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arXiv 1604.08041cs.AR
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利用异构体以低成本降低DRAM延迟

Reducing DRAM Latency at Low Cost by Exploiting Heterogeneity

Donghyuk Lee

摘要:

在现代系统中,基于DRAM的主存储器比处理器慢得多。因此,处理器花费很长时间等待从主存储器访问数据,使得长的主存储器访问延迟成为实现高系统性能的最关键瓶颈之一。不幸的是,DRAM的延迟在过去十年中几乎保持不变。这主要是因为DRAM已针对每位成本而不是访问延迟进行了优化。因此,DRAM延迟并没有随着技术扩展而减少,并且仍然是现代和未来系统中的重要性能瓶颈。本论文主要从三个方面来研究低成本低延迟DRAM存储系统。首先,基于DRAM中的长位线是DRAM延迟的主要来源之一的观察,我们提出了一种新的DRAM架构,分层延迟DRAM(TL-DRAM),它使用隔离晶体管将长位线分成两个较短的段,允许一个段以减少延迟的方式访问。其次,我们提出了一个细粒度的DRAM延迟减少机制,自适应延迟DRAM,它优化了DRAM延迟为共同的操作条件,为个别DRAM模块。第三,我们提出了一种新的技术,架构变化感知DRAM(AVA-DRAM),以低成本降低DRAM延迟,通过分析和识别DRAM中固有的较慢的区域,动态地确定最低的延迟DRAM可以在不引起故障的情况下运行。本论文通过使用具有详细DRAM模型的电路级仿真和基于FPGA的真实DRAM模块剖析来详细分析DRAM延迟。我们的延迟分析表明,我们的低延迟DRAM机制能够显著降低延迟,从而大幅提高系统性能和能效。

英文摘要:

In modern systems, DRAM-based main memory is significantly slower than the processor. Consequently, processors spend a long time waiting to access data from main memory, making the long main memory access latency one of the most critical bottlenecks to achieving high system performance. Unfortunately, the latency of DRAM has remained almost constant in the past decade. This is mainly because DRAM has been optimized for cost-per-bit, rather than access latency. As a result, DRAM latency is not reducing with technology scaling, and continues to be an important performance bottleneck in modern and future systems. This dissertation seeks to achieve low latency DRAM-based memory systems at low cost in three major directions. First, based on the observation that long bitlines in DRAM are one of the dominant sources of DRAM latency, we propose a new DRAM architecture, Tiered-Latency DRAM (TL-DRAM), which divides the long bitline into two shorter segments using an isolation transistor, allowing one segment to be accessed with reduced latency. Second, we propose a fine-grained DRAM latency reduction mechanism, Adaptive-Latency DRAM, which optimizes DRAM latency for the common operating conditions for individual DRAM module. Third, we propose a new technique, Architectural-Variation-Aware DRAM (AVA-DRAM), which reduces DRAM latency at low cost, by profiling and identifying only the inherently slower regions in DRAM to dynamically determine the lowest latency DRAM can operate at without causing failures. This dissertation provides a detailed analysis of DRAM latency by using both circuit-level simulation with a detailed DRAM model and FPGA-based profiling of real DRAM modules. Our latency analysis shows that our low latency DRAM mechanisms enable significant latency reductions, leading to large improvement in both system performance and energy efficiency.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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