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arXiv 1202.3958math.AGmath.APmath.NT
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射影平移方程与二维有理向量场的非分歧流

The projective translation equation and unramified 2-dimensional flows with rational vector fields

Giedrius Alkauskas

摘要:

设X=(x,y).以前我们已经找到了二维射影平移方程的所有有理解,或PrTE,(1-z)f(X)=f(f(Xz)(1-z)/z);这里f(X)=(u(x,y),v(x,y))是一对两个(实或复)函数。这个函数方程的解称为投影流。有理流的向量场是一对2-齐次有理函数。另一方面,只有特殊的2-齐次有理函数对才能产生有理流。本文研究了所有非奇异(满足边界条件)和非分歧(无分支点,即C^2\{并曲线}中的单值函数)的射影流,其向量场仍是有理的.本文证明了在与1-齐次双有理平面变换共轭之前,这些流有6种类型:1)恒等流; 2)每个非负整数N有一个流--这些流是N级有理流; 3)1级指数流,它也与1级切流共轭; 4)可用Dixonian表示的3级流(等调和)椭圆函数; 5)可表示为双系椭圆函数的4级流; 6)可再次表示为Dixonian椭圆函数的6级流。这揭示了PrTE的另一个方面:在后四种情况下,这个方程是等价的,并为指数、正切或特殊椭圆函数的加法公式提供了一个统一的框架(也为多项式和对数提供了加法公式,尽管后者只出现在分支流中)。此外,PrTE原来与Polya-Eggenberger骨灰盒模型有联系。本研究的另一个目的是暂时的,我们提供了开放的问题和方向的列表中的理论PrTE,例如,我们定义的概念,准理性的投影流,其中包括曲线的任意属。

英文摘要:

Let X=(x,y). Previously we have found all rational solutions of the 2-dimensional projective translation equation, or PrTE, (1-z)f(X)=f(f(Xz)(1-z)/z); here f(X)=(u(x,y),v(x,y)) is a pair of two (real or complex) functions. Solutions of this functional equation are called projective flows. A vector field of a rational flow is a pair of 2-homogenic rational functions. On the other hand, only special pairs of 2-homogenic rational functions give rise to rational flows. In this paper we are interested in all non-singular (satisfying the boundary condition) and unramified (without branching points, i.e. single-valued functions in C^2\{union of curves}) projective flows whose vector field is still rational. We prove that, up to conjugation with 1-homogenic birational plane transformation, these are of 6 types: 1) the identity flow; 2) one flow for each non-negative integer N - these flows are rational of level N; 3) the level 1 exponential flow, which is also conjugate to the level 1 tangent flow; 4) the level 3 flow expressable in terms of Dixonian (equianharmonic) elliptic functions; 5) the level 4 flow expressable in terms of lemniscatic elliptic functions; 6) the level 6 flow expressable in terms of Dixonian elliptic functions again. This reveals another aspect of the PrTE: in the latter four cases this equation is equivalent and provides a uniform framework to addition formulas for exponential, tangent, or special elliptic functions (also addition formulas for polynomials and the logarithm, though the latter appears only in branched flows). Moreover, the PrTE turns out to have a connection with Polya-Eggenberger urn models. Another purpose of this study is expository, and we provide the list of open problems and directions in the theory of PrTE; for example, we define the notion of quasi-rational projective flows which includes curves of arbitrary genus.

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