The irrationality exponent of a real number measures how well that number can be approximated by rationals. Real numbers with irrationality exponent strictly greater than $2$ are transcendental numbers, and form a set with rich fractal structure. We show that this set intersects the limit set of any parabolic iterated function system arising from the backward continued fraction in a set of full Hausdorff dimension. As a corollary, we show that the set of irrationals whose irrationality exponents are strictly bigger than $2$ and whose backward continued fraction expansions have bounded partial quotients is of Hausdorff dimension $1$. This is a sharp contrast to the fact that there exists no irrational whose irrationality exponent is strictly greater than $2$ and whose regular continued fraction expansion has bounded partial quotients.
Jarník's relation is in dimension $2$ the formula $\hatλ + \frac{1}{\hatω} = 1$ linking both uniform exponents. It is an open question to generalize this equation to higher dimension, or to the multiplicative case. In this paper we consider a twisted case, between the classical and the multiplicative one, and we show that no analogue to Jarník's relation holds.
In this article we aim to investigate the Hausdorff dimension of the set of points $x \in [0,1)$ such that for any $r\in\mathbb{N},$ \begin{align*} a_{n+1}(x)a_{n+2}(x)\cdots a_{n+r}(x)\geq e^{τ(x)(h(x)+\cdots+h(T^{n-1}(x)))} {align*} holds for infinitely many $n\in\mathbb{N},$ where $h$ and $τ$ are positive continuous functions, $T$ is the Gauss map and $a_n(x)$ denote the $n$th partial quotient of $x$ in its continued fraction expansion. By appropriate choices of $r$, $τ(x)$ snd $h(x)$ we obtain the classical Jarník-Besicovitch Theorem as well as more recent results by Wang-Wu-Xu, Wang-Wu, H…
We find new inequalities between uniform and individual Diophantine exponents for three-dimensional Diophantine approximations. Also we give a result for two linear forms in two variables. The results improves V.Jarnik's theorem (1954).
We solve the problem of giving sharp asymptotic bounds on the Hausdorff dimensions of certain sets of badly approximable matrices, thus improving results of Broderick and Kleinbock (preprint 2013) as well as Weil (preprint 2013), and generalizing to higher dimensions those of Kurzweil ('51) and Hensley ('92). In addition we use our technique to compute the Hausdorff $f$-measure of the set of matrices which are not $ψ$-approximable, given a dimension function $f$ and a function $ψ:(0,\infty)\to (0,\infty)$. This complements earlier work by Dickinson and Velani ('97) who found the Hausdorff $f$-…
Using the Parametric Geometry of Numbers introduced recently by W.M. Schmidt and L. Summerer and results by D. Roy, we show that German's transference inequalities between the two most classical exponents of uniform Diophantine approximation are optimal. Further, we establish that the spectrum of the $n$ uniform exponents of Diophantine approximation in dimension $n$ is a subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ with non empty interior. Thus, no Jarník-type relation holds between them.
The well known theorems of Khintchine and Jarník in metric Diophantine approximation provide comprehensive description of the measure theoretic properties of real numbers approximable by rational numbers with a given error. Various generalisations of these fundamental results have been obtained for other settings, in particular, for curves and more generally manifolds. In this paper we develop the theory for planar curves by completing the theory in the case of parabola. This represents the first comprehensive study of its kind in the theory of Diophantine approximation on manifolds.
For a given rotation number we compute the Hausdorff dimension of the set of well approximable numbers. We use this result and an inhomogeneous version of Jarnik's theorem to show strong recurrence properties of the billiard flow in certain polygons
It is well known due to Jarnik that the set Bad of badly approximable numbers is of Hausdorff-dimension one. If Bad(c) denotes the subset of x in Bad for which the approximation constant c > c(x), then Jarnik was in fact more precise and gave nontrivial lower and upper bounds of the Hausdorff-dimension of Bad(c) in terms of the parameter c > 0. Our aim is to determine simple conditions on a framework which allow to extend 'Jarnik's inequality' to further examples; among the applications, we discuss the set of badly approximable vectors in with weights and the set of geodesics in the hyperbolic…
Fundamental questions in Diophantine approximation are related to the Hausdorff dimension of sets of the form $\{x\in \mathbb{R}: δ_x = δ\}$, where $δ\geq 1$ and $δ_x$ is the Diophantine approximation rate of an irrational number $x$. We go beyond the classical results by computing the Hausdorff dimension of the sets $\{x\in\mathbb{R}: δ_x =f(x)\}$, where $f$ is a continuous function. Our theorem applies to the study of the approximation rates by various approximation families. It also applies to functions $f$ which are continuous outside a set of prescribed Hausdorff dimension.
We improve on Jarn\'ık's inequality between uniform Diophantine exponent $α$ and ordinary Diophantine exponent $β$ for a system of $ n\ge 2$ real linear forms in two integer variables. Jarn\'ık (1949, 1954) proved that $β\ge α(α-1)$. In the present paper we give a better bound in the case $α>1$. We prove that β\ge 1/2(α^2-α+1+\sqrt{(α^2-α+1)^2 +4α^2(α-1)}) if 1\le α\le 2 1/2(α^2-1+\sqrt{(α^2-1)^2+4α(α-1)}) if α\ge 2
The use of Hausdorff measures and dimension in the theory of Diophantine approximation dates back to the 1920s with the theorems of Jarnik and Besicovitch regarding well-approximable and badly-approximable points. In this paper we consider three inhomogeneous problems that further develop these classical results. Firstly, we obtain a Jarnik type theorem for the set of multiplicatively approximable points in the plane. This Hausdorff measure statement does not reduce to Gallagher's Lebesgue measure statement as one might expect and is new even in the homogeneous setting. Next, we establish a Ja…
Using the variational principle in parametric geometry of numbers, we compute the Hausdorff and packing dimension of Diophantine sets related to exponents of Diophantine approximation, and their intersections. In particular, we extend a result of Jarník and Besicovitch to intermediate exponents.
In math.NT/0307308 we defined the irrationality base of an irrational number and, assuming a stronger hypothesis than the irrationality of Euler's constant, gave a conditional upper bound on its irrationality base. Here we develop the general theory of the irrationality exponent and base, giving formulas and bounds for them using continued fractions and the Fibonacci sequence. A theorem of Jarnik on Diophantine approximation yields numbers with prescribed irrationality measure. By another method we explicitly construct series with prescribed irrationality base. Many examples are given.
In this paper we improve estimates of Jarnik and Apfelbeck for uniform Diophantine exponents of transposed systems of linear forms and generalize to the case of an arbitrary system the estimates of Laurent and Bugeaud for individual exponents. The method proposed also gives a better constant in Mahler's transference theorem.
In this paper we prove an inequality for individual and uniform Diophantine exponents in the case of simultaneous approximation. This inequality is better than Jarnik's for small values of the uniform exponent.
This work is motivated by problems on simultaneous Diophantine approximation on manifolds, namely, establishing Khintchine and Jarnik type theorems for submanifolds of R^n. These problems have attracted a lot of interest since Kleinbock and Margulis proved a related conjecture of Alan Baker and V.G. Sprindzuk. They have been settled for planar curves but remain open in higher dimensions. In this paper, Khintchine and Jarnik type divergence theorems are established for arbitrary analytic non-degenerate manifolds regardless of their dimension. The key to establishing these results is the study o…
For a given decreasing positive real function $ψ$, let $\mathcal{A}_n(ψ)$ be the set of real numbers for which there are infinitely many integer polynomials $P$ of degree up to $n$ such that $\left\lvert P(x) \right\rvert \leq ψ(\operatorname{H}(P))$. A theorem by Bernik states that $\mathcal{A}_n(ψ)$ has Hausdorff dimension $\frac{n+1}{w+1}$ in the special case $ψ(r) = r^{-w}$, while a theorem by Beresnevich, Dickinson and Velani implies that the Hausdorff measure $\operatorname{\mathcal{H}}^g(\mathcal{A}_n(ψ))=\infty$ when a certain series diverges. In this paper we prove the convergence cou…
The inhomogeneous metric theory for the set of simultaneously $ψ$-approximable points lying on a planar curve is developed. Our results naturally incorporate the homogeneous Khintchine-Jarnik type theorems recently established in [Ann. of Math. (2), 166 (2007), pp. 367-426] and [Invent. Math., 166 (2006), pp. 103-124]. The key lies in obtaining essentially the best possible results regarding the distribution of `shifted' rational points near planar curves.
Let $α$ be an irrational real number. We show that the set of $ε$-badly approximable numbers \[ \mathrm{Bad}^\varepsilon (α) := \{x\in [0,1]\, : \, \liminf_{|q| \to \infty} |q| \cdot \| qα-x \| \geq \varepsilon \} \] has full Hausdorff dimension for some positive $ε$ if and only if $α$ is singular on average. The condition is equivalent to the average $\frac{1}{k} \sum_{i=1, \cdots, k} \log a_i$ of the logarithms of the partial quotients $a_i$ of $α$ going to infinity with $k$. We also consider one-sided approximation, obtain a stronger result when $a_i$ tends to infinity, and establish a part…
Let $β>1$ be a real number and define the $β$-transformation on $[0,1]$ by $T_β:x\mapsto βx\bmod 1$. Further, define $$W_y(T_β,Ψ):=\{x\in [0, 1]:|T_β^nx-y|<Ψ(n) \mbox{ for infinitely many $n$}\}$$ and $$W(T_β,Ψ):=\{(x, y)\in [0, 1]^2:|T_β^nx-y|<Ψ(n) \mbox{ for infinitely many $n$}\},$$ where $Ψ:\mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{R}_{>0}$ is a positive function such that $Ψ(n)\to 0$ as $n\to \infty$. In this paper, we show that each of the above sets obeys a Jarník-type dichotomy, that is, the generalised Hausdorff measure is either zero or full depending upon the convergence or divergence of a certain serie…
Let $Θ=(α,β)$ be a point in $\bR^2$, with $1,α,β$ linearly independent over $\bQ$. We attach to $Θ$ a quadruple $Ω(Θ)$ of exponents which measure the quality of approximation to $Θ$ both by rational points and by rational lines. The two ``uniform'' components of $Ω(Θ)$ are related by an equation, due to Jarn{\'ı}k, and the four exponents satisfy two inequalities which refine Khintchine's transference principle. Conversely, we show that for any quadruple $Ω$ fulfilling these necessary conditions, there exists a point $Θ\in \bR^2$ for which $Ω(Θ) =Ω$.
The goal of this paper is to develop the theory of weighted Diophantine approximation of rational numbers to $p$-adic numbers. Firstly, we establish complete analogues of Khintchine's theorem, the Duffin-Schaeffer theorem and the Jarník-Besicovitch theorem for `weighted' simultaneous Diophantine approximation in the $p$-adic case. Secondly, we obtain a lower bound for the Hausdorff dimension of weighted simultaneously approximable points lying on $p$-adic manifolds. This is valid for very general classes of curves and manifolds and have natural constraints on the exponents of approximation. Th…
Hausdorff measures of sets in Exact Diophantine approximation
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学数学与统计学院）；School of Statistics and Mathematics, Hubei University of Economics（湖北经济学院统计与数学学院）；Hubei Center for Data and Analysis（湖北省数据分析中心）
The goal of this paper is to develop a coherent theory for inhomogeneous Diophantine approximation on curves in $R^n$ akin to the well established homogeneous theory. More specifically, the measure theoretic results obtained generalize the fundamental homogeneous theorems of R.C. Baker (1978), Dodson, Dickinson (2000) and Beresnevich, Bernik, Kleinbock, Margulis (2002). In the case of planar curves, the complete Hausdorff dimension theory is developed
A general form of the Borel-Cantelli Lemma and its connection with the proof of Khintchine's Theorem on Diophantine approximation and the more general Khintchine-Groshev theorem are discussed. The torus geometry in the planar case allows a relatively direct proof of the planar Groshev theorem for the set of $ψ$-approximable points in the plane. The construction and use of Haudsorff measure and dimension are explained and the notion of ubiquity, which is effective in estimating the lower bound of the Hausdorff dimension for quite general lim sup sets, is described. An application is made to obt…
We begin with a brief treatment of Hausdorff measure and Hausdorff dimension. We then explain some of the principal results in Diophantine approximation and the Hausdorff dimension of related sets, originating in the pioneering work of Vojtech Jarnik. We conclude with some applications of these results to the metrical structure of exceptional sets associated with some famous problems. It is not intended that all the recent developments be covered but they can be found in the references cited.
Let $Γ= Z A +Z^n$ be a dense subgroup with rank $n+1$ in $R^n$ and let $ω(A)$ denote the exponent of uniform simultaneous rational approximation to the point $A$. We show that for any real number $v\ge ω(A)$, the Hausdorff dimension of the set $B_v$ of points in $R^n$ which are $v$-approximable with respect to $Γ$, is equal to $1/v$.
For any j_1,...,j_n>0 with j_1+...+j_n=1 and any x \in R^n, we consider the set of points y \in R^n for which max_{1\leq i\leq n}(||qx_i-y_i||^{1/j_i})>c/q for some positive constant c=c(y) and all q\in N. These sets are the `twisted' inhomogeneous analogue of Bad(j_1,...,j_n) in the theory of simultaneous Diophantine approximation. It has been shown that they have full Hausdorff dimension in the non-weighted setting, i.e provided that j_i=1/n, and in the weighted setting when x is chosen from Bad(j_1,...,j_n). We generalise these results proving the full Hausdorff dimension in the weighted se…
Let Q be an infinite set of positive integers. Denote by W_{τ, n}(Q) (resp. W_{τ, n}) the set of points in dimension n simultaneously τ--approximable by infinitely many rationals with denominators in Q (resp. in N*). A non--trivial lower bound for the Hausdorff dimension of the liminf set W_{τ, n}\W_{τ, n}(Q) is established when n>1 and τ>1+1/(n-1) in the case where the set Q satisfies some divisibility properties. The computation of the actual value of this Hausdorff dimension as well as the one--dimensional analogue of the problem are also discussed.
There are two fundamental results in the classical theory of metric Diophantine approximation: Khintchine's theorem and Jarnik's theorem. The former relates the size of the set of well approximable numbers, expressed in terms of Lebesgue measure, to the behavior of a certain volume sum. The latter is a Hausdorff measure version of the former. We start by discussing these theorems and show that they are both in fact a simple consequence of the notion of `local ubiquity'. The local ubiquity framework introduced here is a much simplified and more transparent version of that in \cite{memoirs}. Fur…
We consider small perturbations of a conformal iterated function system (CIFS) produced by either adding or removing some generators with small derivative from the original. We establish a formula, utilizing transfer operators arising from the thermodynamic formalism à la Sinai--Ruelle--Bowen, which may be solved to express the Hausdorff dimension of the perturbed limit set in series form: either exactly, or as an asymptotic expansion. Significant applications include strengthening Hensley's asymptotic formula from 1992, which improved on earlier bounds due to Jarník and Kurzweil, for the Haus…
We show that the sets of weighted badly approximable vectors in $\Bbb R^n$ are winning sets of certain games, which are modifications of $(α,β)$-games introduced by W. Schmidt in 1966. The latter winning property is stable with respect to countable intersections, and is shown to imply full Hausdorff dimension.
By introducing a ubiquity property for rectangles, we prove the mass transference principle from rectangles to rectangles, i.e., if a sequence of rectangles forms a ubiquity system (a full measure property), then the limsup set defined by shrinking these rectangles to smaller rectangles has full Hausdorff measure or to say transfer a full measure property to a full Hausdorff measure property for brevity. The limsup sets generated by balls or generated by rectangles appear at the most fundamental level in Diophantine approximation: one follows from Dirichlet's theorem, the other follows from Mi…
This paper has been withdrawn Any real number $x$ in the unit interval can be expressed as a continued fraction $x=[n_1,...,n_{_N},...]$. Subsets of zero measure are obtained by imposing simple conditions on the $n_{_N}$. By imposing $n_{_N}\le m \forall N\in \zN$, Jarnik defined the corresponding sets $E_m$ and gave a first estimate of $d_H(E_m)$, $d_H$ the Hausdorff dimension. Subsequent authors improved these estimates. In this paper we deal with $d_H(E_m)$ and $d_H(F_m)$, $F_m$ being the set of real numbers for which ${\sum_{i=1}^N n_i\over N}\le m$.
It is known that nonergodic directions in a rational billiard form a subset of the unit circle with Hausdorff dimension at most 1/2. Explicit examples realizing the dimension 1/2 are constructed using Diophantine numbers and continued fractions. A lower estimate on the number of primitive lattice points in certain subsets of the plane is used in the construction.
We prove that the Hausdorff dimension of the set of badly approximable systems of m linear forms in n variables over the field of Laurent series with coefficients from a finite field is maximal. This is a analogue of Schmidt's multi-dimensional generalisation of Jarnik's Theorem on badly approximable numbers.
Fix $d\in\mathbb N$, and let $S\subseteq\mathbb R^d$ be either a real-analytic manifold or the limit set of an iterated function system (for example, $S$ could be the Cantor set or the von Koch snowflake). An $extrinsic$ Diophantine approximation to a point $\mathbf x\in S$ is a rational point $\mathbf p/q$ close to $\mathbf x$ which lies $outside$ of $S$. These approximations correspond to a question asked by K. Mahler ('84) regarding the Cantor set. Our main result is an extrinsic analogue of Dirichlet's theorem. Specifically, we prove that if $S$ does not contain a line segment, then for ev…
We calculate the measure and Hausdorff dimension of sets of matrices over fields of formal power series with good approximation properties for a restricted set of denominators.
The Hausdorff dimension of the set of simultaneously tau well approximable points lying on a curve defined by a polynomial P(X)+alpha, where P(X) is a polynomial with integer coefficients and alpha is in R, is studied when tau is larger than the degree of P(X). This provides the first results related to the computation of the Hausdorff dimension of the set of well approximable points lying on a curve which is not defined by a polynomial with integer coefficients. The proofs of the results also include the study of problems in Diophantine approximation in the case where the numerators and the d…
Let $μ\geq 2$ be a real number and let $\Mcal(μ)$ denote the set of real numbers approximable at order at least $μ$ by rational numbers. More than eighty years ago, Jarní k and, independently, Besicovitch established that the Hausdorff dimension of $\Mcal(μ)$ is equal to $2/μ$. We investigate the size of the intersection of $\Mcal(μ)$ with Ahlfors regular compact subsets of the interval $[0, 1]$. In particular, we propose a conjecture for the exact value of the dimension of $\Mcal(μ)$ intersected with the middle-third Cantor set and give several results supporting this conjecture. We especiall…
For $λ\in (1/2, 1)$ and $α$, we consider sets of numbers $x$ such that for infinitely many $n$, $x$ is $2^{-αn}$-close to some $\sum_{i=1}^n ω_i λ^i$, where $ω_i \in \{0,1\}$. These sets are in Falconer's intersection classes for Hausdorff dimension $s$ for some $s$ such that $- \frac{1}α \frac{\log λ}{\log 2} \leq s \leq \frac{1}α$. We show that for almost all $λ\in (1/2, 2/3)$, the upper bound of $s$ is optimal, but for a countable infinity of values of $λ$ the lower bound is the best possible result.
We compute the Hausdorff dimension of sets of very well approximable vectors on rational quadrics. We use ubiquitous systems and the geometry of locally symmetric spaces. As a byproduct we obtain the Hausdorff dimension of the set of rays with a fixed maximal singular direction, which move away into one end of a locally symmetric space at linear depth, infinitely many times.
We establish a new connection between metric Diophantine approximation and the parametric geometry of numbers by proving a variational principle facilitating the computation of the Hausdorff and packing dimensions of many sets of interest in Diophantine approximation. In particular, we show that the Hausdorff and packing dimensions of the set of singular $m\times n$ matrices are both equal to $mn \big(1-\frac1{m+n}\big)$, thus proving a conjecture of Kadyrov, Kleinbock, Lindenstrauss, and Margulis (preprint 2014) as well as answering a question of Bugeaud, Cheung, and Chevallier (preprint 2016…
Let (X,d) be a metric space and (Ω, d) a compact subspace of X which supports a non-atomic finite measure m. We consider `natural' classes of badly approximable subsets of Ω. Loosely speaking, these consist of points in Ωwhich `stay clear' of some given set of points in X. The classical set \Bad of `badly approximable' numbers in the theory of Diophantine approximation falls within our framework as do the sets \Bad(i,j) of simultaneously badly approximable numbers. Under various natural conditions we prove that the badly approximable subsets of Ωhave full Hausdorff dimension. Applications of o…
We generalize the classical theorem by Jarnik and Besicovitch on the irrationality exponents of real numbers and Hausdorff dimension. Let a be any real number greater than or equal to 2 and let b be any non-negative real less than or equal to 2/a. We show that there is a Cantor-like set with Hausdorff dimension equal to b such that, with respect to its uniform measure, almost all real numbers have irrationality exponent equal to a. We give an analogous result relating the irrationality exponent and the effective Hausdorff dimension of individual real numbers. We prove that there is a Cantor-li…
Given $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $τ>\frac1n$, let $\mathcal{S}_n(τ)$ denote the classical set of $τ$-approximable points in $\mathbb{R}^n$, which consists of ${\bf x}\in \mathbb{R}^n$ that lie within distance $q^{-τ-1}$ from the lattice $\frac1q\mathbb{Z}^n$ for infinitely many $q\in\mathbb{N}$. In pioneering work, Kleinbock $\&$ Margulis showed that for any non-degenerate submanifold $\mathcal{M}$ of $\mathbb{R}^n$ and any $τ>\frac1n$ almost all points on $\mathcal{M}$ are not $τ$-approximable. Numerous subsequent papers have been geared towards strengthening this result through investigating the H…
