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arXiv 1802.00320cs.AR
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支持采用内存处理:挑战,机制,未来研究方向

Enabling the Adoption of Processing-in-Memory: Challenges, Mechanisms, Future Research Directions

Saugata Ghose, Kevin Hsieh, Amirali Boroumand, Rachata Ausavarungnirun, Onur Mutlu

摘要:

多年来,DRAM技术的扩展性差,导致基于DRAM的主存越来越成为一个更大的系统瓶颈。瓶颈的一个主要原因是存储在DRAM中的数据必须在任何计算发生之前通过引脚有限的内存通道移动到CPU。这需要很高的延迟和能量开销,并且数据通常不能从CPU中的缓存中受益,从而难以分摊开销。现代3D堆叠DRAM架构包括逻辑层,其中计算逻辑可以集成在同一芯片内的DRAM单元阵列的多层之下。架构师可以利用逻辑层来执行内存处理(PIM)或近数据处理。在PIM架构中,DRAM内的逻辑层可以访问3D堆叠DRAM内可用的高内部带宽(其远大于DRAM和CPU之间可用的带宽)。因此,PIM架构可以有效地释放宝贵的存储器通道带宽,同时降低系统能耗。当我们将计算逻辑添加到DRAM时,会出现许多重要的问题。特别地,该逻辑不具有对现代应用执行所必需的公共CPU结构的低延迟访问,诸如虚拟内存和缓存一致性机制。为了便于PIM的广泛采用,我们希望保持传统的虚拟内存抽象和共享内存编程模型。这需要高效的机制,可以为DRAM中的逻辑提供对CPU结构的访问,而不必频繁地与CPU通信。为此,我们提出并评估两个通用的解决方案,最大限度地减少不必要的片外通信PIM架构。我们发现,这两种机制提高了许多重要的内存密集型应用程序的性能和能耗。

英文摘要:

Poor DRAM technology scaling over the course of many years has caused DRAM-based main memory to increasingly become a larger system bottleneck. A major reason for the bottleneck is that data stored within DRAM must be moved across a pin-limited memory channel to the CPU before any computation can take place. This requires a high latency and energy overhead, and the data often cannot benefit from caching in the CPU, making it difficult to amortize the overhead. Modern 3D-stacked DRAM architectures include a logic layer, where compute logic can be integrated underneath multiple layers of DRAM cell arrays within the same chip. Architects can take advantage of the logic layer to perform processing-in-memory (PIM), or near-data processing. In a PIM architecture, the logic layer within DRAM has access to the high internal bandwidth available within 3D-stacked DRAM (which is much greater than the bandwidth available between DRAM and the CPU). Thus, PIM architectures can effectively free up valuable memory channel bandwidth while reducing system energy consumption. A number of important issues arise when we add compute logic to DRAM. In particular, the logic does not have low-latency access to common CPU structures that are essential for modern application execution, such as the virtual memory and cache coherence mechanisms. To ease the widespread adoption of PIM, we ideally would like to maintain traditional virtual memory abstractions and the shared memory programming model. This requires efficient mechanisms that can provide logic in DRAM with access to CPU structures without having to communicate frequently with the CPU. To this end, we propose and evaluate two general-purpose solutions that minimize unnecessary off-chip communication for PIM architectures. We show that both mechanisms improve the performance and energy consumption of many important memory-intensive applications.

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