Metin Gürses, Aslí Pekcan
We present some nonlinear partial differential equations in 2+1-dimensions derived from the KdV Equation and its symmetries. We show that all these equations have the same 3-soliton structures. The only difference in these solutions are the dispersion relations. We also showed that they pass the Painlevé test.
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We consider multiple lattices and functions defined on them. We introduce slow varying conditions for functions defined on the lattice and express the variation of a function in terms of an asymptotic expansion with respect to the slow varying lattices. We use these results to perform the multiple--scale reduction of the lattice potential Korteweg--de Vries equation.
A new approach to double-sub equation method is introduced to construct novel solutions for the nonlinear partial differential equations. It is applied to the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and yields new complexiton solutions of both the KdV and coupled KdV equations. The graphs of the solutions are also illustrated.
Writing the Hirota-Satsuma (HS) system of equations in a symmetrical form we find its local and new nonlocal reductions. It turns out that all reductions of the HS system are Korteweg-de Vries (KdV), complex KdV, and new nonlocal KdV equations. We obtain one-soliton solutions of these KdV equations by using the method of Hirota bilinearization.
It is shown that, two different Lax operators in the Dym hierarchy, produce two generalized coupled Harry Dym equations. These equations transform, via the reciprocal link, to the coupled two-component KdV system. The first equation gives us new integrable two-component KdV system while the second reduces to the known symmetrical two-component KdV equation. For this new two-component coupled KdV system the Lax representation and Hamiltonian structure is defined.
We construct non-Abelian analogs for some KdV type equations, including the (rational form of) exponential Calogero--Degasperis equation and generalizations of the Schwarzian KdV equation. Equations and differential substitutions under study contain arbitrary non-Abelian parameters.
It is shown that, three different Lax operators in the Dym hierarchy, produce three generalized coupled Harry Dym equations. These equations transform, via the reciprocal link, to the coupled two-component KdV system. The first equation gives us known integrable two-component KdV system while the second reduces to the known symmetrical two-component KdV equation. The last one reduces to the Drienfeld-Sokolov equation. This approach gives us new Lax representation for these equations.
Casorati determinant solution to the non-autonomous discrete KdV equation is constructed by using the bilinear formalism. We present three different bilinear formulations which have different origins.
The N=2 supersymmetric KdV equations are studied within the framework of Hirota's bilinear method. For two such equations, namely $N=2, a=4$ and $N=2, a=1$ supersymmetric KdV equations, we obtain the corresponding bilinear formulations. Using them, we construct particular solutions for both cases. In particular, a bilinear Bäcklund transformation is given for the $N=2, a=1$ supersymmetric KdV equation.
A study is presented of fully discretized lattice equations associated with the KdV hierarchy. Loop group methods give a systematic way of constructing discretizations of the equations in the hierarchy. The lattice KdV system of Nijhoff et al. arises from the lowest order discretization of the trivial, lowest order equation in the hierarchy, b_t=b_x. Two new discretizations are also given, the lowest order discretization of the first nontrivial equation in the hierarchy, and a "second order" discretization of b_t=b_x. The former, which is given the name "full lattice KdV" has the (potential) K…
In the multiple-soliton case, the freedom in the expansion of the solution of the perturbed KdV equation is exploited so as to transform the equation into a system of two equations: The (inte-grable) Normal Form for KdV-type solitons, which obey the usual infinity of KdV-conservation laws, and an auxiliary equation that describes the contribution of obstacles to asymptotic inte-grability, which arise from the second order onwards. The analysis has been carried through the third order in the expansion. Within that order, the solution of the auxiliary equation is a con-served quantity.
Hirota bilinear form and soliton solutions for super-KdV of Kuperschmidt (Kuper-KdV) are given. It is shown that even though the collision of supersolitons is more complicated than in the case of supersymmetric KdV of Manin-Radul, the asymptotic effect of the interaction is simpler. As a physical application it is shown that the well known FPU problem having a phonon-mediated interaction of some internal degrees of freedom expressed through grassmann fields, goes to the Kuper-KdV equation in a multiple-scale approach.
$K^2 S^2 T [5]$ recently derived a new 6$^{th}$-order wave equation $KdV6$: $(\partial^2_x + 8u_x \partial_x + 4u_{xx})(u_t + u_{xxx} + 6u_x^2) = 0$, found a linear problem and an auto-B${\ddot{\rm{a}}}$ckclund transformation for it, and conjectured its integrability in the usual sense. We prove this conjecture by constructing an infinite commuting hierarchy $KdV_n6$ with a common infinite set of conserved densities. A general construction is presented applicable to any bi-Hamiltonian system (such as all standard Lax equations, continuous and discrete) providing a nonholonomic perturbation of …
We construct one-parameter deformation of the Dorfman Hamiltonian operator for the Riemann hierarchy using the quasi-Miura transformation from topological field theory. In this way, one can get the approximately rational symmetries of KdV equation and then investigate its bi-Hamiltonian structure.
We present a metric for which Einstein's field equations in vacuum generate the Kortweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and thus its $N$-soliton solutions solve the vacuum equations. The metric of the one soliton solution has been investigated and is a non-singular, Lorentzian metric of type N in the Petrov classification.
We consider the bi-Hamiltonian representation of the two-component coupled KdV equations discovered by Drinfel'd and Sokolov and rediscovered by Sakovich and Foursov. Connection of this equation with the supersymmetric Kadomtsev-Petviashvilli-Radul-Manin hierarchy is presented. For this new supersymmetric equation the Lax representation and odd Hamiltonian structure is given.
Nonlinearization of the KdV-type and mKdV-type bilinear equations
本文提出利用Bell多项式对双线性方程进行非线性化的一般方法，获得了Hietarinta发现的KdV型和mKdV型可积双线性方程的非线性形式，并给出了不可积方程的例子。
Various solutions to the discrete Schwarzian KdV equation are discussed. We first derive the bilinear difference equations of Hirota type of the discrete Schwarzian KP equation, which is decomposed into three discrete two-dimensional Toda lattice equations. We then construct two kinds of solutions in terms of the Casorati determinant. We derive the discrete Schwarzian KdV equation on an inhomogeneous lattice and its solutions by a reduction process. We finally discuss the solutions in terms of the $τ$ functions of some Painlevé systems.
Two different types of N=1 modified KdV equations are shown to possess $N$ soliton solutions. The soliton solutions of these equations are obtained by casting the equations in the bilinear forms using the supersymmetric extension of the Hirota method. The distinguishing features of the soliton solutions of N=1 mKdV and N=1 mKdV B equations are discussed.
The N=2 supersymmetric KdV equation of Inami and Kanno is bilinearized employing the Hirota method and the existence of $N$ soliton solutions is demonstrated. The exact form of the solutions are explicitly obtained and an interesting symmetry of the equations of motion is observed.
The Method of ${\cal M}_{n}$-Extension: The KdV Equation
本文推广${\cal M}_{2}$-扩展，提出适用于任意可积标量方程的${\cal M}_{n}$-扩展方法，并以KdV方程为例构造多种扩展、递推算子及非局部约化。
We discuss the recent paper by Inan and Ugurlu [Inan I.E., Ugurlu Y., Exp-function method for the exact solutions of fifth order KdV equation and modified Burgers equation, Appl. Math. Comp. 217 (2010) 1294 -- 1299]. We demonstrate that all exact solutions of fifth order KdV equation and modified Burgers equation by Inan and Ugurlu are trivial solutions that are reduced to constants. Moreover, we show exact solutions of the fifth -- order equation studied by Inan and Ugurlu cannot be found by the Exp-function method.
Some types of coupled Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equations are derived from an atmospheric dynamical system. In the derivation procedure, an unreasonable $y$-average trick (which is usually adopted in literature) is removed. The derived models are classified via Painlevé test. Three types of $τ$-function solutions and multiple soliton solutions of the models are explicitly given by means of the exact solutions of the usual KdV equation. It is also interesting that for a non-Painlevé integrable coupled KdV system there may be multiple soliton solutions.
Higher dimensional integrable deformations of the modified KdV equation
本文通过将(1+1)维修正KdV方程改写为守恒形式并引入形变映射，构造出高维可积演化方程，并以修正KdV层级为例给出其Lax对。
In the paper we discuss the Bäcklund transformation of the KdV equation between solitons and solitons, between negatons and negatons, between positons and positons, between rational solution and rational solution, and between complexitons and complexitons. We investigate the conditions that Wronskian entries satisfy for the bilinear Bäcklund transformation of the KdV equation. By choosing suitable Wronskian entries and the parameter in the bilinear Bäcklund transformation, we obtain transformations between many kinds of solutions.
In this paper, we derive a Bäcklund transformation for the supersymmetric Kortweg-de Vries equation. We also construct a nonlinear superposition formula, which allows us to rebuild systematically for the supersymmetric KdV equation the soliton solutions of Carstea, Ramani and Grammaticos.
Hirota bilinear form and multisoliton solution for semidiscrete and fully discrete (difference-difference) versions of supersymmetric KdV equation found by Xue, Levi and Liu [1] is presented. The solitonic interaction term displays a fermionic dressing factor as in the continuous supersymmetric case. Using bilinear equations it is shown also that there can be constructed a new integrable semidiscrete (and fully discrete) version of supersymmetric KdV which has simpler bilinear form but more complicated interaction dressing. Its continuum limit is also computed.
On vector Schwarz-KdV equation
本文为Schwarz-KdV方程构造了连续、半离散和离散可积系统，并推广到向量情形，指出其存在性尚无数学解释。
We propose an ultradiscrete analogue of the vertex operator in the case of the ultradiscrete KdV equation, which maps N-soliton solutions to N+1-soliton ones.
Recent concept of integrable nonholonomic deformation found for the KdV equation is extended to the mKdV equation and generalized to the AKNS system. For the deformed mKdV equation we find a matrix Lax pair, a novel two-fold integrable hierarchy and exact N-soliton solutions exhibiting unusual accelerating motion. We show that both the deformed KdV and mKdV systems possess infinitely many generalized symmetries, conserved quantities and a recursion operator.
The KdV-Sawada-Kotera equation has single-, two- and three-soliton solutions. However, it is not known yet whether it has N-soliton solutions for any N. Viewing it as a perturbed KdV equation, the asymptotic expansion of the solution is developed through third order within the framework of a Normal Form analysis. It is shown that the equation is asymptotically integrable through the order considered. Focusing on the soliton sector, it is shown that the higher-order corrections in the Normal Form expansion represent purely inelastic KdV-soliton-collision processes, and vanish identically in the…
The method for solving the KdV are considered.
Using the S.Lie's infinitesimal approach we establish the connection between integrability of a one-parameter family of the Riccati equations and the stationary KdV hierarchy.
In this paper, the complex version KdV equation is discussed. The corresponding coupled equations is a integrable system in the sense of the bi-Hamiltonian structure, so the complex version KdV equation is integrable. A new spectral form is given, the periodic solution of the complex version KdV equation is obtained. It is showed that the periodic solution is the classical solution.
In this work, an exact solution to a new generalized nonlinear KdV partial differential equations has been investigated using homotopy analysis techniques. The mentioned partial differential equation has been solved using homotopy perturbation method (HPM). In details, the study is divided into two cases; the first case is that the linear part is the velocity (the first derivative with respect to time), and the initial guess was chosen at the initial time or the boundary values. Next, the other case was that the linear part consists of many linear terms from the equation, the chosen terms cons…
On base of three-dimensional flat metrics obtained with the help of solutions of the KdV-equation were constructed the examples of six-dimensional metrics, which are determined by the help of solutions of Krichever-Novikov and KdV. Their properties are discussed.
We present compacton-like solution of the modified KdV equation and compare its properties with those of the compactons and solitons. We further show that, the nonlinear Schr{ö}dinger equation with a source term and other higher order KdV-like equations also possess compact solutions of the similar form.
We construct explicit solutions to continuous motion of discrete plane curves described by a semi-discrete potential modified KdV equation. Explicit formulas in terms the $τ$ function are presented. Bäcklund transformations of the discrete curves are also discussed. We finally consider the continuous limit of discrete motion of discrete plane curves described by the discrete potential modified KdV equation to motion of smooth plane curves characterized by the potential modified KdV equation.
In this paper, some notes of the homogeneous balance (HB) method are discussed by a kind of general fifth-order KdV (fKdV) equation. Frist, the auto-Bäcklund transformation and lax represents of the higher-order KdV equation(a specific forms of fKdV equation) are obtained by the HB method. Then, the connection of the Hirota transformation and the HB method is discussed by two specific fKdV equations: the Sawada-Kotera equation and the Lax's equation. At the same time, the solitary wave solution of the general fifth-order KdV equation is obtained.
We study the Whitham equations for all the higher order KdV equations. The Whitham equations are neither strictly hyperbolic nor genuinely nonlinear. We are interested in the solution of the Whitham equations when the initial values are given by a step function.
We study higher order KdV equations from the GL(2,$\mathbb{R}$) $\cong$ SO(2,1) Lie group point of view. We find elliptic solutions of higher order KdV equations up to the ninth order. We argue that the main structure of the trigonometric/hyperbolic/elliptic $N$-soliton solutions for higher order KdV equations is the same as that of the original KdV equation. Pointing out that the difference is only the time dependence, we find $N$-soliton solutions of higher order KdV equations can be constructed from those of the original KdV equation by properly replacing the time-dependence. We discuss tha…
Extending the gauge-invariance principle for τfunctions of the standard bilinear formalism to the supersymmetric case, we define N=1 supersymmetric Hirota operators. Using them, we bilinearize SUSY KdV-type equations (KdV, Sawada-Kotera, Hirota-Satsuma). The solutions for multiple collisions of super-solitons and extension to SUSY sine-Gordon are also discussed.
We argue the integrability of the generalized KdV(GKdV) equation using the Painlevé test. For $d( \le 2)$ dimensional space, GKdV equation passes the Painlevé test but does not for $d \geq 3$ dimensional space. We also apply the Ablowitz-Ramani-Segur's conjecture to the GKdV equation in order to complement the Painlevé test.
Solutions to an autonomous discrete KdV equation via Painlevé-type ordinary difference equations
本文通过Painlevé型常微分方程求解带有额外参数的离散KdV方程，获得两种精确解。
We show that the integrable subclassess of a class of third order non-autonomous equations are identical with the integrable subclassess of the autonomous ones.
The bi-Hamiltonian structure is established for the perturbation equations of KdV hierarchy and thus the perturbation equations themselves provide also examples among typical soliton equations. Besides, a more general bi-Hamiltonian integrable hierarchy is proposed and a remark is given for a generalization of the resulting perturbation equations to $1+2$ dimensions.
We study the zero dispersion limit of the fifth order KdV equations when time is sufficiently large. In general, the weak limit may be described by an arbitrary odd number of hyperbolic equations. Unlike the KdV case, these are non-strictly hyperbolic equations. However, we show that the weak limit is governed by three hyperbolic equations in a domain in the space-time for all times bigger than a large time. Outside this domain, the weak limit satisfies a single hyperbolic equation.
Lie symmetry method is applied to investigate symmetries of the combined KdV-nKdV equation, that is a new integrable equation by combining the KdV equation and negative order KdV equation. Symmetries which are obtained in this article, are further helpful for reducing the combined KdV-nKdV equation into ordinary differential equation. Moreover, a set of eight invariant solutions for combined KdV-nKdV equation is obtained by using proposed method. Out of the eight solutions so obtained in which two solutions generate progressive wave solutions, five are singular solutions and one multisoliton s…
The KdV equation is the canonical example of an integrable non-linear partial differential equation supporting multi-soliton solutions. Seeking to understand the nature of this interaction, we investigate different ways to write the KdV 2-soliton solution as a sum of two or more functions. The paper reviews previous work of this nature and introduces new decompositions with unique features, putting it all in context and in a common notation for ease of comparison.
Let KdV stand for the Nth Gelfand-Dickey reduction of the KP hierarchy. The purpose of this paper is to show that any KdV solution leads effectively to a solution of the q-approximation of KdV. Two different q-KdV approximations were proposed, one by Frenkel and a variation by Khesin et al. We show there is a dictionary between the solutions of q-KP and the 1-Toda lattice equations, obeying some special requirement; this is based on an algebra isomorphism between difference operators and D-operators, where $Df(x)=f(qx)$. Therefore, every notion about the 1-Toda lattice can be transcribed into …
We preesent a new supersymmetric integrable extensions of the a=4,N=2 KdV hierarchy. The root of the supersymmetric Lax operator of the KdV equation is generalized, by including additional fields. This generalized root generate new hierarchy of integrable equations, for which we investigate the hamiltonian structure. In special case our system describes the interaction of the KdV equation with the two MKdV equations.
We study the integrability of mappings obtained as reductions of the discrete Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation and of two copies of the discrete potential Korteweg-de Vries equation (pKdV). We show that the mappings corresponding to the discrete KdV equation, which can be derived from the latter, are completely integrable in the Liouville-Arnold sense. The mappings associated with two copies of the pKdV equation are also shown to be integrable.
Explicit function forms of hyperelliptic solutions of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and \break Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equations were constructed for a given curve $y^2 = f(x)$ whose genus is three. This study was based upon the fact that about one hundred years ago (Acta Math. (1903) {\bf{27}}, 135-156), H. F. Baker essentially derived KdV hierarchy and KP equation by using bilinear differential operator ${\bold{D}}$, identities of Pfaffians, symmetric functions, hyperelliptic $σ$-function and $\wp$-functions; $\wp_{μν} = -\partial_μ\partial_ν\log σ$ $= - ({\bold{D}}_μ{\bold{D}}_νσσ)/2σ^2$. The…
We construct generalized solutions to the ultradiscrete KdV equation, including the so-called negative solition solutions. The method is based on the ultradiscretization of soliton solutions to the discrete KdV equation with gauge transformation. The conserved quantities of the ultradiscrete KdV equation are shown to be constructed in a similar way to those for the box-ball system.
We derive a general theorem relating the energy and momentum with the velocity of any solitary wave solution of the generalized KdV equation in $N$-dimensions that follows from an action principle. Further, we show that our $N$-dimensional Lagrangian formulation leads to a subclass of the equations discussed recently by Rosenau, Hyman and Staley.
Hirota's discrete KdV equation is an integrable partial difference equation on $\mathbb{Z}^2$, which approaches the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation in a continuum limit. In this paper, we show that its multiplicative-discrete versions have the special solutions given by the solutions of $q$-Painlevé equations of types $A_J^{(1)}$ $(J=3,4,5,6)$.
For a generalized super KdV equation, three Darboux transformations and the corresponding Bäcklund transformations are constructed. The compatibility of these Darboux transformations leads to three discrete systems and their Lax representations. The reduction of one of the Bäcklund-Darboux transformations and the corresponding discrete system are considered for Kupershmidt's super KdV equation. When all the odd variables vanish, a nonlinear superposition formula is obtained for Levi's Bäcklund transformation for the KdV equation.
Darboux transformation is reconsidered for the supersymmetric KdV system. By iterating the Darboux transformation, a supersymmetric extension of the Crum transformation is obtained for the Manin-Radul SKdV equation, in doing so one gets Wronskian superdeterminant representations for the solutions. Particular examples provide us explicit supersymmetric extensions, super solitons, of the standard soliton of the KdV equation. The KdV soliton appears as the body of the super soliton.
Delay-difference and delay-differential analogues of the KdV and Boussinesq (BSQ) equations are presented. Each of them has the N-soliton solution and reduces to an already known soliton equation as the delay parameter approaches 0. In addition, a delay-differential analogue of the KP equation is proposed. We discuss its N-soliton solution and the limit as the delay parameter approaches 0. Finally, the relationship between the delay-differential analogues of the KdV, BSQ, and KP equations is clarified. Namely, reductions of the delay KP equation yield the delay KdV and delay BSQ equations.
Super-matrix KdV and super-generalized non-linear Schrodinger equations are shown to arise from a symmetry reduction of ordinary self-dual Yang-Mills equations with supergauge groups
We give a unified view of the relation between the $SL(2)$ KdV, the mKdV, and the Ur-KdV equations through the Fréchet derivatives and their inverses. For this we introduce a new procedure of obtaining the Ur-KdV equation, where we require that it has no non-local operators. We extend this method to the $SL(3)$ KdV equation, i.e., Boussinesq(Bsq) equation and obtain the hamiltonian structure of Ur-Bsq equationin a simple form. In particular, we explicitly construct the hamiltonian operator of the Ur-Bsq system which defines the poisson structure of the system, through the Fréchet derivative an…
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