the second part of [2], where we showed that the Galois group at an extendable Galois point $P$ has a natural action on the dual curve $C^* \subset \mathbb{P}^{2*}$ which preserves the fibers of the projection $π_{\overline{P}}$ from a certain point $\overline{P} \in \mathbb{P}^{2*}$. In this article we improve such a result, and we investigate the Galois group of $π_{\overline{P}}$. In particular, we study both when $\overline{P}$ is a Galois point, and when ${\rm deg} \ (π_P)$ is prime and ${\rm deg} \ (π_{\overline{P}}) = 2{\rm deg} \ (π_P)$. As an application, we determine the number of points at which the Galois groups are certain fixed groups for the dual curve of a cubic curve.
We describe a construction of plane quartics with prescribed Galois operation on the 28 bitangents, in the particular case of a Galois invariant Steiner hexad. As an application, we solve the inverse Galois problem for degree two del Pezzo surfaces in the corresponding particular case.
We classify plane curves $\mathcal{C}$ possessing two Galois points $P_1$ and $P_2 \in \mathbb{P}^2 \setminus \mathcal{C}$ such that the associated Galois groups $G_{P_1}$ and $G_{P_2}$ generate the semidirect product $G_{P_1}\rtimes G_{P_2}$. New examples of plane curves with two Galois points are also presented.
We describe a construction of plane quartics with prescribed Galois operation on the 28 bitangents, in the particular case of a Galois invariant Cayley octad. As an application, we solve the inverse Galois problem for degree two del Pezzo surfaces in the corresponding particular case.
A criterion for the existence of a plane model with two non-smooth Galois points for algebraic curves is presented, which is a generalization of Fukasawa's criterion for two smooth Galois points. Owing to this generalized criterion, multiplicities and order sequences at Galois points can be described in detail.
A criterion for the existence of a birational embedding of an algebraic curve into a projective plane with two Galois points is presented. Several novel examples of plane curves with two inner Galois points as an application are described.
For a plane curve, a point on the projective plane is said to be Galois if the projection from the point as a map from the curve to a line induces a Galois extension of function fields. We present upper bounds for the number of Galois points, if the genus is greater than zero. If the curve is not an immersed curve, then we have at most two Galois points. If the degree is not divisible by two nor three, then the number of outer Galois points is at most three. As a consequence, a conjecture of Yoshihara is true in these cases.
We give new examples of plane curves with two or more Galois points as a family, and describe the number of Galois points for these curves, by using finite fields.
A point on a plane curve is said to be Galois (for the curve) if the projection from the point as a map from the curve to a line induces a Galois extension of function fields. It is known that the number of Galois points is finite except for a certain explicit example. We establish upper bounds for the number of Galois points for all plane curves other than the example in terms of the genus, degree and the generic order of contact, and settle curves attaining the bounds.
In this article, we study birational transformations belonging to Galois points for certain plane quartic curve. In fact, we see that they can be extended to Cremona transformations. In particular, we determine the conjugacy class of them. We have that they are all conjugate to linear transformations.
We present four new examples of plane rational curves with two Galois points in positive characteristic, and determine the number of Galois points for three of them. Our results are related to a problem on projective linear groups.
Let $C$ be a smooth plane curve. A point $P$ in the projective plane is said to be Galois with respect to $C$ if the function field extension induced from the point projection from $P$ is Galois. We denote by $δ(C)$ (resp. $δ'(C)$) the number of Galois points contained in $C$ (resp. in $\mathbb P^2 \setminus C$). In this article, we determine the numbers $δ(C)$ and $δ'(C)$ in any remaining open cases. Summarizing results obtained by now, we will have a complete classification theorem of smooth plane curves by the number $δ(C)$ or $δ'(C)$. In particular, we give new characterizations of Fermat …
In the projective plane PG(2,q) over a finite field of order q, a Tallini curve is a plane irreducible (algebraic) curve of (minimum) degree q+2 containing all points of PG(2,q). Such curves were investigated by G. Tallini in 1961, and by Homma and Kim in 2013. Our results concern the automorphism groups, the Weierstrass semigroups, the Hasse-Witt invariants, and quotient curves of the Tallini curves.
A criterion for the existence of a birational embedding into a projective plane with three collinear Galois points for algebraic curves is presented. The extendability of an automorphism induced by a Galois point to a linear transformation of the projective plane is also discussed, under the assumption that two Galois points exist.
Recently, the first author classified finite groups obtained as automorphism groups of smooth plane curves of degree $d \ge 4$ into five types. He gave an upper bound of the order of the automorphism group for each types. For one of them, the type (a-ii), that is given by $\max \left\{ 2 d (d - 2), 60 d \right\}$. In this article, we shall construct typical examples of smooth plane curve $C$ by applying the method of Galois points, whose automorphism group has order $60 d$. In fact, we determine the structure of the automorphism group of those curves.
A criterion for the existence of a birational embedding into a projective plane with non-collinear Galois points for algebraic curves is presented. A new example of a plane curve with non-collinear Galois points as an application is described. Furthermore, a new characterization of the Fermat curve in terms of non-collinear Galois points is presented.
We characterize plane rational curves of degree four with two or more inner Galois points. A computer verifies the existence of plane rational curves of degree four with three inner Galois points. This would be the first example of a curve with exactly three them. Our result implies that Miura's bound is sharp for rational curves.
In this paper, we introduce \textit{splitting numbers} of subvarieties in a smooth variety for a Galois cover, and prove that the splitting numbers are invariant under certain homeomorphisms. By splitting numbers, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for two plane curves of type $(b,m)$ to be topologically equivalent as pairs of the complex projective plane and plane curves, where a plane curve of type $(b,m)$ is an arrangement of two smooth plane curves of degree $3$ and $b$ defined by I.~Shimada. Consequently, we prove that there are $π_1$-equivalent Zariski $k$-plets for any $k\geq2…
For a plane curve, a point in the projective plane is said to be Galois when the point projection induces a Galois extension of function fields. We give a new characterization of a Fermat curve whose degree minus one is a power of $p$ in characteristic $p>2$, which is sometimes called Hermitian, by the number of Galois points lying on the curve.
Let $X$ be a surface of degree $n$, projected onto $\mathbb{CP}^2$. The surface has a natural Galois cover with Galois group $S_n.$ It is possible to determine the fundamental group of a Galois cover from that of the complement of the branch curve of $X.$ In this paper we survey the fundamental groups of Galois covers of all surfaces of small degree $n \leq 4$, that degenerate to a nice plane arrangement, namely a union of $n$ planes such that no three planes meet in a line. We include the already classical examples of the quadric, the Hirzebruch and the Veronese surfaces and the degree $4$ em…
There are two purposes in this article. One is to present a criterion for the existence of a birational embedding into a projective plane with inner and outer Galois points for algebraic curves. Another is to classify plane curves of degree $d$ admitting an inner Galois point $P$ and an outer Galois point $Q$ with $G_PG_Q=G_P \rtimes G_Q$ or $G_P \ltimes G_Q$, under the assumption that the characteristic $p$ is zero or $p$ does not divide $d-1$.
A criterion for the existence of a plane model of an algebraic curve such that the Galois closures of projections from two points are the same is presented. As an application, it is proved that the Hermitian curve in positive characteristic coincides with the Galois closures of projections of some plane curve from some two non-uniform points.
Let $C_1$ be an irreducible component of a reduced projective curve $C\subset \mathbb P^2$ defined over the field $\mathbb C$, $\mathrm{deg} C_1\geq 2$, and let $T$ be the set of lines $l\subset \mathbb P^2$ meeting $C$ transversally. In the article, we prove that for a line $l_0\in T$ and any two points $P_1,P_2\in C_1\cap l_0$ there is a loop $l_t\subset T$, $t\in [0,1]$, such that the movement of the line $l_0$ along the loop $l_t$ induces the transposition of the points $P_1$, $P_2$ and the identity permutation of the other points of $C\cap l_0$.
We introduce the new notion of the "quasi-Galois point" in Algebraic geometry, which is a generalization of the Galois point. A point $P$ in projective plane is said to be quasi-Galois for a plane curve if the curve admits a non-trivial birational transformation which preserves the fibers of the projection $π_P$ from $P$. We discuss the standard form of the defining equation of curves with quasi-Galois points, the number of quasi-Galois points, the structure of the Galois group for the projection, relations with dual curves, and so on. Our theory also has applications to the study of automorph…
We determine the distribution of Galois points for plane curves over a finite field of $q$ elements, which are Frobenius nonclassical for different powers of $q$. This family is an important class of plane curves with many remarkable properties. It contains the Dickson-Guralnick-Zieve curve, which has been recently studied by Giulietti, Korchmaros, and Timpanella from several points of view. A problem posed by the second author in the theory of Galois points is modified.
A total mass is the weighted count of continuous homomorphisms from the absolute Galois group of a local field to a finite group. In the preceding paper, the authors observed that in a particular example, two total masses coming from two different weightings are dual to each other. We discuss the problem how general such a duality holds and relate it to the existence of simultaneous resolution of singularities, using the wild McKay correspondence and the Poincaré duality for stringy invariants. We also exhibit several examples.
We settle the automorphism groups of curves appearing in a classification list of smooth plane curves with at least two Galois points. One of them is an ordinary curve whose automorphism group exceeds the Hurwitz bound.
Let ${\mathcal {B}}$ be a reducible reduced plane curve. We introduce a new point of view to study the topology of $(\PP^2, {\mathcal {B}})$ via Galois covers and Alexander polynomials. We show its effectiveness through examples of Zariski $N$-plets for conic and conic-quartic configurations.
We study the relationship between rational points and Galois points for a plane curve over a finite field. It is known that the set of Galois points coincides with that of rational points of the projective plane if the curve is the Hermitian, Klein quartic or Ballico-Hefez curves. We propose a problem: Does the converse hold true? When the curve of genus at most one has a rational point, we will have an affirmative answer.
We describe the arrangement of all Galois lines for the Giulietti--Korchmáros curve in the projective $3$-space. As an application, we determine the set of all Galois points for a plane model of the GK curve. This curve possesses many Galois points.
It is proved that there exist plane rational curves of degree twelve (resp. twenty-four) with two different outer Galois points such that the Galois group at one of two Galois points is an alternating group $A_4$ (resp. a symmetric group $S_4$) of degree four, under the assumption that the characteristic of the ground field is eleven (resp. is twenty-three). For an alternating group $A_5$ of degree five, a similar existence theorem is confirmed, over a field of characteristic $59$, by GAP system.
We show that two curves of Artin-Schreier type have a birational embedding into a projective plane with two Galois points. As a consequence, all curves with large automorphism groups in the classification list by Henn have a birational embedding with two Galois points.
Faculty of Science, Yamagata University（山形大学理学部）；National Institute of Technology, Ube College（国立高专宇部高等专门学校）；Education Center for Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University（新潟大学工学部工程技术教育中心）
The splitting number is effective to distinguish the embedded topology of plane curves, and it is not determined by the fundamental group of the complement of the plane curve. In this paper, we give a generalization of the splitting number, called the splitting graph. By using the splitting graph, we classify the embedded topology of plane curves consisting of one smooth curve and non-concurrent three lines, called Artal arrangements.
A criterion for the existence of a birational embedding with two Galois points for quotient curves is presented. We apply our criterion to several curves, for example, some cyclic subcovers of the Giulietti-Korchmaros curve or of the curves constructed by Skabelund. They are new examples of plane curves with two Galois points.
We show that there exists a plane curve of degree $q^3+1$ with two inner Galois points whose smooth model is the Hermitian curve of degree $q+1$, where $q$ is a power of the characteristic $p>0$. Similar results hold for the Suzuki and Ree curves respectively.
Let $X$ be a smooth hypersurface $X$ of degree $d\geq4$ in a projective space $\mathbb P^{n+1}$. We consider a projection of $X$ from $p\in\mathbb P^{n+1}$ to a plane $H\cong\mathbb P^n$. This projection induces an extension of function fields $\mathbb C(X)/\mathbb C(\mathbb P^n)$. The point $p$ is called a Galois point if the extension is Galois. In this paper, we will give a necessary and sufficient conditions for $X$ to have Galois points by using linear automorphisms.
We classify Schubert problems in the Grassmannian of 4-planes in 9-dimensional space by their Galois groups. Of the 31,806 essential Schubert problems in this Grassmannian, there are only 149 whose Galois group does not contain the alternating group. We identify the Galois groups of these 149 -- each is an imprimitive permutation group. These 149 fall into two families according to their geometry. This study suggests a possible classification of Schubert problems whose Galois group is not the full symmetric group, and it begins to establish the inverse Galois problem for Schubert calculus.
Globally irreducible nodes (i.e. nodes whose branches belong to the same irreducible component) have mild effects on the most common topological invariants of an algebraic curve. In other words, adding a globally irreducible node (simple nodal degeneration) to a curve should not change them a lot. In this paper we study the effect of nodal degeneration of curves on fundamental groups and show examples where simple nodal degenerations produce non-isomorphic fundamental groups and this can be detected in an algebraic way by means of Galois coverings.
We study birational transformations belonging to Galois points. Let $P$ be a Galois point for a plane curve $C$ and $G_P$ be a Galois group at $P$. Then an element of $G_P$ induces a birational transformation of $C$. In general, it is difficult to determine when this birational transformations can be extended to a Cremona (or projective) transformation. In this article, we shall prove that if the Galois group is isomorphic to the cyclic group of order three, then any element of the Galois group has an expression as a de Jonquières transformation. In particular, they can be extended to Cremona …
Let $X$ be an algebraic surface of degree $5$, which is considered as a branch cover of $\mathbb{CP}^2$ with respect to a generic projection. The surface has a natural Galois cover with Galois group $S_5$. In this paper, we deal with the fundamental groups of Galois covers of degree $5$ surfaces that degenerate to nice plane arrangements; each of them is a union of five planes such that no three planes meet in a line.
The splitting number of a plane irreducible curve for a Galois cover is effective to distinguish the embedded topologies of plane curves. In this paper, we define a connected number of any plane curve for a Galois cover whose branch divisor has no common components with the plane curve, which is similar to the splitting number. We classify the embedded topology of Artal arrangements of degree $b\geq 4$ by the connected number, where an Artal arrangement of degree $b$ is a plane curve consisting of one smooth curve of dgree $b$ and three total inflectional tangents.
This paper is a continuation to \cite{Gazaki2017}. For every integer $n\geq 1$, we consider the generalized Galois symbol $K(k;G_1,G_2)/n\xrightarrow{s_n} H^2(k,G_1[n]\otimes G_2[n])$, where $k$ is a finite extension of $\mathbb{Q}_p$, $G_1,G_2$ are semi-abelian varieties over $k$ and $K(k;G_1,G_2)$ is the Somekawa K-group attached to $G_1, G_2$. Under some mild assumptions, we describe the exact annihilator of the image of $s_n$ under the Tate duality perfect pairing, $H^2(k,G_1[n]\otimes G_2[n])\times H^0(k,Hom(G_1[n]\otimes G_2[n],μ_n))\rightarrow\mathbb{Z}/n$. An important special case is …
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be an irreducible plane curve of $\text{PG}(2,\mathbb{K})$ where $\mathbb{K}$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic $p\geq 0$. A point $Q\in \mathcal{C}$ is an inner Galois point for $\mathcal{C}$ if the projection $π_Q$ from $Q$ is Galois. Assume that $\mathcal{C}$ has two different inner Galois points $Q_1$ and $Q_2$, both simple. Let $G_1$ and $G_2$ be the respective Galois groups. Under the assumption that $G_i$ fixes $Q_i$, for $i=1,2$, we provide a complete classification of $G=\langle G_1,G_2 \rangle$ and we exhibit a curve for each such $G$. Our proof rel…
Using Mazur's theorem on torsions of elliptic curves, an upper bound 24 for the order of the finite Galois group $\mathcal{H}$ associated with weighted walks in the quarter plane $\mathbb{Z}^2_+$ is obtained. The explicit criterion for $\mathcal{H}$ to have order 4 or 6 is rederived by simple geometric argument. Using division polynomials, a recursive criterion for $\mathcal{H}$ having order $4m$ or $4m+2$ is also obtained. As a corollary, explicit criterion for $\mathcal{H}$ to have order 8 is given and is much simpler than the existing method.
We investigate double transitivity of Galois groups in the classical Schubert calculus on Grassmannians. We show that all Schubert problems on Grassmannians of 2- and 3-planes have doubly transitive Galois groups, as do all Schubert problems involving only special Schubert conditions. We use these results to give a new proof that Schubert problems on Grassmannians of 2-planes have Galois groups that contain the alternating group. We also investigate the Galois group of every Schubert problem on Gr(4,8), finding that each Galois group either contains the alternating group or is an imprimitive p…
For each linearly normal elliptic curve $C$ in $\mathbb P^3$, we determine Galois lines and their arrangement. The results are as follows: the curve $C$ has just six $V_4$-lines and in case $j(C)=1$, it has eight $Z_4$-lines in addition. The $V_4$-lines form the edges of a tetrahedron, in case $j(C)=1$, for each vertex of the tetrahedron, there exist just two $Z_4$-lines passing through it. We obtain as a corollary that each plane quartic curve of genus one does not have more than one Galois point.
We develop a theory of Tannakian Galois groups for t-motives and relate this to the theory of Frobenius semilinear difference equations. We show that the transcendence degree of the period matrix associated to a given t-motive is equal to the dimension of its Galois group. Using this result we prove that Carlitz logarithms of algebraic functions that are linearly independent over the rational function field are algebraically independent.
Galois groups of Schubert problems via homotopy computation
Institute for Mathematics；its Applications University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN \ 55455 USA；Department of Mathematics Texas A\&M University College Station Texas \ 77843 USA
Two Schubert problems on possibly different Grassmannians may be composed to obtain a Schubert problem on a larger Grassmannian whose number of solutions is the product of the numbers of the original problems. This generalizes a construction discovered while classifying Schubert problems on the Grassmannian of 4-planes in C^9 with imprimitive Galois groups. We give an algebraic proof of the product formula. In a number of cases, we show that the Galois group of the composed Schubert problem is a subgroup of a wreath product of the Galois groups of the original problems, and is therefore imprim…
A classical and beautiful story in geometric representation theory is the construction by Springer of an action of the Weyl group on the cohomology of the fibres of the Springer resolution of the nilpotent cone. We establish a natural extension of Springer's theory to arbitrary symplectic resolutions of conical symplectic singularities. We analyse features of the action in the case of affine quiver varieties, constructing Weyl group actions on the cohomology of $ADE$ quiver varieties, and also consider "symplectically dual" examples arising from slices in the affine Grassmannian. Along the way…
We study a variant of the Hasse principle for finite Galois modules, allowing exceptional sets of positive density. For a Galois module whose underlying abelian group is isomorphic to $\mathbb{F}_p^{\oplus r}$ ($r \leq 2$), we show that the product of the restriction maps for places in a set of places $S$ is injective if the Dirichlet density of $S$ is strictly larger than $1 - p^{-r}$. We give applications to the local-global divisibility problem for elliptic curves and the Hasse principle for flexes on plane cubic curves.
