Many problems in physics, chemistry and other fields are perturbative in nature, i.e. differ only slightly from related problems with known solutions. Prominent among these is the eigenvalue perturbation problem, wherein one seeks the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a matrix with small off-diagonal elements. Here we introduce a novel iterative algorithm to compute these eigenpairs based on fixed-point iteration for an algebraic equation in complex projective space. We show from explicit and numerical examples that our algorithm outperforms the usual Rayleigh-Schrödinger expansion on three counts. First, since it is not defined as a power series, its domain of convergence is not a priori confined to a disk in the complex plane; we find that it indeed usually extends beyond the standard perturbative radius of convergence. Second, it converges at a faster rate than the Rayleigh-Schrödinger expansion, i.e. fewer iterations are required to reach a given precision. Third, the (time- and space-) algorithmic complexity of each iteration does not increase with the order of the approximation, allowing for higher precision computations. Because this complexity is merely that of matrix multiplication, our dynamical scheme also scales better with the size of the matrix than general-purpose eigenvalue routines such as the shifted QR or divide-and-conquer algorithms. Whether they are dense, sparse, symmetric or unsymmetric, we confirm that dynamical diagonalization quickly outpaces LAPACK drivers as the size of matrices grows; for the computation of just the dominant eigenvector, our method converges order of magnitudes faster than the Arnoldi algorithm implemented in ARPACK.
We investigate the eigengenvalues problem for self-adjoint operators with the singular perturbations. The general results presented here includes weakly as well as strongly singular cases. We illustrate these results on two models which correspond to so-called additive strongly singular perturbations.
In this paper, I consider one-dimensional periodic Schr{ö}dinger operators perturbed by a slowly decaying potential. In the adiabatic limit, I give an asymptotic expansion of the eigenvalues in the gaps of the periodic operator. When one slides the perturbation along the periodic potential, these eigenvalues oscillate. I compute the exponentially small amplitude of the oscillations.
We examine perturbations of eigenvalues and resonances for a class of multi-channel quantum mechanical model-Hamiltonians describing a particle interacting with a localized spin in dimension $d=1,2,3$. We consider unperturbed Hamiltonians showing eigenvalues and resonances at the threshold of the continuous spectrum and we analyze the effect of various type of perturbations on the spectral singularities. We provide algorithms to obtain convergent series expansions for the coordinates of the singularities.
We give estimates for the changes of the eigenvalues of the Klein Gordon operator under the change of the potential. In some relevant situations we improve the existing estimates. We test our results on some exactly solvable models (Coulomb potential, Klein-Gordon oscillator).
We investigate the behaviour of the eigenvalues of two-dimensional Pauli operators with nonconstant magnetic fields perturbed by a sign-indefinite decaying electric potential V. We prove new eigenvalues asymptotics.
In this note we consider a one-dimensional quantum mechanical particle constrained by a parabolic well perturbed by a Gaussian potential. As the related Birman-Schwinger operator is trace class, the Fredholm determinant can be exploited in order to compute the modified eigenenergies which differ from those of the harmonic oscillator due to the presence of the Gaussian perturbation. By taking advantage of Wang's results on scalar products of four eigenfunctions of the harmonic oscillator, it is possible to evaluate quite accurately the two lowest-lying eigenvalues as functions of the coupling c…
We prove general comparison theorems for eigenvalues of perturbed Schrodinger operators that allow proof of Lieb--Thirring bounds for suitable non-free Schrodinger operators and Jacobi matrices.
We consider the Stokes eigenvalue problem in a bounded domain of R3 with Dirich- let boundary conditions. The aim of this paper is to advance the development of high-order terms in the asymptotic expansions of the boundary perturbations of eigen- values, eigenfunctions and eigenpressures for the Stokes operator caused by small per- turbations of the boundary. Our derivation is rigorous and proved by layer potential techniques.
The paper presents a new theory of unfolding of eigenvalue surfaces of real symmetric and Hermitian matrices due to an arbitrary complex perturbation near a diabolic point. General asymptotic formulae describing deformations of a conical surface for different kinds of perturbing matrices are derived. As a physical application, singularities of the surfaces of refractive indices in crystal optics are studied.
We prove an analogue of the magnetic nodal theorem on quantum graphs: the number of zeros $ϕ$ of the $n$-th eigenfunction of the Schrödinger operator on a quantum graph is related to the stability of the $n$-th eigenvalue of the perturbation of the operator by magnetic potential. More precisely, we consider the $n$-th eigenvalue as a function of the magnetic perturbation and show that its Morse index at zero magnetic field is equal to $ϕ- (n-1)$.
We study second order perturbation theory for embedded eigenvalues of an abstract class of self-adjoint operators. Using an extension of the Mourre theory, under assumptions on the regularity of bound states with respect to a conjugate operator, we prove upper semicontinuity of the point spectrum and establish the Fermi Golden Rule criterion. Our results apply to massless Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonians for arbitrary coupling.
We study small, PT-symmetric perturbations of self-adjoint double-well Schrödinger operators in dimension $n\geq 1$. We prove that the eigenvalues stay real for a very small perturbation, then bifurcate to the complex plane as the perturbation gets stronger.
We prove that certain natural random variables associated with the local eigenvalue statistics for generalized lattice Anderson models constructed with finite-rank perturbations are compound Poisson distributed. This distribution is characterized by the fact that the Levy measure is supported on at most a finite set determined by the rank. The proof relies on a Minami-type estimate for finite-rank perturbations. For Anderson-type continuum models on $\R^d$, we prove a similar result for certain natural random variables associated with the local eigenvalue statistics. We prove that the compound…
This paper is a didactic commentary (a transcription with variations) to the paper of S.R. Foguel {\it Finite Dimensional Perturbations in Banach Spaces}. Addressed, mainly: postgraduates and related readers. Subject: Suppose we have two linear operators, A, B, so that B - A is rank one. Let λ_o be an {\it isolated} point of the spectrum of A. In addition, let λ_o be an {\it eigenvalue} of A: λ_o \in σ_{pp}(A) . The question is: Is λ_o an eigenvalue of B ? And, if so, is the multiplicity of λ_o in σ_{pp}(B) equal to the multiplicity of λ_o in σ_{pp}(A) ? -- or less? -- or greater? Keywords: M.…
We prove inclusion theorems for both spectra and essential spectra as well as two-sided bounds for isolated eigenvalues for Klein-Gordon type Hamiltonian operators. We first study operators of the form $JG$, where $J$, $G$ are selfadjoint operators on a Hilbert space, $J = J^* = J^{-1}$ and $G$ is positive definite and then we apply these results to obtain bounds of the Klein-Gordon eigenvalues under the change of the electrostatic potential. The developed general theory allows applications to some other instances, as e.g. the Sturm-Liouville problems with indefinite weight.
We generally study the density of eigenvalues in unitary ensembles of random matrices from the recurrence coefficients with regularly varying conditions for the orthogonal polynomials. First we calculate directly the moments of the density. Then, by studying some deformation of the moments, we get a family of differential equations of first order which the densities satisfy (see Theorem 1.2), and give the densities by solving them. Further, we prove that the density is invariant after the polynomial perturbation of the weight function (see Theorem 1.5).
In this paper the perturbation theory with the frequency of transition in atom as perturbation parameter is constructed. The estimation of the reminder term of series of this perturbation theory is given. With the help of this perturbation theory we have found an exact asymptotics of eigenvalues of complete hamiltonian in the limit of high quantum numbers. It is shown that the counter-rotating terms keep a leading term but absolutely change a second term of this asymptotic.
We consider the perturbed operator $H(b,V) := H(b,0) + V$, where $H(b,0)$ is the $3$d Hamiltonian of Pauli with non-constant magnetic field, and $V$ is \textit{a non-definite sign electric potential} decaying exponentially with respect to the variable along the magnetic field. We prove that the only resonances of $H(b,V)$ near the low ground energy zero of $H(b,0)$ are its eigenvalues and are concentrated in the semi axis $(-\infty,0)$. Further, we establish new asymptotic expansions, upper and lower bounds on their number near zero.
We consider the asymptotic behavior of the spectrum of the Landau Hamiltonian plus a rapidly decaying potential, as the magnetic field strength, $B$, tends to infinity. After a suitable rescaling, this becomes a semiclassical problem where the role of Planck's constant is played by $1/B$. The spectrum of the operator forms eigenvalue clusters. We obtain a Szegő limit theorem for the eigenvalues in the clusters as a suitable cluster index and $B$ tend to infinity with a fixed ratio $\calE$. The answer involves the averages of the potential over circles of radius $\sqrt{\calE/2}$ (circular Radon…
We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for emerging of small eigenvalue for Schrödinger operator on plane under local operator perturbations. In the case the eigenvalue emerges we construct its asymptotics. The examples are given.
We prove a localization theorem for continuous ergodic Schrödinger operators $ H_ω:= H_0 + V_ω$, where the random potential $ V_ω$ is a nonnegative Anderson-type perturbation of the periodic operator $ H_0$. We consider a lower spectral band edge of $ σ(H_0) $, say $ E= 0 $, at a gap which is preserved by the perturbation $ V_ω$. Assuming that all Floquet eigenvalues of $ H_0$, which reach the spectral edge 0 as a minimum, have there a positive definite Hessian, we conclude that there exists an interval $ I $ containing 0 such that $ H_ω$ has only pure point spectrum in $ I $ for almost all $ …
We consider two-point non-self-adjoint boundary eigenvalue problems for linear matrix differential operators. The coefficient matrices in the differential expressions and the matrix boundary conditions are assumed to depend analytically on the complex spectral parameter and on the vector of real physical parameters. We study perturbations of semi-simple multiple eigenvalues as well as perturbations of non-derogatory eigenvalues under small variations of the parameters. Explicit formulae describing the bifurcation of the eigenvalues are derived. Application to the problem of excitation of unsta…
We consider additive perturbations of the type $K_t=K_0+tW$, $t\in [0,1]$, where $K_0$ and $W$ are self-adjoint operators in a separable Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ and $W$ is bounded. In addition, we assume that the range of $W$ is a generating (i.e., cyclic) subspace for $K_0$. If $λ_0$ is an eigenvalue of $K_0$, then under the additional assumption that $W$ is nonnegative, the Lebesgue measure of the set of all $t\in [0,1]$ for which $λ_0$ is an eigenvalue of $K_t$ is known to be zero. We recall this result with its proof and show by explicit counterexample that the nonnegativity assumption…
We consider conditions under which an embedded eigenvalue of a self-adjoint operator remains embedded under small perturbations. In the case of a simple eigenvalue embedded in continuous spectrum of multiplicity m < \infty we show that in favorable situations the set of small perturbations of a suitable Banach space which do not remove the eigenvalue form a smooth submanifold of co-dimension m.
We are interested in diagonal perturbations of a periodic Jacobi operator that introduce embedded eigenvalues in its essential spectrum. Embedding multiple points in the essential spectrum has been known to be difficult, given that eigenvalues are destroyed easily by small perturbations. However, given a finite or countably infinite set of points within an absolutely continuous band of the original periodic operator (subject only to a very weak non-resonance condition) we are able to construct a diagonal perturbation that preserves the essential spectrum and places eigenvalues in all of those …
We prove dynamical upper bounds for discrete one-dimensional Schroedinger operators in terms of various spacing properties of the eigenvalues of finite volume approximations. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach by a study of the Fibonacci Hamiltonian.
We consider a compact perturbation $H_0 = S + K_0^* K_0$ of a self-adjoint operator $S$ with an eigenvalue $λ^\circ$ below its essential spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunction $f$. The perturbation is assumed to be "along" the eigenfunction $f$, namely $K_0f=0$. The eigenvalue $λ^\circ$ belongs to the spectra of both $H_0$ and $S$. Let $S$ have $σ$ more eigenvalues below $λ^\circ$ than $H_0$; $σ$ is known as the spectral shift at $λ^\circ$. We now allow the perturbation to vary in a suitable operator space and study the continuation of the eigenvalue $λ^\circ$ in the spectrum of $H(K)=S …
In this paper we study the interior transmission problem and transmission eigenvalues for multiplicative perturbations of linear partial differential operator of order $\ge 2$ with constant real coefficients. Under suitable growth conditions on the symbol of the operator and the perturbation, we show the discreteness of the set of transmission eigenvalues and derive sufficient conditions on the existence of transmission eigenvalues. We apply these techniques to the case of the biharmonic operator and the Dirac system. In the hypoelliptic case we present a connection to scattering theory.
We study the SYK model with an extra constant source, i.e. a constant matrix or equivalently a diagonal matrix with only one non-zero entry $λ_1$. By using methods from analytic combinatorics, we find exact expressions for the moments of this model. We further prove that the spectrum of this model can have a gap when $λ_1>λ^c_1$, thus exhibiting a phase transition in $λ_1$. In this case, a single isolated eigenvalue splits off from SYK's eigenvalues distribution. We located this single eigenvalue by analyzing the singular behavior of a supercritical functional composition scheme. In certain li…
We adduce the necessary and sufficient condition for arising of eigenvalues of Shrodinger operator in axis under small local perturbations. In the case of eigenvalues arising we construct their asymptotics.
We generalize the calculation of Ref.~\cite{Amore19B} to the case of a spectrum containing a zero mode. Using a renormalization procedure, we express the sum rules in terms of suitable traces and show that the final expressions, calculated up to second order in perturbation theory agree with the results obtained when working directly with the eigenvalues and using Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory.
We study the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues of Gaussian perturbations of large Hermitian random matrices for which the limiting eigenvalue density vanishes at a singular interior point or vanishes faster than a square root at a singular edge point. First, we show that the singular behavior propagates macroscopically for sufficiently small Gaussian perturbations, and we describe the macroscopic eigenvalue behavior for Gaussian perturbations of critical size. Secondly, for sufficiently small Gaussian perturbations of unitary invariant random matrices, we prove that the microscopic eigenv…
We review some work done with C. Rovelli on the use of the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator on a curved spacetime as dynamical variables, the main motivation coming from their invariance under the action of diffeomorphisms. The eigenvalues constitute an infinite set of ``observables'' for general relativity and can be taken as variables for an invariant description of the gravitational field dynamics.
We derive quantitative bounds for eigenvalues of complex perturbations of the indefinite Laplacian on the real line. Our results substantially improve existing results even for real-valued potentials. For $L^1$-potentials, we obtain optimal spectral enclosures which accommodate also embedded eigenvalues, while our result for $L^p$-potentials yield sharp spectral bounds on the imaginary parts of eigenvalues of the perturbed operator for all $p\in[1,\infty)$. The sharpness of the results are demonstrated by means of explicit examples.
We consider the spectral Neumann problem for the Laplace operator in an acoustic waveguide $Π_{l}^{\varepsilon}$ obtained from a straight unit strip by a low box-shaped perturbation of size $2l\times\varepsilon,$ where $\varepsilon>0$ is a small parameter. We prove the existence of the length parameter $l_{k}^{\varepsilon}=πk+O\left( \varepsilon\right) $ with any $k=1,2,3,...$ such that the waveguide $Π_{l_{k}^{\varepsilon}}^{\varepsilon }$ supports a trapped mode with an eigenvalue $λ_{k}^{\varepsilon}% =π^{2}-4π^{4}l^{2}\varepsilon^{2}+O\left( \varepsilon^{3}\right) $ embedded into the conti…
We consider a perturbed Floquet Hamiltonian $-i\partial_t + H + βV(ωt)$ in the Hilbert space $L^2([0,T],E,dt)$. Here $H$ is a self-adjoint operator in $E$ with a discrete spectrum obeying a growing gap condition, $V(t)$ is a symmetric bounded operator in $E$ depending on $t$ $2π$-periodically, $ω= 2π/T$ is a frequency and $β$ is a coupling constant. The spectrum $Spec(-i\partial_t + H)$ of the unperturbed part is pure point and dense in $R$ for almost every $ω$. This fact excludes application of the regular perturbation theory. Nevertheless we show, for almost all $ω$ and provided $V(t)$ is su…
We study a stochastic Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation (NLSE), with additive white Gaussian noise, by means of the Nonlinear Fourier Transform (NFT). In particular, we focus on the propagation of discrete eigenvalues along a focusing fiber. Since the stochastic NLSE is not exactly integrable by means of the NFT, then we use a perturbation approach, where we assume that the signal-to-noise ratio is high. The zeroth-order perturbation leads to the deterministic NLSE while the first-order perturbation allows to describe the statistics of the discrete eigenvalues. This is important to understand th…
Let $H$ be any $\PT$ symmetric Schrödinger operator of the type $ -\hbar^2Δ+(x_1^2+...+x_d^2)+igW(x_1,...,x_d)$ on $L^2(\R^d)$, where $W$ is any odd homogeneous polynomial and $g\in\R$. It is proved that $¶H$ is self-adjoint and that its eigenvalues coincide (up to a sign) with the singular values of $H$, i.e. the eigenvalues of $\sqrt{H^\ast H}$. Moreover we explicitly construct the canonical expansion of $H$ and determine the singular values $μ_j$ of $H$ through the Borel summability of their divergent perturbation theory. The singular values yield estimates of the location of the eigenvalue…
We consider nonlinear Schrödinger equations in $\R^3$. Assume that the linear Hamiltonians have two bound states. For certain finite codimension subset in the space of initial data, we construct solutions converging to the excited states in both non-resonant and resonant cases. In the resonant case, the linearized operators around the excited states are non-self adjoint perturbations to some linear Hamiltonians with embedded eigenvalues. Although self-adjoint perturbation turns embedded eigenvalues into resonances, this class of non-self adjoint perturbations turn an embedded eigenvalue into t…
We consider the family $$ \hat {\bf h}_μ:=\hat\varDelta\hat \varDelta - μ\hat {\bf v},\qquadμ\in\mathbb{R}, $$ of discrete Schrödinger-type operators in one-dimensional lattice $\mathbb{Z}$, where $\hat \varDelta$ is the discrete Laplacian and $\hat{\bf v}$ is of zero-range. We prove that for any $μ\ne0$ the discrete spectrum of $\hat {\bf h}_μ$ is a singleton $\{e(μ)\},$ and $e(μ)<0$ for $μ>0$ and $e(μ)>4$ for $μ<0.$ Moreover, we study the properties of $e(μ)$ as a function of $μ,$ in particular, we find the asymptotics of $e(μ)$ as $μ\searrow0$ and $μ\nearrow0.$
We consider $C=A+B$ where $A$ is selfadjoint with a gap $(a,b)$ in its spectrum and $B$ is (relatively) compact. We prove a general result allowing $B$ of indefinite sign and apply it to obtain a $(δV)^{d/2}$ bound for perturbations of suitable periodic Schrodinger operators and a (not quite)Lieb-Thirring bound for perturbations of algebro-geometric almost periodic Jacobi matrices.
We study the (massless) Dirac operator on a 3-sphere equipped with Riemannian metric. For the standard metric the spectrum is known. In particular, the eigenvalues closest to zero are the two double eigenvalues +3/2 and -3/2. Our aim is to analyse the behaviour of eigenvalues when the metric is perturbed in an arbitrary smooth fashion from the standard one. We derive explicit perturbation formulae for the two eigenvalues closest to zero, taking account of the second variations. Note that these eigenvalues remain double eigenvalues under perturbations of the metric: they cannot split because of…
We consider a linear elastic plate with stress-free boundary conditions in the limit of vanishing Poisson coefficient. We prove that under a local change of Young's modulus infinitely many eigenvalues arise in the essential spectrum which accumulate at a positive threshold. We give estimates on the accumulation rate and on the asymptotical behaviour of the eigenvalues.
We present a general counting result for the unstable eigenvalues of linear operators of the form $JL$ in which $J$ and $L$ are skew- and self-adjoint operators, respectively. Assuming that there exists a self-adjoint operator $K$ such that the operators $JL$ and $JK$ commute, we prove that the number of unstable eigenvalues of $JL$ is bounded by the number of nonpositive eigenvalues of~$K$. As an application, we discuss the transverse stability of one-dimensional periodic traveling waves in the classical KP-II (Kadomtsev--Petviashvili) equation. We show that these one-dimensional periodic wav…
We consider matrices formed by a random $N\times N$ matrix drawn from the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (or Gaussian Unitary Ensemble) plus a rank-one perturbation of strength $θ$, and focus on the largest eigenvalue, $x$, and the component, $u$, of the corresponding eigenvector in the direction associated to the rank-one perturbation. We obtain the large deviation principle governing the atypical joint fluctuations of $x$ and $u$. Interestingly, for $θ>1$, in large deviations characterized by a small value of $u$, i.e. $u<1-1/θ$, the second-largest eigenvalue pops out from the Wigner semi-circ…
We propose two different strategies to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a given, not necessarily Hermitian, matrix $A$. Our methods apply also to the case of complex eigenvalues, making the strategies interesting for applications to physics, and to pseudo-hermitian quantum mechanics in particular. We first consider a {\em dynamical} approach, based on a pair of ordinary differential equations defined in terms of the matrix $A$ and of its adjoint $A^\dagger$. Then we consider an extension of the so-called power method, for which we prove a fixed point theorem for $A\neq A^\dagger$ useful in…
We present the results of an analytical and numerical study of the long-time behavior for certain Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) lattices viewed as perturbations of the completely integrable Toda lattice. Our main tools are the direct and inverse scattering transforms for doubly-infinite Jacobi matrices, which are well-known to linearize the Toda flow. We focus in particular on the evolution of the associated scattering data under the perturbed vs. the unperturbed equations. We find that the eigenvalues present initially in the scattering data converge to new, slightly perturbed eigenvalues under the …
We study the eigenvalue correlations of random Hermitian $n\times n$ matrices of the form $S=M+εH$, where $H$ is a GUE matrix, $ε>0$, and $M$ is a positive-definite Hermitian random matrix, independent of $H$, whose eigenvalue density is a polynomial ensemble. We show that there is a soft-to-hard edge transition in the microscopic behaviour of the eigenvalues of $S$ close to $0$ if $ε$ tends to $0$ together with $n\to +\infty$ at a critical speed, depending on the random matrix $M$. In a double scaling limit, we obtain a new family of limiting eigenvalue correlation kernels. We apply our gener…
This paper is a continuation of the paper \cite{W} by the third author, which studied quantum walks with special long-range perturbations of the coin operator. In this paper, we consider general long-range perturbations of the coin operator and prove the non-existence of a singular continuous spectrum and embedded eigenvalues. The proof relies on the construction of generalized eigenfunctions (Jost solutions) which was studied in the short-range case in \cite{MSSSSdis}.
