Kawashima's relation is conjecturally one of the largest classes of relations among multiple zeta values. Gaku Kawashima introduced and studied a certain Newton series, which we call the Kawashima function, and deduced his relation by establishing several properties of this function. We present a new approach to the Kawashima function without using Newton series. We first establish a generalization of the theory of regularizations of divergent multiple zeta values to Hurwitz type multiple zeta values, and then relate it to the Kawashima function. Via this connection, we can prove a key property of the Kawashima function to obtain Kawashima's relation.
In this paper, we study specific families of multiple zeta values which closely relate to the linear part of Kawashima's relation. We obtain an explicit basis of these families, and investigate their interpolations to complex functions. As a corollary of our main results, we also see that the duality formula and the derivation relation are deduced from the linear part of Kawashima's relation.
Recently, inspired by the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees, the second named author introduced rooted tree maps as a family of linear maps on the noncommutative polynomial algebra in two letters. These give a class of relations among multiple zeta values, which are known to be a subclass of the so-called linear part of the Kawashima relations. In this paper we show the opposite implication, that is the linear part of the Kawashima relations is implied by the relations coming from rooted tree maps.
We obtain a class of quadratic relations for a q-analogue of multiple zeta values (qMZV's). In the limit q->1, it turns into Kawashima's relation for multiple zeta values. As a corollary we find that qMZV's satisfy the linear relation contained in Kawashima's relation. In the proof we make use of a q-analogue of Newton series and Bradley's duality formula for finite multiple harmonic q-series.
This note is a survey of results on the function $F_{\mathbf{k}}(z)$ introduced by G. Kawashima, and its applications to the study of multiple zeta values. We stress the viewpoint that the Kawashima function is a generalization of the digamma function $ψ(z)$, and explain how various formulas for $ψ(z)$ are generalized. We also discuss briefly the relationship of the results on the Kawashima functions with a recent work on Kawashima's MZV relation by M. Kaneko and the author.
We introduce an algebraic formulation of cyclic sum formulas for multiple zeta values and for multiple zeta-star values. We also present an algebraic proof of cyclic sum formulas for multiple zeta values and for multiple zeta-star values by reducing them to Kawashima relation.
Parametrized multiple series are generalizations of the multiple zeta values introduced by Igarashi. In this work, we completely determine all the linear relations among these parameterized multiple series. Specifically, we prove the following two statements: the linear part of the Kawashima relation for multiple zeta values can be generalized to the parametrized multiple series; any linear relations among the parametrized multiple series can be written as a linear combination of the linear part of the Kawashima relation.
Recently, Masanobu Kaneko introduced a conjecture on an extension of the derivation relation for multiple zeta values. The goal of the present paper is to present a proof of this conjecture by reducing it to a class of relations for multiple zeta values studied by Kawashima. In addition, some algebraic aspects of the quasi-derivation operator $\partial_n^{(c)}$ on $\mathbb{Q}< x,y>$, which was defined by modeling a Hopf algebra developed by Connes and Moscovici, will be presented.
We present a new "integral=series" type identity of multiple zeta values, and show that this is equivalent in a suitable sense to the fundamental theorem of regularization. We conjecture that this identity is enough to describe all linear relations of multiple zeta values over Q. We also establish the regularization theorem for multiple zeta-star values, which too is equivalent to our new identity. A connection to Kawashima's relation is discussed as well.
We know at least two ways to generalize multiple zeta(-star) values, or MZ(S)Vs for short, which are $q$-analogue and $t$-interpolation. The $q$-analogue of MZ(S)Vs, or $q$MZ(S)Vs for short, was introduced by Bradley, Okuda and Takeyama, Zhao, etc. On the other hand, the polynomials interpolating MZVs and MZSVs using a parameter $t$ were introduced by Yamamoto. We call these $t$-MZVs. In this paper, we consider such two generalizations simultaneously, that is, we compose polynomials, called $t$-$q$MZVs, interpolating $q$MZVs and $q$MZSVs using a parameter $t$ which are reduced to $q$MZVs as $t…
Ohno's relation is a generalization of both the sum formula and the duality formula for multiple zeta values. Oyama gave a similar relation for finite multiple zeta values, defined by Kaneko and Zagier. In this paper, we prove relations of similar nature for both multiple zeta-star values and finite multiple zeta-star values. Our proof for multiple zeta-star values uses the linear part of Kawashima's relation.
Ihara, Kaneko, and Zagier defined two regularizations of multiple zeta values and proved the regularization theorem that describes the relation between those regularizations. We show that the regularization theorem can be generalized to polynomials whose coefficients are regularizations of multiple zeta values and that specialize to symmetric multiple zeta values defined by Kaneko and Zagier.
By a similar idea for the construction of Milnor's gamma functions, we introduce "higher depth determinants" of the Laplacian on a compact Riemann surface of genus greater than one. We prove that, as a generalization of the determinant expression of the Selberg zeta function, this higher depth determinant can be expressed as a product of multiple gamma functions and what we call a Milnor-Selberg zeta function. It is shown that the Milnor-Selberg zeta function admits an analytic continuation, a functional equation and, remarkably, has an Euler product.
The $t$-adic symmetric multiple zeta values were defined Jarossay, which have been studied as a real analogue of $\boldsymbol{p}$-adic finite multiple zeta values. In this paper, we consider the star analogues based on several regularization processes of multiple zeta-star values: harmonic regularization, shuffle regularization, and Kaneko-Yamamoto's type regularization. We also present the cyclic sum formula for $t$-adic symmetric multiple zeta(-star) values, which is the counterpart of that for $\boldsymbol{p}$-adic finite multiple zeta(-star) values obtained by Kawasaki. The proof uses our …
In this paper we extend the Zeta function regularization technique, which gives a meaningful solution to divergent power series, in order to assign finite values to divergent integral of certain transcendental functions $f(x)$. The functions are assumed to be analytical and hence they have a convergent Maclaurin series with infinity radius of convergence. Using Maclaurin series and binomial expansion, we equivalently convert the divergent integral to an infinite series in terms of Riemann zeta function. It is shown that the infinite series is convergent under a certain condition and consequent…
A new interpretation of zeta functions is given for F1-schemes which do not satisfy Soulé's condition. Functional equations for reductive groups are computed and a new definition of zeta functions attached to more general counting functions is given which is based on regularization and puts on an equal footing F1-theory on the one hand and spectral theory of Laplace operators on manifolds on the other.
We will introduce a regularization for $p$-adic multiple zeta values and show that the generalized double shuffle relations hold. This settles a question raised by Deligne, given as a project in Arizona winter school 2002. Our approach is to use the theory of Coleman functions on the moduli space of genus zero curves with marked points and its compactification. The main ingredients are the analytic continuation of Coleman functions to the normal bundle of divisors at infinity and definition of a special tangential base point on the moduli space.
Riemann zeta values are generalized to multiple zeta values (MZVs) by use of nested sums, and MZVs are generalized to regularized multiple zeta values (RMZVs) by regularization of divergent infinite series. In the present paper, we prove congruence identities of RMZVs of depth $n$ involving a pair of index sets; the congruence relation is given by the vector space spanned by MZVs of depth $n-1$ and products of MZVs. We also obtain a proof of the parity result, and a congruence sum formula for MZVs.
We have proposed a regularization technique and apply it to the Euler product of zeta functions in the part one. In this paper that is the second part of the trilogy, we give another evidence to demonstrate the Riemann hypotheses by using the approximate functional equation. Some other results on the critical line are also presented using the relations between the Euler product and the deformed summation representions in the critical strip. In part three, we will focus on physical applications using these outcomes.
We study a refinement of the symmetric multiple zeta value, called the $t$-adic symmetric multiple zeta value, by considering its finite truncation. More precisely, two kinds of regularizations (harmonic and shuffle) give two kinds of the $t$-adic symmetric multiple zeta values, thus we introduce two kinds of truncations correspondingly. Then we show that our truncations tend to the corresponding $t$-adic symmetric multiple zeta values, and satisfy the harmonic and shuffle relations, respectively. This gives a new proof of the double shuffle relations for $t$-adic symmetric multiple zeta value…
We study Ruelle's type zeta and $L$-functions for a torsion free abelian group $\G$ of rank $\n\ge 2$ defined via an Euler product. It is shown that the imaginary axis is a natural boundary of this zeta function when $\n=2,4$ and 8, and in particular, such a zeta function has no determinant expression. Thus, conversely, expressions like Euler's product for the determinant of the Laplacians of the torus $\bR^{\n}/\G$ defined via zeta regularizations are investigated. Also, the limit behavior of an arithmetic function arising from the Ruelle type zeta function is observed.
We establish "higher depth" analogues of regularized determinants due to Milnor for zeros of cuspidal automorphic L-functions of GL_d over a general number field. This is a generalization of the result of Deninger about the regularized determinant for zeros of the Riemann zeta function.
We give two generalizations, in arbitrary depth, of the symmetry phenomenon used by Ball-Rivoal to prove that infinitely many values of Riemann $ζ$ function at odd integers are irrational. These generalizations concern multiple series of hypergeometric type, which can be written as linear forms in some specific multiple zeta values. The proof makes use of the regularization procedure for multiple zeta values with logarithmic divergence.
Extending the Eulerian functions, we study their relationship with zeta function of several variables. In particular, starting with Weierstrass factorization theorem (and Newton-Girard identity) for the complex Gamma function, we are interested in the ratios of $ζ(2k)/π^{2k}$ and their multiindexed generalization, we will obtain an analogue situation and draw some consequences about a structure of the algebra of polyzetas values, by means of some combinatorics of noncommutative rational series. The same combinatorial frameworks also allow to study the independence of a family of eulerian funct…
Multiple Eisenstein series are holomorphic functions in the complex upper-half plane, which can be seen as a crossbreed between multiple zeta values and classical Eisenstein series. They were originally defined by Gangl-Kaneko-Zagier in 2006, and since then, many variants and regularizations of them have been studied. They give a natural bridge between the world of modular forms and multiple zeta values. In this note, we give a new algebraic interpretation of stuffle regularized multiple Eisenstein series based on the Hopf algebra structure of the harmonic algebra introduced by Hoffman.
Multiple zeta values (MZVs) are generalizations of Riemann zeta values at positive integers to multiple variable setting. These values can be further generalized to level $N$ multiple polylog values by evaluating multiple polylogs at $N$-th roots of unity. In this paper, we consider another level $N$ generalization by restricting the indices in the iterated sums defining MZVs to congruences classes modulo $N$, which we call the MZVs at level $N$. The goals of this paper are two-fold. First, we shall lay down the theoretical foundations of these values such as their regularizations and double s…
The multiple zeta values (MZVs) have been studied extensively in recent years. Currently there exist a few different types of $q$-analogs of the MZVs ($q$-MZVs) defined and studied by mathematicians and physicists. In this paper, we give a uniform treatment of these $q$-MZVs by considering their double shuffle relations (DBSFs) and duality relations. The main idea is a modification and generalization of the one used by Castillo Medina et al. who have considered the DBSFs of a special type of $q$-MZVs. We generalize their method to a few other types of $q$-MZVs including the one defined by the …
The classical Lerch's formula states the following normalized product: $$\prod_{n=0}^\infty(x+n)=\frac{\sqrt{2π}}{Γ(x)},\quad \textrm{Re}(x)>0, $$ where $Γ(x)$ is the Euler gamma function. In this note, by using Barnes' multiple zeta function and its alternating form, we obtain two kinds of generalizations of Lerch's formula, which imply the product $$ \prod_{n=1}^\infty n=\sqrt{2π} $$ (in the sense of zeta regularization) and the product $$\frac{2\cdot2}{1\cdot 3}\frac{4\cdot4}{3\cdot 5}\frac{6\cdot6}{5\cdot 7}\cdots=\fracπ{2}$$ (Wallis' formula in 1656), respectively.
Let $M$ be a finite volume, non-compact hyperbolic Riemann surface, possibly with elliptic fixed points, and let $χ$ denote a finite dimensional unitary representation of the fundamental group of $M$. Let $Δ$ denote the hyperbolic Laplacian which acts on smooth sections of the flat bundle over $M$ associated to $χ$. From the spectral theory of $Δ$, there are three distinct sequences of numbers: The first coming from the eigenvalues of $L^{2}$ eigenfunctions, the second coming from resonances associated to the continuous spectrum, and the third being the set of negative integers. Using these se…
The original Hilbert and Pólya conjecture is the assertion that the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function can be the spectrum of a self-adjoint operator. So far no such operator was found. However the suggestion of Hilbert and Pólya, in the context of spectral theory, can be extended to approach other problems and so it is natural to ask if there is a quantum mechanical system related to other sequences of numbers which are originated and motivated by Number Theory. In this paper we show that the functional integrals associated with a hypothetical class of physical systems described b…
Berry and Keating conjectured that the classical Hamiltonian H = xp is related to the Riemann zeros. A regularization of this model yields semiclassical energies that behave, in average, as the non trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function. However, the classical trajectories are not closed, rendering the model incomplete. In this paper, we show that the Hamiltonian H = x (p + l_p^2/p) contains closed periodic orbits, and that its spectrum coincides with the average Riemann zeros. This result is generalized to Dirichlet L-functions using different self-adjoint extensions of H. We discuss the …
We establish rigorously the regularization of the p-adic open string amplitudes, with Chan-Paton rules and a constant B-field, introduced by Ghoshal and Kawano. In this study we use techniques of multivariate local zeta functions depending on multiplicative characters and a phase factor which involves an antisymmetric bilinear form. These local zeta functions are new mathematical objects. We attach to each amplitude a multivariate local zeta function depending on the kinematics parameters, the B-field and the Chan-Paton factors. We show that these integrals admit meromorphic continuations in t…
