We consider quasilinear, multi-variable, constant coefficient, lattice equations defined on the edges of the elementary square of the lattice, modeled after the lattice modified Boussinesq (lmBSQ) equation, e.g., $\tilde y z=\tilde x-x$. These equations are classified into three canonical forms and the consequences of their multidimensional consistency (Consistency-Around-the-Cube, CAC) are derived. One of the consequences is a restriction on form of the equation for the $z$ variable, which in turn implies further consistency conditions, that are solved. As result we obtain a number of integrable multi-component lattice equations, some generalizing lmBSQ.
Sequences of canonical conservation laws and generalized symmetries for the lattice Boussinesq and the lattice modified Boussinesq systems are successively derived. The interpretation of these symmetries as differential-difference equations leads to corresponding hierarchies of such equations for which conservation laws and Lax pairs are constructed. Finally, using the continuous symmetry reduction approach, an integrable, multidimensionally consistent system of partial differential equations is derived in relation with the lattice modified Boussinesq system.
We derive infinitely many conservation laws for some multi-dimensionally consistent lattice equations from their Lax pairs. These lattice equations are the Nijhoff-Quispel-Capel equation, lattice Boussinesq equation, lattice nonlinear Schrödinger equation, modified lattice Boussinesq equation, Hietarinta's Boussinesq-type equations, Schwarzian lattice Boussinesq equation and Toda-modified lattice Boussinesq equation.
Various new two-component systems related to the lattice Schwarzian Boussinesq equation are constructed in a systematic way from conservation laws. Their multidimensional consistency is demonstrated, Lax pairs, symmetries and conservation laws are derived and an auto-Backlund transformation is constructed. Finally, Yang-Baxter maps from these systems are constructed.
The lattice Boussinesq equation (BSQ) is a three-component difference-difference equation defined on an elementary square of the 2D lattice, having 3D consistency. We write the equations in the Hirota bilinear form and construct their multisoliton solutions in terms of Casoratians, following the methodology in our previous papers. In the construction it turns out that instead of the usual discretization of the exponential as $[(a+k)/(a-k)]^n$ we need two different terms $[(a-ωk)/(a-k)]^n$ and $[(a-ω^2 k)/(a-k)]^n$, where $ω$ is a cubic root of unity $\neq 1$.
We consider the discrete Boussinesq integrable system and the compatible set of differential difference, and partial differential equations. The latter not only encode the complete hierarchy of the Boussisesq equation, but also incorporate the hyperbolic Ernst equations for an Einstein-Maxwell-Weyl field in general relativity. We demonstrate a specific symmetry reduction of the partial differential equations, to a six-parameter, second order coupled system of ordinary differential equations, which is conjectured to be of Garnier type.
In this paper, we formulate a "Grassmann extension" scheme for constructing noncommutative (Grassmann) extensions of Yang-Baxter maps together with their associated systems of P$Δ$Es, based on the ideas presented in \cite{Sokor-Kouloukas}. Using this scheme, we first construct a Grassmann extension of a Yang-Baxter map which constitutes a lift of a lattice Boussinesq system. The Grassmann-extended Yang-Baxter map can be squeezed down to a novel, integrable, Grassmann lattice Boussinesq system, and we derive its $3D$-consistent limit. We show that some systems retain their $3D$-consistency prop…
Integrable multi-component lattice equations of the Boussinesq family have been known for some time. Recently some new equations of this type were found using the Consistency-Around-the-Cube approach. Here we investigate one of these models, B-2, and in particular the consequences of a nonzero deformation parameter $b_0>0$, which allows special kinds of solitons in the parameter range $-b_0/3<k<b_0$.
We present a comprehensive review of the discrete Boussinesq equations based on their three-component forms on an elementary quadrilateral. These equations were originally found by Nijhoff et al using the direct linearization method and later generalized by Hietarinta using a search method based on multidimensional consistency. We derive from these three-component equations their two- and one-component variants. From the one-component form we derive two different semi-continuous limits as well as their fully continuous limits, which turn out to be PDE's for the regular, modified and Schwarzian…
We establish an infinite family of solutions in terms of elliptic functions of the lattice Boussinesq systems by setting up a direct linearisation scheme, which provides the solution structure for those equations in the elliptic case. The latter, which contains as main structural element a Cauchy kernel on the torus, is obtained from a dimensional reduction of the elliptic direct linearisation scheme of the lattice Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, which requires the introduction of a novel technical concept, namely the "elliptic cube root of unity". Thus, in order to implement the reduction we…
An alternate form of discrete potential Boussinesq equation is proposed and its multisoliton solutions are constructed. An ultradiscrete potential Boussinesq equation is also obtained from the discrete potential Boussinesq equation using the ultradiscretization technique. The detail of the multisoliton solutions is discussed by using the reduction technique. The lattice potential Boussinesq equation derived by Nijhoff et al. is also investigated by using the singularity confinement test. The relation between the proposed alternate discrete potential Boussinesq equation and the lattice potentia…
Studied is the Baxter equation for the quantum discrete Boussinesq equation. We explicitly construct the Baxter $\mathcal{Q}$ operator from a generating function of the local integrals of motion of the affine Toda lattice field theory, and show that it solves the third order operator-valued difference equation.
We present a hierarchy of discrete systems whose first members are the lattice modified Korteweg-de Vries equation, and the lattice modified Boussinesq equation. The N-th member in the hierarchy is an N-component system defined on an elementary plaquette in the 2-dimensional lattice. The system is multidimensionally consistent and a Lagrangian which respects this feature, i.e., which has the desirable closure property, is obtained.
The Boussinesq equations are known since the end of the XIXst century. However, the proliferation of various \textsc{Boussinesq}-type systems started only in the second half of the XXst century. Today they come under various flavours depending on the goals of the modeller. At the beginning of the XXIst century an effort to classify such systems, at least for even bottoms, was undertaken and developed according to both different physical regimes and mathematical properties, with special emphasis, in this last sense, on the existence of symmetry groups and their connection to conserved quantitie…
The fourth-order lattice Gel'fand-Dikii equations in quadrilateral form are investigated. Utilizing the direct linearization approach, we present some equations of the extended lattice Gel'fand-Dikii type. These equations are related to a quartic discrete dispersion relation and can be viewed as higher-order members of the extended lattice Boussinesq type equations. The resulting lattice equations given here are in five-component form, and some of them are multi-dimensionally consistent by introducing extra equations. Lax integrability is discussed both by direct linearization scheme and also …
The Bäcklund transformation (BT) for the "good" Boussinesq equation and its superposition principles are presented and applied. Unlike many other standard integrable equations, the Boussinesq equation does not have a strictly algebraic superposition principle for 2 BTs, but it does for 3. We present associated lattice systems. Applying the BT to the trivial solution generates standard solitons but also what we call "merging solitons" --- solutions in which two solitary waves (with related speeds) merge into a single one. We use the superposition principles to generate a variety of interesting …
A three-step method due to Nijhoff and Bobenko & Suris to derive a Lax pair for scalar partial difference equations (PΔEs) is reviewed. The method assumes that the PΔEs are defined on a quadrilateral, and consistent around the cube. Next, the method is extended to systems of PΔEs where one has to carefully account for equations defined on edges of the quadrilateral. Lax pairs are presented for scalar integrable PΔEs classified by Adler, Bobenko, and Suris and systems of PΔEs including the integrable 2-component potential Korteweg-de Vries lattice system, as well as nonlinear Schroedinger and B…
The method due to Nijhoff and Bobenko & Suris to derive Lax pairs for partial difference equations (PDeltaEs) is applied to edge constrained Boussinesq systems. These systems are defined on a quadrilateral. They are consistent around the cube but they contain equations defined on the edges of the quadrilateral. By properly incorporating the edge equations into the algorithm, it is straightforward to derive Lax matrices of minimal size. The 3 by 3 Lax matrices thus obtained are not unique but shown to be gauge-equivalent. The gauge matrices connecting the various Lax matrices are presented. It …
It is shown that every scalar linear quadrilateral lattice equation lies within a family of similar equations, members of which are compatible between one another on a higher dimensional lattice. There turn out to be two such families, a natural parametrisation is given for each.
A class of rational solutions of Toda lattice satisfying certain Backlund transformations and a class of mixed rational-soliton solutions (quasisolitons) in wronskian formare obtained using the method of Ablowitz and Satsuma. Also an extended class of rational solutions are found using an appropriate recursion relation. They are also solutions of Boussinesq equation and it is conjectured that there is a larger class of common solutions of both equations.
A lattice system is derived which amounts to a higher-rank analogue of the Q3 equation, the latter being an integrable partial difference equation which has appeared in the ABS list of multidimensionally consistent quadrilateral lattice equations. By construction this new system incorporates various lattice equations of Boussinesq type that were discovered many years ago. A corresponding Lax representation is derived.
We show, in full generality, that the staircase method provides integrals for mappings, and correspondences, obtained as traveling wave reductions of (systems of) integrable partial difference equations. We apply the staircase method to a variety of equations, including the Korteweg-De Vries equation, the five-point Bruschi-Calogero-Droghei equation, the QD-algorithm, and the Boussinesq system. We show that, in all these cases, if the staircase method provides r integrals for an n-dimensional mapping, with 2r<n, then one can introduce q<= 2r variables, which reduce the dimension of the mapping…
We show that well-chosen Lagrangians for a class of two-dimensional integrable lattice equations obey a closure relation when embedded in a higher dimensional lattice. On the basis of this property we formulate a Lagrangian description for such systems in terms of Lagrangian multiforms. We discuss the connection of this formalism with the notion of multidimensional consistency, and the role of the lattice from the point of view of the relevant variational principle.
We propose a modified condition of consistency on cubic lattices for some special classes of two-dimensional discrete equations and prove that the discrete nonlinear equations defined by determinants of matrices of orders N > 2 are consistent on cubic lattices in this sense.
It has been unknown whether Hirota's discrete Korteweg-de Vries equation and the lattice sine-Gordon equation have the consistency around a cube (CAC) property. In this paper, we show that they have the CAC property. Moreover, we also show that they can be extended to systems on the 3-dimensional integer lattice.
The classification of lattice equations that are integrable in the sense of higher-dimensional consistency is extended by allowing directed edges. We find two cases that are not transformable via the 'admissible transformations' to the lattice equations in the existing classification.
There is a recently discovered formulation of the multidimensional consistency integrability condition for lattice equations, called consistency-around-a-face-centered-cube(CAFCC), which is applicable to equations defined on a vertex and its four nearest neighbours on the square lattice. This paper introduces a method of deriving Lax matrices for the equations which satisfy CAFCC. This method gives novel Lax matrices for such equations, which include previously known equations of discrete Toda-, or Laplace-type, as well as newer equations which have only appeared in the context of CAFCC.
The lattice sine-Gordon equation is an integrable partial difference equation on ${\mathbb Z}^2$, which approaches the sine-Gordon equation in a continuum limit. In this paper, we show that the non-autonomous lattice sine-Gordon equation has the consistency around a broken cube property as well as its autonomous version. Moreover, we construct two new Lax pairs of the non-autonomous case by using the consistency property.
Starting from multidimensional consistency of non-commutative lattice modified Gel'fand-Dikii systems we present the corresponding solutions of the functional (set-theoretic) Yang-Baxter equation, which are non-commutative versions of the maps arising from geometric crystals. Our approach works under additional condition of centrality of certain products of non-commuting variables. Then we apply such a restriction on the level of the Gel'fand-Dikii systems what allows to obtain non-autonomous (but with central non-autonomous factors) versions of the equations. In particular we recover known no…
We consider a special class of two-dimensional discrete equations defined by relations on elementary NxN squares, N>2, of the square lattice Z^2, and propose a new type of consistency conditions on cubic lattices for such discrete equations that is connected to bending elementary NxN squares, N>2, in the cubic lattice Z^3. For an arbitrary N we prove such consistency on cubic lattices for two-dimensional discrete equations defined by the condition that the determinants of values of the field at the points of the square lattice Z^2 that are contained in elementary NxN squares vanish.
We generalise the concept of duality to systems of ordinary difference equations (or maps). We propose a procedure to construct a chain of systems of equations which are dual, with respect to an integral $H$, to the given system, by exploiting the integral relation, defined by the upshifted version and the original version of $H$. When the numerator of the integral relation is biquadratic or multi-linear, we point out conditions where a dual fails to exists. The procedure is applied to several two-component systems obtained as periodic reductions of 2D lattice equations, including the nonlinea…
The new concept of a system of hex equations is introduced as an overdetermined system of six five-point face-centered quad equations defined on six vertices of a hexagon. For a consistent system of hex equations, two variables on neighbouring vertices of the hexagon can be solved for uniquely in terms of the other four. A consistent system of hex equations has a well-defined unique evolution in the hexagonal lattice under suitable initial value problems defined on a single connected staircase of points. Multidimensional consistency for systems of hex equations is proposed in terms of their co…
The paper is devoted to complete proofs of theorems on consistency on cubic lattices for $3 \times 3$ determinants. The discrete nonlinear equations on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ defined by the condition that the determinants of all $3 \times 3$ matrices of values of the scalar field at the points of the lattice $\mathbb{Z}^2$ that form elementary $3 \times 3$ squares vanish are considered; some explicit concrete conditions of general position on initial data are formulated; and for arbitrary initial data satisfying these concrete conditions of general position, theorems on consistency on cubic lattices (…
A general structure is developed from which a system of integrable partial difference equations is derived generalising the lattice KdV equation. The construction is based on an infinite matrix scheme with as key ingredient a (formal) elliptic Cauchy kernel. The consistency and integrability of the lattice system is discussed as well as special solutions and associated continuum equations.
Hirota's discrete Korteweg-de Vries equation (dKdV) is an integrable partial difference equation on 2-dimensional integer lattice, which approaches the Korteweg-de Vries equation in a continuum limit. We find new transformations to other equations, including a second-degree second-order partial difference equation, which provide an unusual embedding into a three-dimensional lattice. The consistency of the resulting system extends a property that has been widely used to study partial difference equations on multidimensional lattices.
The Q1 lattice equation, a member in the Adler-Bobenko-Suris list of 3D consistent lattices, is investigated. By using the multidimensional consistency, a novel Lax pair for Q1 equation is given, which can be nonlinearised to produce integrable symplectic maps. Consequently, a Riemann theta function expression for the discrete potential is derived with the help of the Baker-Akhiezer functions. This expression leads to the algebro-geometric integration of the Q1 lattice equation, based on the commutativity of discrete phase flows generated from the iteration of integrable symplectic maps.
The inherent self-consistency properties of the six-point multi-ratio equation allow it to be considered on a domain associated with a T-shaped Coxeter-Dynkin diagram. This extends the KP lattice, which has A_N symmetry, and incorporates also KdV-type dynamics on a sub-domain with D_N symmetry, and Painleve dynamics on a sub-domain with affine-E8 symmetry. More generally, it can be seen as a distinguished representation of Coble's Cremona group associated with invariants of point sets in projective space.
We consider two-dimensional lattice equations defined on an elementary square of the Cartesian lattice and depending on the variables at the corners of the quadrilateral. For such equations the property often associated with integrability is that of "multidimensional consistency" (MDC): it should be possible to extend the equation from two to higher dimensions so that the embedded two-dimensional lattice equations are compatible. Usually compatibility is checked using "Consistency-Around-a-Cube" (CAC). In this context it is often assumed that the equations on the six sides of the cube are the …
We study the deformations of the H equations, presented recently by Adler, Bobenko and Suris, which are naturally defined on a black-white lattice. For each one of these equations, two different three-leg forms are constructed, leading to two different discrete Toda type equations. Their multidimensional consistency leads to B{ä}cklund transformations relating different members of this class, as well as to Lax pairs. Their symmetry analysis is presented yielding infinite hierarchies of generalized symmetries.
We present a discrete inverse scattering transform for all ABS equations excluding Q4. The nonlinear partial difference equations presented in the ABS hierarchy represent a comprehensive class of scalar affine-linear lattice equations which possess the multidimensional consistency property. Due to this property it is natural to consider these equations living in an N-dimensional lattice, where the solutions depend on N distinct independent variables and associated parameters. The direct scattering procedure, which is one-dimensional, is carried out along a staircase within this multidimensiona…
For two-dimensional lattice equations one definition of integrability is that the model can be naturally and consistently extended to three dimensions, i.e., that it is "consistent around a cube" (CAC). As a consequence of CAC one can construct a Lax pair for the model. Recently Adler, Bobenko and Suris conducted a search based on this principle and certain additional assumptions. One of those assumptions was the "tetrahedron property", which is satisfied by most known equations. We present here one lattice equation that satisfies the consistency condition but does not have the tetrahedron pro…
There is a correspondence between integrable lattice models of statistical mechanics and discrete integrable equations which satisfy multidimensional consistency, where the latter may be found in a quasi-classical expansion of the former. This paper extends this correspondence to interaction-round-a-face (IRF) models, resulting in a new formulation of the consistency-around-a-cube (CAC) integrability condition applicable to five-point equations in the square lattice. Multidimensional consistency for these equations is formulated as consistency-around-a-face-centered-cube (CAFCC), which namely …
We consider various 2D lattice equations and their integrability, from the point of view of 3D consistency, Lax pairs and Bäcklund transformations. We show that these concepts, which are associated with integrability, are not strictly equivalent. In the course of our analysis, we introduce a number of black and white lattice models, as well as variants of the functional Yang-Baxter equation.
We present integrable lattice equations on a two dimensional square lattice with coupled vertex and bond variables. In some of the models the vertex dynamics is independent of the evolution of the bond variables, and one can write the equations as non-autonomous "Yang-Baxter maps". We also present a model in which the vertex and bond variables are fully coupled. Integrability is tested with algebraic entropy as well as multidimensional consistency
Multidimensional consistency has emerged as a key integrability property for partial difference equations (P$Δ$Es) defined on the "space-time" lattice. It has led, among other major insights, to a classification of scalar affine-linear quadrilateral P$Δ$Es possessing this property, leading to the so-called ABS list. Recently, a new variational principle has been proposed that describes the multidimensional consistency in terms of discrete Lagrangian multi-forms. This description is based on a fundamental and highly nontrivial property of Lagrangians for those integrable lattice equations, name…
A new set of discrete integrable equations, called face-centered quad equations, was recently obtained using new types of interaction-round-a-face solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation. These equations satisfy a new formulation of multidimensional consistency, known as consistency-around-a-face-centered-cube (CAFCC), which requires consistency of an overdetermined system of fourteen five-point equations on the face-centered cubic unit cell. In this paper a new formulation of CAFCC is introduced where so-called type-C equations are centered at faces of the face-centered cubic unit cel…
The direct linearization structure is presented of a "mild" but significant generalization of the lattice BSQ system. Some of the equations in this system were recently discovered in [J. Hietarinta, J. Phys {\bf A}: Math. Theor. {\bf 44} (2011) 165204] through a search of a class of three-component systems obeying the property of multidimensional consistency. We show that all the novel equations arising in this class follow from one and the same underlying structure. Lax pairs for these systems are derived and explicit expressions for the $N$-soliton solutions are obtained from the given struc…
We use the consistency approach to classify discrete integrable 3D equations of the octahedron type. They are naturally treated on the root lattice $Q(A_3)$ and are consistent on the multidimensional lattice $Q(A_N)$. Our list includes the most prominent representatives of this class, the discrete KP equation and its Schwarzian (multi-ratio) version, as well as three further equations. The combinatorics and geometry of the octahedron type equations are explained. In particular, the consistency on the 4-dimensional Delaunay cells has its origin in the classical Desargues theorem of projective g…
