We present a geometrically oriented classification theory for non-Abelian extensions of groupoids generalizing the classification theory for Abelian extensions of groupoids by Westman as well as the familiar classification theory for non-Abelian extensions of groups by Schreier and Eilenberg-MacLane. As an application of our techniques we demonstrate that each extension of groupoids $\mathcal{N} \to \mathcal{E} \to \mathcal{G}$ gives rise to a groupoid crossed product of $\mathcal{G}$ by the groupoid ring of $\mathcal{N}$ which recovers the groupoid ring of $\mathcal{E}$ up to isomorphism. Furthermore, we make the somewhat surprising observation that our classification methods naturally transfer to the class of groupoid crossed products, thus providing a classification theory for this class of rings. Our study is motivated by the search for natural examples of groupoid crossed products.
In this paper, we investigate primeness of groupoid graded rings. We provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for primeness of a nearly-epsilon strongly groupoid graded ring. Furthermore, we apply our main result to get a characterization of prime partial skew groupoid rings, and in particular of prime groupoid rings, thereby generalizing a classical result by Connell and partially generalizing recent results by Steinberg.
Given a partial action $α$ of a connected groupoid $\mathcal{G}$ on an associative ring $A$ we investigate under what conditions the partial skew groupoid ring $A\star_α\mathcal{G}$ can be realized as a partial skew group ring. In such a case applications concerning to the separability, semisimplicity and Frobenius property of the ring extension $A\subset A\star_α\mathcal{G}$ as well as to the artinianity of $A\star_α\mathcal{G}$ are given.
Given an action $φ$ of of inverse semigroup $S$ on a ring $A$ (with domain of $φ(s)$ denoted by $D_{s^*}$) we show that if the ideals $D_e$, with $e$ an idempotent, are unital, then the skew inverse semigroup ring $A\rtimes S$ can be realized as the convolution algebra of an ample groupoid with coefficients in a sheaf of rings. Conversely, we show that the convolution algebra of an ample groupoid with coefficients in a sheaf of rings is isomorphic to a skew inverse semigroup ring of this sort. We recover known results in the literature for Steinberg algebras over a field as special cases.
Given a partial (resp. a global) action $α$ of a connected finite groupoid $G$ on a ring $A$, we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the partial (resp. global) skew groupoid ring $A\star_α G$ to be a separable extension of $A$.
Let $α=(A_g,α_g)_{g\in G}$ be a group-type partial action of a connected groupoid $G$ on a ring $A=\bigoplus_{z\in G_0}A_z$ and $B=A\star_αG$ the corresponding partial skew groupoid ring. In the first part of this paper we investigate the relation of several ring theoretic properties between $A$ and $B$. For the second part, using that every Leavitt path algebra is isomorphic to a partial skew groupoid ring obtained from a partial groupoid action $λ$, we characterize when $λ$ is group-type. In such a case, we obtain ring theoretic properties of Leavitt path algebras from the results on general…
In the work we investigate some groupoids which are the Abelian algebras and the Hamiltonian algebras. An algebra is Abelian if for every polynomial operation and for all elements $a,b,\bar c,\bar d$ the implication $t(a,\bar c)=t(a,\bar d)\rightarrow t(b,\bar c)=t(b,\bar d)$ holds; an algebra is Hamiltonian if every subalgebra is a block of some congruence on the algebra. R.V. Warne in 1994 described the structure of the Abelian semigroups. In this work we describe the Abelian groupoids with identity, the Abelian finite quasigroups and the Abelian semigroups $S$ such that $abS=aS$ and $Sba=Sa…
We extend the classical construction by Noether of crossed product algebras, defined by finite Galois field extensions, to cover the case of separable (but not necessarily finite or normal) field extensions. This leads us naturally to consider non-unital groupoid graded rings of a particular type that we call object unital. We determine when such rings are strongly graded, crossed products, skew groupoid rings and twisted groupoid rings. We also obtain necessary and sufficient criteria for when object unital groupoid graded rings are separable over their principal component, thereby generalizi…
When $\mathbb C$ is a semi-abelian category, it is well known that the category $\mathsf{Grpd}(\mathbb C)$ of internal groupoids in $\mathbb C$ is again semi-abelian. The problem of determining whether the same kind of phenomenon occurs when the property of being semi-abelian is replaced by the one of being action representable (in the sense of Borceux, Janelidze and Kelly) turns out to be rather subtle. In the present article we give a sufficient condition for this to be true: in fact we prove that the category $\mathsf{Grpd}(\mathbb C)$ is a semi-abelian action representable algebraically co…
Let $α= \{ α_g : R_{g^{-1}} \rightarrow R_g \}_{g \in \textrm{mor}(G)}$ be a partial action of a groupoid $G$ on a non-associative ring $R$ and let $S = R \star_α G$ be the associated partial skew groupoid ring. We show that if $α$ is global and unital, then $S$ is left (right) artinian if and only if $R$ is left (right) artinian and $R_g = \{ 0 \},$ for all but finitely many $g \in \textrm{mor}(G)$. We use this result to prove that if $α$ is unital and $R$ is alternative, then $S$ is left (right) artinian if and only if $R$ is left (right) artinian and $R_g = \{ 0 \},$ for all but finitely ma…
Let $S$ be a partial groupoid, that is, a set with a partial binary operation. An $S$-graded ring $R$ is said to be graded von Neumann regular if $x\in xRx$ for every homogeneous element $x\in R.$ Under the assumption that $S$ is cancellative, we characterize $S$-graded rings which are graded von Neumann regular. If a ring is $S$-graded von Neumann regular, and if $S$ is cancellative, then $S$ is such that for every $s\in S,$ there exist $s^{-1}\in S$ and idempotent elements $e,$ $f\in S$ for which $es=sf=s,$ $fs^{-1}=s^{-1}e=s^{-1},$ $ss^{-1}=e$ and $s^{-1}s=f,$ which is a property enjoyed by…
We introduce the class of partially invertible modules and show that it is an inverse category which we call the Picard inverse category. We use this category to generalize the classical construction of crossed products to, what we call, generalized epsilon-crossed products and show that these coincide with the class of epsilon-strongly groupoid graded rings. We then use generalized epsilon-crossed groupoid products to obtain a generalization, from the group graded situation to the groupoid graded case, of the bijection from a certain second cohomology group, defined by the grading and the fun…
We show that if a groupoid graded ring has a certain nonzero ideal property, then the commutant of the center of the principal component of the ring has the ideal intersection property, that is it intersects nontrivially every nonzero ideal of the ring. Furthermore, we show that for skew groupoid algebras with commutative principal component, the principal component is maximal commutative if and only if it has the ideal intersection property.
We exhibit a finite basis M for a certain variety $\mathbf{V}$ of medial groupoids. The set M consists of the medial law (xy)(zt)=(xz)(yt) and five other identities involving four variables. The variety $\mathbf{V}$ is generated by the four groupoids $\pm x\pm y$ on the integers. Since $\mathbf{V}$ is a very natural variety, proving it to be finitely based should be of interest. In an earlier paper, we made a conjecture which implies that $\mathbf{V}$ is finitely based. In this paper, we show that $\mathbf{V}$ is finitely based by proving that M is a basis. Based on our proof, we think that ou…
We determine the commutant of homogeneous subrings in strongly groupoid graded rings in terms of an action on the ring induced by the grading. Thereby we generalize a classical result of Miyashita from the group graded case to the groupoid graded situation. In the end of the article we exemplify this result. To this end, we show, by an explicit construction, that given a finite groupoid $G$, equipped with a nonidentity morphism $t : d(t) \to c(t)$, there is a strongly $G$-graded ring $R$ with the properties that each $R_s$, for $s \in G$, is nonzero and $R_t$ is a nonfree left $R_{c(t)}$-modul…
We show that if a groupoid graded ring has a certain nonzero ideal property and the principal component of the ring is commutative, then the intersection of a nonzero twosided ideal of the ring with the commutant of the principal component of the ring is nonzero. Furthermore, we show that for a skew groupoid ring with commutative principal component, the principal component is maximal commutative if and only if it is intersected nontrivially by each nonzero ideal of the skew groupoid ring. We also determine the center of strongly groupoid graded rings in terms of an action on the ring induced …
We consider the ideal structure of Steinberg algebras over a commutative ring with identity. We focus on Hausdorff groupoids that are strongly effective in the sense that their reductions to closed subspaces of their unit spaces are all effective. For such a groupoid, we completely describe the ideal lattice of the associated Steinberg algebra over any commutative ring with identity. Our results are new even for the special case of Leavitt path algebras; so we describe explicitly what they say in this context, and give two concrete examples.
In this paper, we are interested in the study of the existence of connections between partial groupoid actions and partial group actions. Precisely, we prove that there exists a datum connecting a partial action of a connected groupoid and a partial action of any of its isotropy groups. Furthermore, it will be proved that under a suitable condition the partial skew groupoid ring corresponding to a partial action by a connected groupoid is isomorphic to a specific partial skew group ring. We also present a Morita theory and a Galois theory related to these partial actions as well as considerati…
Given a partial action $α$ of a groupoid $G$ on a ring $R$, we study the associated partial skew groupoid ring $R \rtimes_α G$, which carries a natural $G$-grading. We show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the $G$-invariant ideals of $R$ and the graded ideals of the $G$-graded ring $R \rtimes_αG.$ We provide sufficient conditions for primeness, and necessary and sufficient conditions for simplicity of $R \rtimes_αG.$ We show that every ideal of $R \rtimes_αG$ is graded if, and only if, $α$ has the residual intersection property. Furthermore, if $α$ is induced by a topological …
We show how to reconstruct a graded ample Hausdorff groupoid with topologically principal neutrally graded component from the ring structure of its graded Steinberg algebra over any commutative integral domain with 1, together with the embedding of the canonical abelian subring of functions supported on the unit space. We deduce that diagonal-preserving ring isomorphism of Leavitt path algebras implies $C^*$-isomorphism of $C^*$-algebras for graphs $E$ and $F$ in which every cycle has an exit.
We determine the structure of completely inverse AG**-groupoids modulo semilattices of abelian groups and their involutive, idempotent-fixed automorphisms.
The Grothendieck rings of finite dimensional representations of the basic classical Lie superalgebras are explicitly described in terms of the corresponding generalised root systems. We show that they can be interpreted as the subrings in the weight group rings invariant under the action of certain groupoids called Weyl groupoids.
Some conditions for the Galois map to be injective are given in the groupoid acting on a noncommutative ring context. In the particular case in which the Galois extension is a central Galois algebra, it is given a complete characterization of that kind of extension with Galois map bijective.
Twisted étale groupoid algebras have been studied recently in the algebraic setting by several authors in connection with an abstract theory of Cartan pairs of rings. In this paper, we show that extensions of ample groupoids correspond in a precise manner to extensions of Boolean inverse semigroups. In particular, discrete twists over ample groupoids correspond to certain abelian extensions of Boolean inverse semigroups and we show that they are classified by Lausch's second cohomology group of an inverse semigroup. The cohomology group structure corresponds to the Baer sum operation on twists…
In a previous article (see \cite{CNP}), we introduced and analyzed ring-theoretic properties of object unital $\mathcal{G}$-graded rings $R$, where $\mathcal{G}$ is a groupoid. In the present article, we analyze the category $\grmod$ of unitary $\G$-graded modules over such rings. Following ideas developed earlier by one of the authors in \cite{lundstrom2004}, we analyze the forgetful functor $U \colon \grmod \to \rmod$ and aim to determine properties $\mathcal{P}$ for which the following implications are valid for modules $M$ in $\grmod$: $M$ is $\mathcal{P}$ $\Rightarrow$ $U(M)$ is $\mathcal…
In this paper we introduce the notion of a partial action of a groupoid on a ring as well as we give a criteria for the existence of a globalization of it. We construct a Morita context associated to a globalizable partial groupoid action and we introduce the notion of a partial Galois extension, which is related to the strictness of this context.
The author has previously associated to each commutative ring with unit $R$ and étale groupoid $\mathscr G$ with locally compact, Hausdorff and totally disconnected unit space an $R$-algebra $R\mathscr G$. In this paper we characterize when $R\mathscr G$ is Noetherian and when it is Artinian. As corollaries, we extend the characterization of Abrams, Aranda~Pino and Siles~Molina of finite dimensional and of Noetherian Leavitt path algebras over a field to arbitrary commutative coefficient rings and we recover the characterization of Okniński of Noetherian inverse semigroup algebras and of Zelma…
In this article, we introduce the concept of partial groupoid actions on R- semicategories as well as we give criteria for existence of a globalization of it. This point of view is a generalization of the notions of partial groupoid actions on rings and partial group action on an R-semicategory. We also define the notions of partial skew groupoid category, smash product and describe functorial relations between them, in particular we show that the smash product is a Galois covering of its associated skew groupoid category.
In this article, we realize ultragraph Leavitt path algebras as Steinberg algebras. This realization allows us to use the groupoid approach to obtain structural results about these algebras. Using skew product groupoid, we show that ultragraph Leavitt path algebras are graded von Neumann regular rings. We characterize strongly graded ultragraph Leavitt path algebras and show that every ultragraph Leavitt path algebra is semiprimitive. Moreover, we characterize irreducible representations of ultragraph Leavitt path algebras. We also show that ultragraph Leavitt path algebras can be realized as …
The graph groupoids of directed graphs are topologically isomorphic if and only if there is a diagonal-preserving ring *-isomorphism between the Leavitt path algebras.
We give a one-to-one correspondence between ideals in the Steinberg algebra of a Hausdorff ample groupoid $G$, and certain families of ideals in the group algebras of isotropy groups in $G$. This generalises a known ideal correspondence theorem for Steinberg algebras of strongly effective groupoids. We use this to give a complete graph-theoretic description of the ideal lattice of Leavitt path algebras over arbitrary commutative rings, generalising the classification of ideals in Leavitt path algebras over fields.
Given an ample, Hausdorff groupoid $\mathcal{G}$, and a unital commutative ring $R$, we consider the Steinberg algebra $A_R(\mathcal {G})$. First we prove a uniqueness theorem for this algebra and then, when $\mathcal{G}$ is graded by a cocycle, we study graded ideals in $A_R(\mathcal {G})$. Applications are given for two classes of ample groupoids, namely those coming from actions of groups on graphs, and also to groupoids defined in terms of Boolean dynamical systems.
Let $R$ be a ring and $σ$ an endomorphism of $R$. In this note, we study skew polynomial rings and skew power series rings over idempotent reflexive rings and abelian rings. Also, we introduce the concept of right (resp., left) $σ$-idempotent reflexive rings which generalizes right (resp., left) idempotent reflexive rings and $σ$-abelian rings. Certain results are obtained as corollaries from our results.
We study Abelian groups $A$ with centrally essential endomorphism ring $\text{End}\,A$. If $A$ is a such group which is either a torsion group or a non-reduced group, then the ring $\text{End}\,A$ is commutative. We give examples of Abelian torsion-free groups of finite rank with non-commutative centrally essential endomorphism rings. The paper will appear in Communications in Algebra.
We study a Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structure on the Hochschild cohomology of the group ring of finitely generated abelian groups. The Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structure for finite abelian groups comes from the fact that the group ring of finite groups is a symmetric algebra, and the Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structure for free abelian groups of finite rank comes from the fact that its group ring is a Calabi-Yau algebra.
Let X be a smooth affine algebraic variety over a field K of characteristic 0, and let R be a complete parameter K-algebra (e.g. R = K[[h]]). We consider associative (resp. Poisson) R-deformations of the structure sheaf O_X. The set of R-deformations has a crossed groupoid (i.e. strict 2-groupoid) structure. Our main result is that there is a canonical equivalence of crossed groupoids from the Deligne crossed groupoid of normalized polydifferential operators (resp. polyderivations) of X to the crossed groupoid of associative (resp. Poisson) R-deformations of O_X. The proof relies on a careful …
