Galois comodules of a coring are studied.
The conditions for a simple comodule to be a Galois comodule are found. A special class of Galois comodules termed principal comodules is introduced. These are defined as Galois comodules that are projective over their comodule endomorphism rings. A complete description of principal comodules in the case a background ring is a field is found. In particular it is shown that a (finitely generated and projective) right comodule of an $A$-coring $\mathcal C$ is principal provided a lifting of the canonical map is a split epimorphism in the category of left $\mathcal C$-comodules. This description is then used to characterise principal extensions or non-commutative principal bundles. Specifically, it is proven that, over a field, any entwining structure consisting of an algebra $A$, a coseparable coalgebra $C$ and a bijective entwining map $ψ$ together with a group-like element in $C$ give rise to a principal extension provided the lifted canonical map is surjective. Induction of Galois and principal comodules via morphisms of corings is described. A connection between the relative injectivity of a Galois comodule and the properties of the extension of endomorphism rings associated to this comodule is revealed.
We compare several quasi-Frobenius-type properties for corings that appeared recently in literature and provide several new characterizations for each of these properties. By applying the theory of Galois comodules with a firm coinvariant ring, we can characterize a locally quasi-Frobenius (quasi-co-Frobenius) coring as a locally projective generator in its category of comodules.
We discuss when the Rat functor associated to a coring satisfying the left $α$-condition is exact. We study the category of comodules over a semiperfect coring. We characterize semiperfect corings over artinian rings and over qF-rings.
We give a notion of a comatrix coring which embodies all former constructions and, what is more interesting, leads to the formulation of a notion of Galois coring and the statement of a Faithfully Flat Descent Theorem that generalize the previous versions.
We introduce group corings, and study functors between categories of comodules over group corings, and the relationship to graded modules over graded rings. Galois group corings are defined, and a Structure Theorem for the $G$-comodules over a Galois group coring is given. We study (graded) Morita contexts associated to a group coring. Our theory is applied to group corings associated to a comodule algebra over a Hopf group coalgebra.
By a theorem due to Kato and Ohtake, any (not necessarily strict) Morita context induces an equivalence between appropriate subcategories of the module categories of the two rings in the Morita context. These are in fact categories of firm modules for non-unital subrings. We apply this result to various Morita contexts associated to a comodule $Σ$ of an $A$-coring $\cC$. This allows to extend (weak and strong) structure theorems in the literature, in particular beyond the cases when any of the coring $\cC$ or the comodule $Σ$ is finitely generated and projective as an $A$-module. That is, we o…
We characterize the corings whose category of comodules has a generating set of small projective comodules in terms of the (non commutative) descent theory. In order to extricate the structure of these corings, we give a generalization of the notions of comatrix coring and Galois comodule which avoid finiteness conditions. A sufficient condition for a coring to be isomorphic to an infinite comatrix coring is found. We deduce in particular that any coalgebra over a field and the coring associated to a group-graded ring are isomorphic to adequate infinite comatrix corings. We also characterize w…
Prime objects were defined as generalization of simple objects in the categories of rings (modules). In this paper we introduce and investigate what turns out to be a suitable generalization of simple corings (simple comodules), namely fully coprime corings (fully coprime comodules). Moreover, we consider several primeness notions in the category of comodules of a given coring and investigate their relations with the fully coprimeness and the simplicity of these comodules. These notions are applied then to study primeness and coprimeness properties of a given coring, considered as an object in…
In this paper we introduce and investigate top (bi)comodules} of corings, that can be considered as dual to top (bi)modules of rings. The fully coprime spectra of such (bi)comodules attains a Zariski topology, defined in a way dual to that of defining the Zariski topology on the prime spectra of (commutative rings. We restrict our attention in this paper to duo (bi)comodules (satisfying suitable conditions) and study the interplay between the coalgebraic properties of such (bi)comodules and the introduced Zariski topology. In particular, we apply our results to introduce a Zariski topology on …
We extend the comatrix coring to the case of a quasi-finite bicomodule. We also generalize some of its interesting properties. We study equivalences between categories of comodules over rather general corings. We particularize to the case of the adjoint pair of functors associated to a morphism of corings over different base rings. We apply our results to corings coming from entwining structures and graded structures, and we obtain new results in the setting of entwining structures and in the graded ring theory.
Generalising the notion of Galois corings, Galois comodules were introduced as comodules $P$ over an $A$-coring $\cC$ for which $P_A$ is finitely generated and projective and the evaluation map $μ_\cC:\Hom^\cC(P,\cC)\ot_SP\to \cC$ is an isomorphism (of corings) where $S=\End^\cC(P)$. It was observed that for such comodules the functors $\Hom_A(P,-)\ot_SP$ and $-\ot_A\cC$ from the category of right $A$-modules to the category of right $\cC$-comodules are isomorphic. In this note we call modules $P$ with this property {\em Galois comodules} without requiring $P_A$ to be finitely generated and pr…
A basic theory of cowreath or extended distributive laws in the bicategory of unital bimodules, is deciphered. Precisely, we give in terms of tensor product over a scalar base ring, a simplest and equivalent definition for cowreath over coring and for comodule over cowreath. An adjunction connecting the category of comodules over the factor coring and the category of comodules over the coring arising from the cowreath products is also given. The dual notions i.e. wreaths over rings extension and their modules are included.
In this note we consider different versions of coinduction functors between categories of comodules for corings induced by a morphism of corings. In particular we introduce a new version of the coinduction functor in the case of locally projective corings as a composition of suitable ``Trace'' and ``Hom'' functors and show how to derive it from a more general coinduction functor between categories of type $σ\lbrack M].$ In special cases (e.g. the corings morphism is part of a morphism of measuring $α$-pairings or the corings have the same base ring), a version of our functor is shown to be iso…
A Morita context is constructed for any comodule of a coring and, more generally, for an $L$-$\cC$ bicomodule $Σ$ for a pure coring extension $(\cD:L)$ of $(\cC:A)$. It is related to a 2-object subcategory of the category of $k$-linear functors $\Mm^\Cc\to\Mm^\Dd$. Strictness of the Morita context is shown to imply the Galois property of $Σ$ as a $\cC$-comodule and a Weak Structure Theorem. Sufficient conditions are found also for a Strong Structure Theorem to hold. Cleft property of an $L$-$\cC$ bicomodule $Σ$ -- implying strictness of the associated Morita context -- is introduced. It is sho…
In order to extrincate the structure of corings with a finitely generated and projective generator we give the notion of a comatrix coring. As consequences we give generalizations of the main characterizations of faithfully flat Galois corings and extensions which work for corings without grouplike elements, as well as a generalization of the Descent Theorem. We provide also a complete description of all cosemisimple corings. No restrictions are made over the ground noncommutative ring.
Partial Galois extensions were recently introduced by Dokuchaev, Ferrero and Paques. We introduce partial Galois extensions for noncommutative rings, using the theory of Galois corings. We associate a Morita context to a partial action on a ring.
We give a characterization, in terms of Galois infinite comatrix corings, of the corings that decompose as a direct sum of left comodules which are finitely generated as left modules. Then we show that the associated rational functor is exact. This is the case of a right semiperfect coring which is locally projective and whose Galois comodule is a projective left unital module with superfluous radical.
We introduce Galois corings, and give a survey of properties that have been obtained so far. The Definition is motivated using descent theory, and we show that classical Galois theory, Hopf-Galois theory and coalgebra Galois theory can be obtained as a special case.
We investigate Frobenius pairs between categories of comodules over rather general corings. We particularize to the case of the adjoint pair of functors associated to a morphism of corings over different base rings, which leads to a reasonable notion of Frobenius coring extension. When applied to corings stemming from entwining structures, we obtain new results in this setting.
We investigate adjoint and Frobenius pairs between categories of comodules over rather general corings. We particularize to the case of the adjoint pair of functors associated to a morphism of corings over different base rings, which leads to a reasonable notion of Frobenius coring extension. When applied to corings stemming from entwining structures, we obtain new results in this setting and in graded ring theory.
The Jacobson-Bourbaki Theorem for division rings was formulated in terms of corings by Sweedler in 1975. Finiteness conditions hypotheses are not required in this new approach. In this paper we extend Sweedler's result to simple artinian rings using a particular class of corings, comatrix corings. A Jacobson-Bourbaki like correspondence for simple artinian rings is then obtained by duality.
While semisimple artinian rings and semisimple coalgebras over a field can be described in terms of matrices (either matrix ring over division rings or comatrix coalgebras over the ground field), semisimple corings seem to have a more intrincated structure in general. It turns out that some well-known properties of semisimple rings or coalgebras, which are immediately deduced from the aforementioned structure, are not evident over a (left) semi-simple coring. For instance, it is not evident that the notion of semi-simple coring is left-right symmetric. To be precise, if every left comodule dec…
We show the close connection between appearingly different Galois theories for comodules introduced recently in [J. Gómez-Torrecillas and J. Vercruysse, Comatrix corings and Galois Comodules over firm rings, arXiv:math.RA/0509106.] and [R. Wisbauer, On Galois comodules (2004), to appear in Comm. Algebra.]. Furthermore we study equivalences between categories of comodules over a coring and modules over a firm ring. We show that these equivalences are related to Galois theory for comodules.
We investigate which aspects of recent developments on Galois corings and comodules admit a formulation in terms of comonads. This approach hopefully will permit of focusing in what is specific in each particular future situation, having some relevant general results for granted. The general theory is applied to the study of comodules over corings over firm rings.
El Kaoutit and Gómez Torrecillas introduced comatrix corings, generalizing Sweedler's canonical coring, and proved a new version of the Faithfully Flat Descent Theorem. They also introduced Galois corings, as corings isomorphic to a comatrix coring. In this paper, we further investigate this theory. We prove a new version of the Joyal-Tierney Descent Theorem, and generalize the Galois Coring Structure Theorem. We associate a Morita context to a coring with a fixed comodule, and relate it to Galois-type properties of the coring. An affineness criterion is proved in the situation where the corin…
It is shown that any finite complete covering of a non-commutative algebra in the sense of Calow and Matthes (J. Geom. Phys. 32 (2000), 114--165) gives rise to a Galois coring.
We focus our attention to the set $\gl{\coring{C}}$ of grouplike elements of a coring $\coring{C}$ over a ring $A$. We do some observations on the actions of the groups $U(A)$ and $\aut{\coring{C}}$ of units of $A$ and of automorphisms of corings of $\coring{C}$, respectively, on $\gl{\coring{C}}$, and on the subset $\galois{\coring{C}}$ of all Galois grouplike elements. Among them, we give conditions on $\coring{C}$ under which $\galois{\coring{C}}$ is a group, in such a way that there is an exact sequence of groups $\{1\} \to U(A^{g}) \to U(A) \to \galois{\coring{C}} \to \{1\},$ where $A^g$ …
The relationship between comodules of a coring and flat connections is reviewed. In particular we specialise to corings which are built on a tensor product of algebra and a coalgebra. Such corings are in one-to-one correspondence with entwining structures, and their comodules are entwined modules. These include Yetter-Drinfeld and anti-Yetter-Drinfeld modules and their generalisations, hence all the modules of interest to Hopf-cyclic cohomology. In this way the interpretation of the latter as modules with flat connections [A Kaygun and M Khalkhali, Hopf modules and noncommutative differential …
A coring (A,C) consists of an algebra A and a coalgebra C in the monoidal category of A-bimodules. Corings and their comodules arise naturally in the study of Hopf-Galois extensions and descent theory, as well as in the study of Hopf algebroids. In this paper, we address the question of when two corings in a symmetric monoidal model category V are homotopically Morita equivalent, i.e., when their respective categories of comodules are Quillen equivalent. The category of comodules over the trivial coring (A,A) is isomorphic to the category of A-modules, so the question above englobes that of wh…
A notion of a coring extension is defined and it is related to the existence of an additive functor between comodule categories that factorises through forgetful functors. This correspondence between coring extensions and factorisable functors is illustrated by functors between categories of descent data. A category in which objects are corings and morphisms are coring extensions is also introduced.
We develop a Galois (descent) theory for comonads within the framework of bicategories. We give generalizations of Beck's theorem and the Joyal-Tierney theorem. Many examples are provided, including classical descent theory, Hopf-Galois theory over Hopf algebras and Hopf algebroids, Galois theory for corings and group-corings, and Morita-Takeuchi theory for corings. As an application we construct a new type of comatrix corings based on (dual) quasi bialgebras.
To a B-coring and a (B,A)-bimodule that is finitely generated and projective as a right A-module an A-coring is associated. This new coring is termed a base ring extension of a coring by a module. We study how the properties of a bimodule such as separability and the Frobenius properties are reflected in the induced base ring extension coring. Any bimodule that is finitely generated and projective on one side, together with a map of corings over the same base ring, lead to the notion of a module-morphism, which extends the notion of a morphism of corings (over different base rings). A module-m…
We study the cyclic module ${}_SR$ for a ring extension $A \| B$ with centralizer $R$ and bimodule endomorphism ring $S = End {}_BA_B$. We show that if $A \| B$ is an H-separable Hopf subalgebra, then $B$ is a normal Hopf subalgebra of $A$. We observe from math.RA/0107064 and math.RA/0108067 depth two in the role of noncommutative normality (as in field theory) in a depth two separable Frobenius characterization of irreducible semisimple-Hopf-Galois extensions. We prove that a depth two extension has a Galois $A$-coring structure on $A ø_R T$ where $T$ is the right $R$-bialgebroid dual to $S$.
Given a ring $A$ and an $A$-coring $\cC$ we study when the forgetful functor from the category of right $\cC$-comodules to the category of right $A$-modules and its right adjoint $-\otimes_A\cC$ are separable. We then proceed to study when the induction functor $-\otimes_A\cC$ is also the left adjoint of the forgetful functor. This question is closely related to the problem when $A\to {}_A{\rm Hom}(\cC,A)$ is a Frobenius extension. We introduce the notion of a Galois coring and analyse when the tensor functor over the subring of $A$ fixed under the coaction of $\cC$ is an equivalence. We also …
In this note we study Morita contexts and Galois extensions for corings. For a coring $\QTR{cal}{C}$ over a (not necessarily commutative) ground ring $A$ we give equivalent conditions for $\QTR{cal}{M}^{\QTR{cal}{C}}$ to satisfy the weak. resp. the strong structure theorem. We also characterize the so called \QTR{em}{cleft}$C$\QTR{em}{-Galois extensions} over commutative rings. Our approach is similar to that of Y. Doi and A. Masuoka in their work on (cleft) $H$-Galois extensions.
This note presents some results on projective modules and the Grothendieck groups K_0 and G_0 for Frobenius algebras and for certain Hopf Galois extensions. Our principal technical tools are the Higman trace for Frobenius algebras and a product formula for Hattori-Stallings ranks of projectives over Hopf Galois extensions.
The Chern-Galois theory is developed for corings or coalgebras over non-commutative rings. As the first step the notion of an entwined extension as an extension of algebras within a bijective entwining structure over a non-commutative ring is introduced. A strong connection for an entwined extension is defined and it is shown to be closely related to the Galois property and to the equivariant projectivity of the extension. A generalisation of the Doi theorem on total integrals in the framework of entwining structures over a non-commutative ring is obtained, and the bearing of strong connection…
Let $A$ be an algebra over a commutative ring $k$. We compute the center of the category of $A$-bimodules. There are six isomorphic descriptions: the center equals the weak center, and can be described as categories of noncommutative descent data, comodules over the Sweedler canonical $A$-coring, Yetter-Drinfeld type modules or modules with a flat connection from noncommutative differential geometry. All six isomorphic categories are braided monoidal categories: in particular, the category of comodules over the Sweedler canonical $A$-coring $A \ot A$ is braided monoidal. We provide several app…
We introduce partial (co)actions of a Hopf algebra $H$ on an algebra. To this end, we introduce first the notion of lax coring, generalizing Wisbauer's notion of weak coring. We also have the dual notion of lax ring. Several duality results are given, and we develop Galois theory for partial $H$-comodule algebras.
Let $A$ be a ring and $\M_A$ the category of $A$-modules. It is well known in module theory that for any $A $-bimodule $B$, $B$ is an $A$-ring if and only if the functor $-\otimes_A B: \M_A\to \M_A$ is a monad (or triple). Similarly, an $A $-bimodule $\C$ is an $A$-coring provided the functor $-\otimes_A\C:\M_A\to \M_A$ is a comonad (or cotriple). The related categories of modules (or algebras) of $-\otimes_A B$ and comodules (or coalgebras) of $-\otimes_A\C$ are well studied in the literature. On the other hand, the right adjoint endofunctors $\Hom_A(B,-)$ and $\Hom_A(\C,-)$ are a comonad and…
We study comodule functors for comonads arising from mixed distributive laws. Their Galois property is reformulated in terms of a (so-called) regular arrow in Street's bicategory of comonads. Between categories possessing equalizers, we introduce the notion of a regular adjunction. An equivalence is proven between the category of pre-torsors over two regular adjunctions $(N_A,R_A)$ and $(N_B,R_B)$ on one hand, and the category of regular comonad arrows $(R_A,ξ)$ from some equalizer preserving comonad ${\mathbb C}$ to $N_BR_B$ on the other. This generalizes a known relationship between pre-tors…
Let $R$, $S$ be two rings, $C$ an $R$-coring and ${}_{R}^C{\mathcal M}$ the category of left $C$-comodules. The category ${\bf Rep}\, ( {}_{R}^C{\mathcal M}, {}_{S}{\mathcal M} )$ of all representable functors ${}_{R}^C{\mathcal M} \to {}_{S}{\mathcal M}$ is shown to be equivalent to the opposite of the category ${}_{R}^C{\mathcal M}_S$. For $U$ an $(S,R)$-bimodule we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the induction functor $U\otimes_R - : {}_{R}^C\mathcal{M} \to {}_{S}\mathcal{M}$ to be: a representable functor, an equivalence of categories, a separable or a Frobenius functor. The l…
A pair of adjoint functors $(F,G)$ is called a Frobenius pair of the second type if $G$ is a left adjoint of $βFα$ for some category equivalences $α$ and $β$. Frobenius ring extensions of the second kind provide examples of Frobenius pairs of the second kind. We study Frobenius pairs of the second kind between categories of modules, comodules, and comodules over a coring. We also show that a finitely generated projective Hopf algebra over a commutative ring is always a Frobenius extension of the second kind, and prove that the integral spaces of the Hopf algebra and its dual are isomorphic.
An extension B\subset A of algebras over a commutative ring k is an H-extension for an L-bialgebroid H if A is an H-comodule algebra and B is the subalgebra of its coinvariants. It is H-Galois if the canonical map A\otimes_B A\to A\otimes_L H is an isomorphism or, equivalently, if the canonical coring (A\otimes_L H:A) is a Galois coring. In the case of a Hopf algebroid H=(H_L,H_R,S) any H_R-extension is shown to be also an H_L-extension. If the antipode is bijective then also the notions of H_R-Galois extensions and of H_L-Galois extensions are proven to coincide. Results about bijective entwi…
This paper is a written form of a talk. It gives a review of various notions of Galois (and in particular cleft) extensions. Extensions by coalgebras,bialgebras and Hopf algebras (over a commutative base ring) and by corings,bialgebroids and Hopf algebroids (over a non-commutative base algebra) are systematically recalled and compared. In the first version of this paper, the journal version of [15, Theorem 2.6] was heavily used, in two respects. First, it was applied to establish an isomorphism between the comodule categories of two constituent bialgebroids in a Hopf algebroid. Second, it was …
We investigate criteria for algebra extensions that are of Galois type with respect to the coaction of a Hopf algebra or, more generally, a one-sided quotient of a Hopf algebra, or with respect to an entwining. We study the module- and comodule-theoretical properties of such extensions.
We define comodule algebras and Galois extensions for actions of bialgebroids. Using just module conditions we characterize the Frobenius extensions that are Galois as depth two and right balanced extensions. As a corollary, we obtain characterizations of certain weak and ordinary Hopf-Galois extensions without reference to action in the hypothesis.
A comodule algebra P over a Hopf algebra H with bijective antipode is called principal if the coaction of H is Galois and P is H-equivariantly projective (faithfully flat) over the coaction-invariant subalgebra B. We prove that principality is a piecewise property: given N comodule-algebra surjections P->Pi whose kernels intersect to zero, P is principal if and only if all Pi's are principal. Furthermore, assuming the principality of P, we show that the lattice these kernels generate is distributive if and only if so is the lattice obtained by intersection with B. Finally, assuming the above d…
Comodule algebras of a Hopf algebroid H with a bijective antipode, i.e. algebra extensions B\subseteq A by H, are studied. Assuming that a lifted canonical map is a split epimorphism of modules of the non-commutative base algebra of H, relative injectivity of the H-comodule algebra A is related to the Galois property of the extension B\subseteq A and also to the equivalence of the category of relative Hopf modules to the category of B-modules. This extends a classical theorem by H.-J. Schneider on Galois extensions by a Hopf algebra. Our main tool is an observation that relative injectivity of…
The relation between crossed product and $H$-Galois extension in braided tensor category ${\cal C}$ with equivalisers and coequivalisers is established. That is, it is shown that if there exist an equivaliser and a coequivaliser for any two morphisms in ${\cal C}$, then $A = B #_σH$ is a crossed product algebra if and only if the extension $A/B$ is Galois, the canonical epic $q: A\otimes A \to A\otimes_B A$ is split and $A$ is isomorphic as left $B$-modules and right $H$-comodules to $B\otimes H$ in ${\cal C}$.
We define polynomial H-identities for comodule algebras over a Hopf algebra H and establish general properties for the corresponding T-ideals. In the case H is a Taft algebra or the Hopf algebra E(n), we exhibit a finite set of polynomial H-identities which distinguish the Galois objects over H up to isomorphism.
We study Galois extensions Coinv(M)<M for M an H-comodule algebra and H a Frobenius Hopf algebroid. We obtain generalizations of various theorems in Hopf-Galois theory by Kreimer-Takeuchi, Doi-Takeuchi and Cohen-Fischman-Montgomery. An algebra extension is Galois precisely if it is balanced, depth 2, and Frobenius. Then we show that Yetter-Drinfeld categories over H are always braided and their braided commutative algebras play the role of noncommutative scalar extensions by the Brzezinski-Militaru Theorem. Contravariant "fiber functors" are used to prove an analogue of Ulbrich's Theorem and t…
Hopf crossed products, or in other words, cleft comodule algebras form a special but important class in Hopf-Galois extensions. To discuss this interesting subject, we will start with the more familiar group crossed products, and then see that they are naturally generalized by Hopf crossed products; these Hopf crossed products are characterized as Hopf-Galois extensions with normal basis. After showing this characterization due to Doi and Takeuchi, we will proceed to two applications of Hopf crossed products---the equivariant smoothness of Hopf algebras, and the tensor product decomposition in…
A theory of monoids in the category of bicomodules of a coalgebra $C$ or $C$-rings is developed. This can be viewed as a dual version of the coring theory. The notion of a matrix ring context consisting of two bicomodules and two maps is introduced and the corresponding example of a $C$-ring (termed a {\em matrix $C$-ring}) is constructed. It is shown that a matrix ring context can be associated to any bicomodule which is a one-sided quasi-finite injector. Based on this, the notion of a {\em Galois module} is introduced and the structure theorem, generalising Schneider's Theorem II [H.-J. Schn…
In previous work, to each Hopf algebra H and each invertible right two-cocycle on H, Eli Aljadeff and the first-named author attached a subalgebra B of the free commutative Hopf algebra S generated by the coalgebra underlying H; the algebra B is the subalgebra of coinvariants of a generic Hopf Galois extension. In this paper we give conditions under which S is faithfully flat, or even free, as a B-module. We also show that B is generated as an algebra by certain elements arising from the theory of polynomial identities for comodule algebras developped jointly with Aljadeff.
In this article we revisit the theory of homotopic Hopf-Galois extensions introduced in arXiv:0902.3393v2 [math.AT], in light of the homotopical Morita theory of comodules established in arXiv:1411.6517 [math.AT]. We generalize the theory to a relative framework, which we believe is new even in the classical context and which is essential for treating the Hopf-Galois correspondence in forthcoming work of the second author and Karpova. We study in detail homotopic Hopf-Galois extensions of differential graded algebras over a commutative ring, for which we establish a descent-type characterizati…
To a finite Hopf-Galois extension $A | B$ we associate dual bialgebroids $S := \End_BA_B$ and $T := (A ø_B A)^B$ over the centralizer $R$ using the depth two theory in math.RA/0108067. First we extend results on the equivalence of certain properties of Hopf-Galois extensions with corresponding properties of the coacting Hopf algebra \cite{KT,Doi} to depth two extensions using coring theory math.RA/0002105. Next we show that $T^{\rm op}$ is a Hopf algebroid over the centralizer $R$ via Lu's theorem 5.1 in math.QA/9505024 for smash products with special modules over the Drinfel'd double, the Miy…
