L. El Kaoutit
We show that the category of corings over a fixed base ring with local units is equivalent to the category of comonads in (right) unital modules whose underlying functors preserve inductive limits. Changing base rings, we prove a bi-equivalence of bicategories. A base ring extension of corings by adjunctions is also introduced.
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We give a notion of a comatrix coring which embodies all former constructions and, what is more interesting, leads to the formulation of a notion of Galois coring and the statement of a Faithfully Flat Descent Theorem that generalize the previous versions.
We introduce the notion of bi-monoid in general monoidal category generalizing by this the notion of bialgebra. In the case of bimodules over a noncommutative algebra, we obtain a compatibility condition between ring and coring whenever both structures admit the same underlying bimodule.
The Jacobson-Bourbaki Theorem for division rings was formulated in terms of corings by Sweedler in 1975. Finiteness conditions hypotheses are not required in this new approach. In this paper we extend Sweedler's result to simple artinian rings using a particular class of corings, comatrix corings. A Jacobson-Bourbaki like correspondence for simple artinian rings is then obtained by duality.
We investigate adjoint and Frobenius pairs between categories of comodules over rather general corings. We particularize to the case of the adjoint pair of functors associated to a morphism of corings over different base rings, which leads to a reasonable notion of Frobenius coring extension. When applied to corings stemming from entwining structures, we obtain new results in this setting and in graded ring theory.
We discuss when the Rat functor associated to a coring satisfying the left $α$-condition is exact. We study the category of comodules over a semiperfect coring. We characterize semiperfect corings over artinian rings and over qF-rings.
Partial Galois extensions were recently introduced by Dokuchaev, Ferrero and Paques. We introduce partial Galois extensions for noncommutative rings, using the theory of Galois corings. We associate a Morita context to a partial action on a ring.
We investigate Frobenius pairs between categories of comodules over rather general corings. We particularize to the case of the adjoint pair of functors associated to a morphism of corings over different base rings, which leads to a reasonable notion of Frobenius coring extension. When applied to corings stemming from entwining structures, we obtain new results in this setting.
We introduce group corings, and study functors between categories of comodules over group corings, and the relationship to graded modules over graded rings. Galois group corings are defined, and a Structure Theorem for the $G$-comodules over a Galois group coring is given. We study (graded) Morita contexts associated to a group coring. Our theory is applied to group corings associated to a comodule algebra over a Hopf group coalgebra.
A basic theory of cowreath or extended distributive laws in the bicategory of unital bimodules, is deciphered. Precisely, we give in terms of tensor product over a scalar base ring, a simplest and equivalent definition for cowreath over coring and for comodule over cowreath. An adjunction connecting the category of comodules over the factor coring and the category of comodules over the coring arising from the cowreath products is also given. The dual notions i.e. wreaths over rings extension and their modules are included.
While semisimple artinian rings and semisimple coalgebras over a field can be described in terms of matrices (either matrix ring over division rings or comatrix coalgebras over the ground field), semisimple corings seem to have a more intrincated structure in general. It turns out that some well-known properties of semisimple rings or coalgebras, which are immediately deduced from the aforementioned structure, are not evident over a (left) semi-simple coring. For instance, it is not evident that the notion of semi-simple coring is left-right symmetric. To be precise, if every left comodule dec…
Let $\Cc$ and $\Dd$ be two corings over a ring $A$ and $\Cc\stackrelλ{\longrightarrow}\Dd$ be a morphism of corings. We investigate the situation when the associated induced ("corestriction of scalars") functor $\Mm^\Cc\longrightarrow \Mm^\Dd$ is a Frobenius functor, and call these morphisms Frobenius extensions of corings. The characterization theorem generalizes notions such as Frobenius corings and is applied to several situations; in particular, provided some (general enough) flatness conditions hold, the notion proves to be dual to that of Frobenius extensions of rings (algebras). Several…
We extend the comatrix coring to the case of a quasi-finite bicomodule. We also generalize some of its interesting properties. We study equivalences between categories of comodules over rather general corings. We particularize to the case of the adjoint pair of functors associated to a morphism of corings over different base rings. We apply our results to corings coming from entwining structures and graded structures, and we obtain new results in the setting of entwining structures and in the graded ring theory.
By a theorem due to Kato and Ohtake, any (not necessarily strict) Morita context induces an equivalence between appropriate subcategories of the module categories of the two rings in the Morita context. These are in fact categories of firm modules for non-unital subrings. We apply this result to various Morita contexts associated to a comodule $Σ$ of an $A$-coring $\cC$. This allows to extend (weak and strong) structure theorems in the literature, in particular beyond the cases when any of the coring $\cC$ or the comodule $Σ$ is finitely generated and projective as an $A$-module. That is, we o…
To a B-coring and a (B,A)-bimodule that is finitely generated and projective as a right A-module an A-coring is associated. This new coring is termed a base ring extension of a coring by a module. We study how the properties of a bimodule such as separability and the Frobenius properties are reflected in the induced base ring extension coring. Any bimodule that is finitely generated and projective on one side, together with a map of corings over the same base ring, lead to the notion of a module-morphism, which extends the notion of a morphism of corings (over different base rings). A module-m…
In this note we study Morita contexts and Galois extensions for corings. For a coring $\QTR{cal}{C}$ over a (not necessarily commutative) ground ring $A$ we give equivalent conditions for $\QTR{cal}{M}^{\QTR{cal}{C}}$ to satisfy the weak. resp. the strong structure theorem. We also characterize the so called \QTR{em}{cleft}$C$\QTR{em}{-Galois extensions} over commutative rings. Our approach is similar to that of Y. Doi and A. Masuoka in their work on (cleft) $H$-Galois extensions.
We unify and generalize different notions of local units and local projectivity. We investigate the connection between these properties by constructing elementary algebras from locally projective modules. Dual versions of these constructions are discussed, leading to corings with local comultiplications, corings with local counits and rings with local multiplications.
A relationship between coseparable corings and separable non-unital rings is established. In particular it is shown that an A-coring C has an associative A-balanced product. A Morita context is constructed for a coseparable coring with a grouplike element. Biseparable corings are defined, and a conjecture relating them to Frobenius corings is proposed.
Let $A$ be an algebra in a monoidal category $\Cc$, and let $X$ be an object in $\Cc$. We study $A$-(co)ring structures on the left $A$-module $A\ot X$. These correspond to (co)algebra structures in $EM(\Cc)(A)$, the Eilenberg-Moore category associated to $\Cc$ and $A$. The ring structures are in bijective correspondence to wreaths in $\Cc$, and their category of representations is the category of representations over the induced wreath product. The coring structures are in bijective correspondence to cowreaths in $\Cc$, and their category of corepresentations is the category of generalized en…
Corings, their dual rings and relative (co)Hochschild cohomology
对于作为左模有限生成投射的coring，本文证明其Cartier上同调同构于右代数的相对Hochschild上同调，该同构可提升至$B_{\infty}$-代数层面，并应用于entwining structures的等变上同调描述。
The categories of corings and coalgebras over a ring are locally countably presentable
本文证明任意交换环上的余代数及结合环上的余环范畴具有局部 $\aleph_1$-可展示性，并刻画相应平坦对象范畴的 $\aleph_1$-可达性。
We study the cyclic module ${}_SR$ for a ring extension $A \| B$ with centralizer $R$ and bimodule endomorphism ring $S = End {}_BA_B$. We show that if $A \| B$ is an H-separable Hopf subalgebra, then $B$ is a normal Hopf subalgebra of $A$. We observe from math.RA/0107064 and math.RA/0108067 depth two in the role of noncommutative normality (as in field theory) in a depth two separable Frobenius characterization of irreducible semisimple-Hopf-Galois extensions. We prove that a depth two extension has a Galois $A$-coring structure on $A ø_R T$ where $T$ is the right $R$-bialgebroid dual to $S$.
We investigate which aspects of recent developments on Galois corings and comodules admit a formulation in terms of comonads. This approach hopefully will permit of focusing in what is specific in each particular future situation, having some relevant general results for granted. The general theory is applied to the study of comodules over corings over firm rings.
We study co-Frobenius and more generally Quasi-co-Frobenius corings over arbitrary baserings and over PF baserings in particular. We generalize some results about (Quasi-) co-Frobenius coalgebras to the case of non-commutative base rings and give several new characterisations for co-Frobenius and Quasi-co-Frobenius corings, some of them are new even in the coalgebra situation. We construct Morita contexts to study Frobenius properies of corings and a second kind of Morita contexts to study adjoint pairs. Comparing both Morita contexts, we obtain our main result that characterises (Quasi-) co-F…
Given a ring $A$ and an $A$-coring $\cC$ we study when the forgetful functor from the category of right $\cC$-comodules to the category of right $A$-modules and its right adjoint $-\otimes_A\cC$ are separable. We then proceed to study when the induction functor $-\otimes_A\cC$ is also the left adjoint of the forgetful functor. This question is closely related to the problem when $A\to {}_A{\rm Hom}(\cC,A)$ is a Frobenius extension. We introduce the notion of a Galois coring and analyse when the tensor functor over the subring of $A$ fixed under the coaction of $\cC$ is an equivalence. We also …
Galois comodules of a coring are studied. The conditions for a simple comodule to be a Galois comodule are found. A special class of Galois comodules termed principal comodules is introduced. These are defined as Galois comodules that are projective over their comodule endomorphism rings. A complete description of principal comodules in the case a background ring is a field is found. In particular it is shown that a (finitely generated and projective) right comodule of an $A$-coring $\mathcal C$ is principal provided a lifting of the canonical map is a split epimorphism in the category of left…
The Chern-Galois theory is developed for corings or coalgebras over non-commutative rings. As the first step the notion of an entwined extension as an extension of algebras within a bijective entwining structure over a non-commutative ring is introduced. A strong connection for an entwined extension is defined and it is shown to be closely related to the Galois property and to the equivariant projectivity of the extension. A generalisation of the Doi theorem on total integrals in the framework of entwining structures over a non-commutative ring is obtained, and the bearing of strong connection…
Given a coalgebra $C$ over a commutative ring $R,$ we show that $C$ can be considered as a (not necessarily counital) $C^{\ast op}$-coring. Moreover, we show that this coring has a left (right) counity if and only if $C$ is coseparable as an $R$-coalgebra.
We show the close connection between appearingly different Galois theories for comodules introduced recently in [J. Gómez-Torrecillas and J. Vercruysse, Comatrix corings and Galois Comodules over firm rings, arXiv:math.RA/0509106.] and [R. Wisbauer, On Galois comodules (2004), to appear in Comm. Algebra.]. Furthermore we study equivalences between categories of comodules over a coring and modules over a firm ring. We show that these equivalences are related to Galois theory for comodules.
Let $A$ be an algebra over a commutative ring $k$. We compute the center of the category of $A$-bimodules. There are six isomorphic descriptions: the center equals the weak center, and can be described as categories of noncommutative descent data, comodules over the Sweedler canonical $A$-coring, Yetter-Drinfeld type modules or modules with a flat connection from noncommutative differential geometry. All six isomorphic categories are braided monoidal categories: in particular, the category of comodules over the Sweedler canonical $A$-coring $A \ot A$ is braided monoidal. We provide several app…
A coring (A,C) consists of an algebra A and a coalgebra C in the monoidal category of A-bimodules. Corings and their comodules arise naturally in the study of Hopf-Galois extensions and descent theory, as well as in the study of Hopf algebroids. In this paper, we address the question of when two corings in a symmetric monoidal model category V are homotopically Morita equivalent, i.e., when their respective categories of comodules are Quillen equivalent. The category of comodules over the trivial coring (A,A) is isomorphic to the category of A-modules, so the question above englobes that of wh…
Let $R$ be a semisimple ring. A pair $(A,C)$ is called almost-Koszul if $A$ is a connected graded $R$-ring and $C$ is a compatible connected graded $R$-coring. To an almost-Koszul pair one associates three chain complexes and three cochain complexes such that one of them is exact if and only if the others are so. In this situation $(A,C)$ is said to be Koszul. One proves that a connected $R$-ring $A$ is Koszul if and only if there is a connected $R$-coring $C$ such that $(A,C)$ is Koszul. This result allows us to investigate the Hochschild (co)homology of Koszul rings. We apply our method to s…
Projectivity and flatness over the endomorphism ring of a finitely generated $(H, {\mathcal C})$-comodule
设k为交换环，H为k上双代数，C为(H,A)-余环，若C作为左A-模平坦，有限生成的右(H,C)-余模Λ对应的自同态环上的模具有投射性与平坦性的充要条件被给出；当C含固定H-群样元时，可将Λ替换为A。
Let $R$, $S$ be two rings, $C$ an $R$-coring and ${}_{R}^C{\mathcal M}$ the category of left $C$-comodules. The category ${\bf Rep}\, ( {}_{R}^C{\mathcal M}, {}_{S}{\mathcal M} )$ of all representable functors ${}_{R}^C{\mathcal M} \to {}_{S}{\mathcal M}$ is shown to be equivalent to the opposite of the category ${}_{R}^C{\mathcal M}_S$. For $U$ an $(S,R)$-bimodule we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the induction functor $U\otimes_R - : {}_{R}^C\mathcal{M} \to {}_{S}\mathcal{M}$ to be: a representable functor, an equivalence of categories, a separable or a Frobenius functor. The l…
Let $A$ be a ring and $\M_A$ the category of $A$-modules. It is well known in module theory that for any $A $-bimodule $B$, $B$ is an $A$-ring if and only if the functor $-\otimes_A B: \M_A\to \M_A$ is a monad (or triple). Similarly, an $A $-bimodule $\C$ is an $A$-coring provided the functor $-\otimes_A\C:\M_A\to \M_A$ is a comonad (or cotriple). The related categories of modules (or algebras) of $-\otimes_A B$ and comodules (or coalgebras) of $-\otimes_A\C$ are well studied in the literature. On the other hand, the right adjoint endofunctors $\Hom_A(B,-)$ and $\Hom_A(\C,-)$ are a comonad and…
We develop the basic constructions of homological algebra in the (appropriately defined) unbounded derived categories of modules over algebras over coalgebras over noncommutative rings (which we call semialgebras over corings). We define double-sided derived functors SemiTor and SemiExt of the functors of semitensor product and semihomomorphisms, and construct an equivalence between the exotic derived categories of semimodules and semicontramodules. Certain (co)flatness and/or (co)projectivity conditions have to be imposed on the coring and semialgebra to make the module categories abelian (an…
We give a bicategorical version of the main result of A. Masuoka ({Corings and invertible bimodules,} {\em Tsukuba J. Math.} \textbf{13} (1989), 353--362) which proposes a non-commutative version of the fact that for a faithfully flat extension of commutative rings $R \subseteq S$, the relative Picard group $Pic(S/R)$ is isomorphic to the Amitsur 1--cohomology group $H^1(S/R,U)$ with coefficients in the units functor $U$.
This paper is a written form of a talk. It gives a review of various notions of Galois (and in particular cleft) extensions. Extensions by coalgebras,bialgebras and Hopf algebras (over a commutative base ring) and by corings,bialgebroids and Hopf algebroids (over a non-commutative base algebra) are systematically recalled and compared. In the first version of this paper, the journal version of [15, Theorem 2.6] was heavily used, in two respects. First, it was applied to establish an isomorphism between the comodule categories of two constituent bialgebroids in a Hopf algebroid. Second, it was …
For any ring \(R\), some characterizations are obtained for unit regular elements in a corner ring \(eRe\) in terms of unit regular elements in \(R\). \noindent {\bf Key Words}: von Neumann regular rings, unit regular rings, corner rings, idempotents \noindent {\bf AMS Classification}: 16A30
Let $R$ be an associative ring with identity and let $N$ be a nil ideal of $R$. It is shown that units of $R/N$ can be lifted to units in $R$. Under some mild conditions on the ring, a procedure is given to determine those lifted units in a recursive way. As an application, the units of several classes of rings are determined, including: matrix rings, chain rings, and group rings where the ring is a chain ring. Numerical examples are given illustrating the main results.
A ring $R$ is a UU ring if every unit is unipotent, or equivalently if every unit is a sum of a nilpotent and an idempotent that commute. These rings have been investigated in Călugăreanu \cite{C} and in Danchev and Lam \cite{DL}. In this paper, two generalizations of UU rings are discussed. We study rings for which every unit is a sum of a nilpotent and an idempotent, and rings for which every unit is a sum of a nilpotent and two idempotents that commute with one another.
Let E be a graded division ring finite-dimensional over its center with torsion-free abelian grade group, and let q(E) be its quotient division ring. Let tau be a degree-preserving unitary involution on E. We prove that SK_1(E, tau) is isomorphic to SK_1(q(E), tau).
The object of this paper is to examine finite solvable groups whose integral group rings have only trivial central units.
We study clean group rings and also the group rings whose every element is a sum of two units. We also prove that if R is an Abelian exchange ring and G is a locally finite group, then the group ring RG has stable range one.
We define the concepts of weakly precious and precious rings which generalize the notions of weakly clean and nil-clean rings. We obtain some fundamental properties of these rings. We also obtain certain subclasses of such rings and then offer new kinds of weakly clean rings and nil-clean rings.
Recently, the author characterized all artinian square-free rings with identity. Here, those results are extended to the setting of rings with local units. We use this characterization of square-free rings to derive many results similar to the artinian case and to determine, in cohomological terms, exactly when a square-free ring has an associated square-free algebra structure.
Rank of elements of general rings in connection with unit-regularity
该研究定义了一般含单位元环中元素的秩，给出半素环中秩的可逆元刻画，并证明含单位元半素环基座的元素均为单位正则元。
The object of study in this paper is the finite groups whose integral group rings have only trivial central units. Prime-power groups and metacyclic groups with this property are characterized. Metacyclic groups are classified according to the central height of the unit groups of their integral group rings.
Unit-regularity and representability for semiartinian *-regular rings
本文证明了任意半亚丁直不可约*-正则环在内积空间中具有表示，揭示了其可表示性。
In this paper we compute the sum of the $k$-th powers over any finite commutative unital rings, thus generalizing known results for finite fields, the rings of integers modulo $n$ or the ring of Gaussian integers modulo $n$. As an application we focus on quotient rings of the form $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}[x]/(f(x))$ for any polynomial $f\in\mathbb{Z}[x]$
We offer two comments on the beautiful papers of Giles Gardam and Alan Murray that yield counterexamples to the Kaplansky unit conjecture. First we discuss the determinants of these units in a certain $4\times 4$ matrix representation of the group ring. Then we explain why there is a doubly infinite family of units in the Murray paper.
Let $R$ be a finite unitary ring such that $R=R_0[R^*]$ where $R_0$ is the prime ring and $R^*$ is not a nilpotent group. We show that if all proper subgroups of $R^*$ are nilpotent groups, then the cardinal of $R$ is a power of prime number 2. In addition, if $(R/Jac(R))^*$ is not a $p-$group, then either $R\cong M_2(GF(2))$ or $R\cong M_2(GF(2))\oplus A$ where $M_2(GF(2))$ is the ring of $2\times 2$ matrices over the finite field $GF(2)$ and $A$ is a direct sum of finite field $GF(2)$.
We investigate near-ring properties that generalize nearfield properties about units. We study zero symmetric near-rings $N$ with identity with two interrelated properties: the units with zero form an additive subgroup of $(N,+)$; the units act without fixedpoints on $(N,+)$. There are many similarities between these cases, but also many differences. Rings with these properties are fields, near-rings allow more possibilities, which are investigated. Descriptions of constructions are obtained and used to create examples showing the two properties are independent but related. Properties of the a…
On the sumsets of exceptional units in quaternion rings
本文研究了有限交换环上四元数环中例外单位的和集，通过将问题归约到局部环，求出了偶数阶局部环中元素表示为k个例外单位之和的表示数量，以及奇数阶局部环中2个例外单位之和的表示数量或其界限。
Let K be a comonad on a model category M. We provide conditions under which the associated category of K-coalgebras admits a model category structure such that the forgetful functor to M creates both cofibrations and weak equivalences. We provide concrete examples that satisfy our conditions and are relevant in descent theory and in the theory of Hopf-Galois extensions. These examples are specific instances of the following categories of comodules over a coring. For any semihereditary commutative ring R, let A be a dg R-algebra that is homologically simply connected. Let V be an A-coring that …
We discuss the projective line $\mathbb{P}(R)$ over a finite associative ring with unity. $\mathbb{P}(R)$ is naturally endowed with the symmetric and anti-reflexive relation "distant". We study the graph of this relation on $\mathbb{P}(R)$ and classify up to isomorphism all distant graphs $G(R, Δ)$ for rings $R$ up to order $p^5$, $p$ prime.
Let $D$ be a division ring infinite-dimensional over its center $k$ with multiplicative group $D^{\times}$. We show that if $D$ belongs to certain families, there exist free symmetric and unitary pairs in $D^{\times}$ with respect to a $k$-involution on $D$.
On some extensions of strongly unit nil-clean rings
本文推广了强单位幂零清洁环的概念，给出了群环单位正则性的刻画条件，完全描述了$\mathbb{Z}_nG$的单位正则性，并探讨了Morita上下文、矩阵环和群环中的强单位幂零清洁性。
If $R$ is a regular and semiartinian ring, it is proved that the following conditions are equivalent: (1) $R$ is unit-regular, (2) every factor ring of $R$ is directly finite, (3) the abelian group $K_0(R)$ is free and admits a basis which is in a canonical one to one correspondence with a set of representatives of simple right $R$-modules. For the class of semiartinian and unit-regular rings the canonical partial order of $K_0(R)$ is investigated and the directed abelian groups which are realizable as $K_0(R)$ of these rings are classified.
The augmentation powers in an integral group ring $\mathbb ZG$ induce a natural filtration of the unit group of $\mathbb ZG$ analogous to the filtration of the group $G$ given by its dimension series $\{D_n(G)\}_{n\ge 1}$. The purpose of the present article is to investigate this filtration, in particular, the triviality of its intersection.
In \cite[Problem 72]{Fuchs60} Fuchs asked the following question: which groups can be the group of units of a commutative ring? In the following years, some partial answers have been given to this question in particular cases. The aim of the present paper is to address Fuchs' question when $A$ is a {\it finite characteristic ring}. The result is a pretty good description of the groups which can occur as group of units in this case, equipped with examples showing that there are obstacles to a "short" complete classification. As a byproduct, we are able to classify all possible cardinalities of …
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