Let (X,d) be a metric space and (Ω, d) a compact subspace of X which supports a non-atomic finite measure m. We consider `natural' classes of badly approximable subsets of Ω. Loosely speaking, these consist of points in Ωwhich `stay clear' of some given set of points in X. The classical set \Bad of `badly approximable' numbers in the theory of Diophantine approximation falls within our framework as do the sets \Bad(i,j) of simultaneously badly approximable numbers. Under various natural conditions we prove that the badly approximable subsets of Ωhave full Hausdorff dimension. Applications of our general framework include those from number theory (classical, complex, p-adic and formal power series) and dynamical systems (iterated function schemes, rational maps and Kleinian groups).
A badly approximable system of affine forms is determined by a matrix and a vector. We show Kleinbock's conjecture for badly approximable systems of affine forms: for any fixed vector, the set of badly approximable systems of affine forms is winning (in the sense of Schmidt games) even when restricted to a fractal (from a certain large class of fractals). In addition, we consider fixing the matrix instead of the vector where an analog statement holds.
The set of badly approximable $m \times n $ matrices is known to have Hausdorff dimension $mn $. Each such matrix comes with its own approximation constant $c$, and one can ask for the dimension of the set of badly approximable matrices with approximation constant greater than or equal to some fixed $c$. In the one-dimensional case, a very precise answer to this question is known. In this note, we obtain upper and lower bounds in higher dimensions.
Cycle integrals of modular functions are expected to play a role in real quadratic analogue of singular moduli. In this paper, we extend the definition of cycle integrals of modular functions from real quadratic numbers to badly approximable numbers. We also give explicit representations of values of extended-cycle integrals for some cases.
We prove an inhomogeneous analogue of W. M. Schmidt's (1969) theorem on Hausdorff dimension of the set of badly approximable systems of linear forms. The proof is based on ideas and methods from the theory of dynamical systems, in particular, on abundance of bounded orbits of mixing flows on homogeneous spaces of Lie groups.
In this paper we prove that badly approximable points on any analytic non-degenerate curve in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is an absolute winning set. This confirms a key conjecture in the area stated by Badziahin and Velani (2014) which represents a far-reaching generalisation of Davenport's problem from the 1960s. Amongst various consequences of our main result is a solution to Bugeaud's problem on real numbers badly approximable by algebraic numbers of arbitrary degree. The proof relies on new ideas from fractal geometry and homogeneous dynamics.
We recall the notion of nearest integer continued fractions over the Euclidean imaginary quadratic fields $K$ and characterize the "badly approximable" numbers, ($z$ such that there is a $C(z)>0$ with $|z-p/q|\geq C/|q|^2$ for all $p/q\in K$), by boundedness of the partial quotients in the continued fraction expansion of $z$. Applying this algorithm to "tagged" indefinite integral binary Hermitian forms demonstrates the existence of entire circles in $\mathbb{C}$ whose points are badly approximable over $K$, with effective constants. By other methods (the Dani correspondence), we prove the exi…
We prove that for all $b$, the Hausdorff dimension of the set of $m \times n$ matrices $ε$-badly approximable for the target $b$ is not full. The doubly metric case follows. It was known that for almost every matrix $A$, the Hausdorff dimension of the set $Bad_A(ε)$ of $ε$-badly approximable target $b$ is not full, and that for real numbers $α$, $\dim_H Bad_α(ε)=1$ if and only if $α$ is singular on average. We show that if $\dim_H Bad_A(ε)=m$, then $A$ is singular on average.
For given $ε>0$ and $b\in\mathbb{R}^m$, we say that a real $m\times n$ matrix $A$ is $ε$-badly approximable for the target $b$ if $$\liminf_{q\in\mathbb{Z}^n, \|q\|\to\infty} \|q\|^n \langle Aq-b \rangle^m \geq ε,$$ where $\langle \cdot \rangle$ denotes the distance from the nearest integral point. In this article, we obtain upper bounds for the Hausdorff dimensions of the set of $ε$-badly approximable matrices for fixed target $b$ and the set of $ε$-badly approximable targets for fixed matrix $A$. Moreover, we give an equivalent Diophantine condition of $A$ for which the set of $ε$-badly appr…
Approximation in this paper is of vectors on the unit $d$-cube by the projection of integer lattice points onto the same cube. We define badly approximable vectors on a rational quadratic variety and show that sets of these vectors, which are (naturally) indexed by $m \in \QQ$, are winning and strong winning in the sense of Schmidt games. From the winning property, it follows that these sets have full Hausdorff dimension and, moreover, so does their intersection. In most cases, these sets are known to be null sets.
Given an $a$-dimensional linear subspace $\mathfrak{A}$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ which contains a badly approximable $b$-dimensional subspace $\mathfrak{B} \subset \mathfrak{A}$. We study the badly approximability almost all $c$-dimensional linear subspaces $\mathfrak{C} \subset \mathfrak{A}$.
We prove that if $J$ is the limit set of an irreducible conformal iterated function system (with either finite or countably infinite alphabet), then the badly approximable vectors form a set of full Hausdorff dimension in $J$. The same is true if $J$ is the radial Julia set of an irreducible meromorphic function (either rational or transcendental). The method of proof is to find subsets of $J$ that support absolutely friendly and Ahlfors regular measures of large dimension. In the appendix to this paper, we answer a question of Broderick, Kleinbock, Reich, Weiss, and the second-named author ('…
We prove that the Hausdorff dimension of the set of badly approximable systems of m linear forms in n variables over the field of Laurent series with coefficients from a finite field is maximal. This is a analogue of Schmidt's multi-dimensional generalisation of Jarnik's Theorem on badly approximable numbers.
We prove that the countable intersection of $C^1$-diffeomorphic images of certain Diophantine sets has full Hausdorff dimension. For example, we show this for the set of badly approximable vectors in $\mathbb{R}^d$, improving earlier results of Schmidt and Dani. To prove this, inspired by ideas of McMullen, we define a new variant of Schmidt's $(α, β)$-game and show that our sets are hyperplane absolute winning (HAW), which in particular implies winning in the original game. The HAW property passes automatically to games played on certain fractals, thus our sets intersect a large class of frac…
For $i, j > 0, i + j = 1$, the set of badly approximable vectors with weight $(i, j)$ is defined by $Bad(i, j) = \{(x, y) \in \R^2 : \exists c > 0 \forall q\in\N, \;\; \max\{q||qx||^{1/i}, q||qy||^{1/j} \} > c\}$, where $||x||$ is the distance of $x$ to the nearest integer. In 2010 Badziahin-Pollington-Velani solved Schmidt's conjecture which was stated in 1982, proving that $Bad(i, j) \cap Bad(j, i)$ is nonempty. Using Badziahin-Pollington-Velani's technique with reference to fractal sets, we were able to improve their results: Assume that we are given a sequence $(i_t, j_t)$ with $i_t, j_t >…
I consider the Diophantine approximation problem of sup-norm simultaneous rational approximation with common denominator of a pair of irrational numbers, and compute explicitly some pairs with large approximation constant. One of these pairs is the most badly approximable pair yet computed.
We provide a number of conditions on the rational numbers $u$ and $v$ which ensure that the Laurent series $g_{u,v}(x):=\prod_{t=0}^\infty (1+ux^{-3^t} + vx^{-2\cdot 3^t})$ is badly approximable.
We show that for almost any vector $v$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$, for any $ε>0$ there exists $δ>0$ such that the dimension of the set of vectors $w$ satisfying $\liminf_{k\to\infty} k^{1/n}<kv-w> \ge ε$ (where $<\cdot>$ denotes the distance from the nearest integer), is bounded above by $n-δ$. This result is obtained as a corollary of a discussion in homogeneous dynamics and the main tool in the proof is a relative version of the principle of uniqueness of measures with maximal entropy.
We study the notion of strongly badly approximable matrices in the field of power series over a field $K$. We prove a transference principle in this setting, and show that such matrices exist when $K$ is infinite.
In this paper we show that the set of mixed type badly approximable simultaneously small linear forms is of maximal dimension. As a consequence of this theorem we settle a conjecture of the first author.
We call a badly approximable number $decaying$ if, roughly, the Lagrange constants of integer multiples of that number decay as fast as possible. In this terminology, a question of Y. Bugeaud ('15) asks to find the Hausdorff dimension of the set of decaying badly approximable numbers, and also of the set of badly approximable numbers which are not decaying. We answer both questions, showing that the Hausdorff dimensions of both sets are equal to one. Part of our proof utilizes a game which combines the Banach--Mazur game and Schmidt's game, first introduced in Fishman, Reams, and Simmons (prep…
For a proper, geodesic, Gromov hyperbolic metric space X, a discrete subgroup of isometries Γwhose limit set is uniformly perfect, and a disjoint collection of horoballs {H_j}, we show that the set of limit points badly approximable by {H_j} is absolutely winning in the limit set. As an application, we deduce that for a geometrically finite Kleinian group acting on H^{n+1}, the limit points badly approximable by parabolics is absolutely winning, generalizing previous results of Dani and McMullen. As a consequence of winning, we show that the set of badly approximable limit points has dimension…
We establish a strong form of Littlewood's conjecture with inhomogeneous shifts, for a full-dimensional set of pairs of badly approximable numbers on a vertical line. We also prove a uniform assertion of this nature, generalising a strong form of a result by Haynes, Jensen and Kristensen. Finally, we establish a similar result involving inhomogeneously badly approximable numbers, making progress towards a problem posed by Pollington, Velani, Zafeiropoulos and Zorin.
We explore and refine techniques for estimating the Hausdorff dimension of exceptional sets and their diffeomorphic images. Specifically, we use a variant of Schmidt's game to deduce the strong C^1 incompressibility of the set of badly approximable systems of linear forms as well as of the set of vectors which are badly approximable with respect to a fixed system of linear forms.
We consider approximation of vectors $\mathbf{z}\in F\otimes\mathbb{R}\cong\mathbb{R}^r\times\mathbb{C}^s$ by elements of a number field $F$ and construct examples of badly approximable vectors. These examples come from compact subspaces of $SL_2(\mathcal{O}_F)\backslash SL_2(F\otimes\mathbb{R})$ naturally associated to (totally indefinite, anisotropic) $F$-rational binary quadratic and Hermitian forms, a generalization of the well-known fact that quadratic irrationals are badly approximable over $\mathbb{Q}$.
This paper is motivated by Davenport's problem and the subsequent work regarding badly approximable points in submanifolds of a Euclidian space. We study the problem in the area of twisted Diophantine approximation and present two different approaches. The first approach shows that, under a certain restriction, any countable intersection of the sets of weighted badly approximable points on any non-degenerate C^1 submanifold of R^n has full dimension. In the second approach we introduce the property of isotropically winning and show that the sets of weighted badly approximable points are isotro…
It is a classical result from Diophantine approximation that the set of badly approximable numbers has Lebesgue measure zero. In this paper we generalise this result to more general sequences of balls. Given a countable set of closed $d$-dimensional Euclidean balls $\{B(x_{i},r_{i})\}_{i=1}^{\infty},$ we say that $α\in \mathbb{R}^{d}$ is a badly approximable number with respect to $\{B(x_{i},r_{i})\}_{i=1}^{\infty}$ if there exists $κ(α)>0$ and $N(α)\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $α\notin B(x_{i},κ(α)r_{i})$ for all $i\geq N(α)$. Under natural conditions on the set of balls, we prove that the set of…
We prove that for any pair $(s,t)$ of nonnegative numbers with $s+t=1$, the set of two-dimensional $(s,t)$-badly approximable vectors is winning for Schmidt's game. As a consequence, we give a direct proof of Schmidt's conjecture using his game.
Motivated by a wonderful paper by Ngoc Ai Van Nguyen, Anthony Poëls and Damien Roy, where a powerful method was introduced, we prove a criterion for a vector $\pmbα\in \mathbb{R}^d$ to be a badly approximable vector. Moreover we construct certain examples which show that a more general version of our criterion is not valid.
We prove that Thue-Morse constant $τ_{TM}=0.01101001..._2$ is not a badly approximable number. Moreover, we prove that $τ_{TM}(a)=0.01101001..._a$ is not badly approximable for every integer base $a\geq 2$ such that $a$ is not divisible by 15. At the same time we provide a precise formula for convergents of the Laurent series $\tilde{f}_{TM}(z) = z^{-1}\prod_{n=1}^\infty (1-z^{-2^n})$, thus developing further the research initiated by Alf van der Poorten and others.
This paper is motivated by two problems in the theory of Diophantine approximation, namely, Davenport's problem regarding badly approximable points on submanifolds of a Euclidean space and Schmidt's problem regarding the intersections of the sets of weighted badly approximable points. The problems have been recently settled in dimension two but remain open in higher dimensions. In this paper we develop new techniques that allow us to tackle them in full generality. The techniques rest on lattice points counting and a powerful quantitative result of Bernik, Kleinbock and Margulis. The main theo…
We give an optimal version of the classical ``three-gap theorem'' on the fractional parts of $n θ$, in the case where $θ$ is an irrational number that is badly approximable. As a consequence, we deduce a version of Kronecker's inhomogeneous approximation theorem in one dimension for badly approximable numbers. We apply these results to obtain an improved measure of sequence diversity for characteristic Sturmian sequences, where the slope is badly approximable.
Let $K$ be a number field, let $S$ be the set of all normalized, non-conjugate Archimedean valuations of $K$, and let $K_{S} = \prod_{v \in S} K_v$ be the Minkowski space associated with $K$. We strengthen recent results of \cite{EsdahlKristensen10} and \cite{EinsiedlerGhoshLytle13} by showing that the set of badly approximable elements of $K_S$ is $\mathcal{H}$-absolute winning for a certain family of subspaces of $K_{S}$.
For any real number \t, the set of all real numbers x for which there exists a constant c(x) > 0 such that \inf_{p \in \ZZ} |\t q - x - p| \geq c(x)/|q| for all q in \ZZ {0} is an 1/8-winning set.
We study the growth rate of the inclusion length of an almost periodic function. For a given a. p. function such growth rate depends on the algebraic structure of Fourier exponents, i. e. on how good they can be approximated by rational numbers. In additional, as appears from the definition, the inclusion length carries some information about the translation numbers (almost periods). Our result is a lower bound of the growth rate of the inclusion interval of a quasiperiodic function (theorem 3). Here we use methods from dimension theory. We do not assume anything about exponents, but rationall…
For any pair of real numbers $(i,j)$ with $0<i,j<1$ and $i+j=1$, we prove that the set of $p$-adic mixed $(i,j)$-badly approximable numbers $\bad_p(i, j)$ is 1/2-winning in the sense of Schmidt's game. This improves a recent result of Badziahin, Levesley, and Velani on mixed Schmidt conjecture.
Consider irrational affine subspace $ A\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ of dimension $a$. We prove that the set $$ \{ξ=(ξ_1,...,ξ_d) \in {A}:\,\,\, \ q^{1/a}\cdot \max_{1\le i \le d} ||qξ_i|| \to \infty,\,\,\,\, q\to \infty\} $$ is an $α$-winning set for every $α\in (0,1/2]$
In this article we introduce the notion of badly approximable matrices of higher order using higher sucessive minima in $\mathbb R^d$. We prove that for order less than $d$, they have Lebesgue measure zero and the gaps between them still have full Hausdorff dimension.
We prove a result in the area of twisted Diophantine approximation related to the theory of Schmidt games. In particular, under certain restrictions we give a affirmative answer to the analogue in this setting of a famous conjecture of Schmidt from Diophantine approximation.
The Littlewood Conjecture states that liminf_{q\to \infty} q . ||qx|| . ||qy|| = 0 for all pairs (x,y) of real numbers. We show that with the additional factor of log q . loglog q the statement is false. Indeed, our main result implies that the set of (x,y) for which liminf_{q\to\infty} q . log q . loglog q . ||qx|| . ||qy|| > 0 is of full dimension.
Recently, Ghosh \& Haynes \cite{HG} proved a Khintchine-type result for the problem of Diophantine approximation in certain projective spaces. In this note we complement their result by observing that a Jarn\'ık-type result also holds for `badly approximable' points in real projective space. In particular, we prove that the natural analogue in projective space of the classical set of badly approximable numbers has full Hausdorff dimension when intersected with certain compact subsets of real projective space. Furthermore, we also establish an analogue of Khintchine's theorem for convergence re…
In this paper, we study the weighted $n$-dimensional badly approximable points on manifolds. Given a $C^n$ differentiable non-degenerate submanifold $\mathcal{U} \subset \mathbb{R}^n$, we will show that any countable intersection of the sets of the weighted badly approximable points on $\mathcal{U}$ has full Hausdorff dimension. This strengthens a result of Beresnevich by removing the condition on weights and weakening the smoothness condition on manifolds. Compared to the work of Beresnevich, our approach relies on homogeneous dynamics. It turns out that in order to solve this problem, it is …
In this paper we investigate the problem of how well points in finite dimensional p-adic solenoids can be approximated by rationals. The setting we work in was previously studied by Palmer, who proved analogues of Dirichlet's theorem and the Duffin-Schaeffer theorem. We prove a complementary result, showing that the set of badly approximable points has maximum Hausdorff dimension. Our proof is a simple application of the elegant machinery of Schmidt's game.
We establish that the set of pairs $(α, β)$ of real numbers such that $$ \liminf_{q \to + \infty} q \cdot (\log q)^2 \cdot \Vert q α\Vert \cdot \Vert q β\Vert > 0, $$ where $\Vert \cdot \Vert$ denotes the distance to the nearest integer, has full Hausdorff dimension in $\R^2$. Our proof rests on a method introduced by Peres and Schlag, that we further apply to various Littlewood-type problems
We prove that for every two natural numbers M and N, if Tau is a Borel, finite, absolutely friendly measure on a compact set K of R^MN, then the intersection of K and BA(M,N) is a winning set in Schmidt's game sense played on K, where BA(M,N) is the set of badly approximable M\times N matrices. As an immediate consequence we have the following application. If K is the attractor of an irreducible finite family of contracting similarity maps of R^(M\times N) satisfying the open set condition, (the Cantor ternary set, Koch's curve and Sierpinski's gasket to name a few examples), the dimK=dimK\cap…
We study the generalized continued fraction expansions of complex numbers in term of elements from Euclidean subrings, especially Gaussian or Eisenstein integers, in a general framework as pursued in [3] and [1]. We introduce a common approach to studying the continued fraction expansions of zeroes of binary forms, via consideration of the action of the general linear group, and apply it to discuss expansions of quadratic surds on the one hand and of badly approximable numbers on the other hand. Also, we generalize the property of the simple continued fraction expansions that the convergents a…
Using the discrepancy metric, we analyze the rate of convergence of a random walk on the circle generated by d rotations, and establish sharp rates that show that badly approximable d-tuples in R^d give rise to walks with the fastest convergence. We use the discrepancy metric because the walk does not converge in total variation. For badly approximable d-tuples, the discrepancy is bounded above and below by (constant)k^(-d/2), where k is the number of steps in the random walk. We show how the constants depend on the d-tuple.
Given a badly approximable number $α$, we study the asymptotic behaviour of the Sudler product defined by $P_N(α) = \prod_{r=1}^N 2 | \sin πr α|$. We show that $\liminf_{N \to \infty} P_N(α) = 0$ and $\limsup_{N \to \infty} P_N(α)/N = \infty$ whenever the sequence of partial quotients in the continued fraction expansion of $α$ exceeds $7$ infinitely often. This improves results obtained by Lubinsky for the general case, and by Grepstad, Neumüller and Zafeiropoulos for the special case of quadratic irrationals. Furthermore, we prove that this threshold value $7$ is optimal, even when restrictin…
Let p be a prime number. The p-adic case of the Mixed Littlewood Conjecture states that liminf_{q \to \infty} q . |q|_p . ||q x|| = 0 for all real numbers x. We show that with the additional factor of log q.loglog q the statement is false. Indeed, our main result implies that the set of x for which liminf_{q\to\infty} q . log q . loglog q. |q|_p . ||qx|| > 0 is of full dimension. The result is obtained as an application of a general framework for Cantor sets developed in this paper.
