Khristo N. Boyadzhiev
Several combinatorial identities are presented, involving Stirling functions of the second kind with a complex variable. The identities involve also Stirling numbers of the first kind, binomial coefficients and harmonic numbers.
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By considering Eulerian numbers and ordered Stirling numbers of the second and third kinds over a multiset, we generalize identities of Eulerian numbers and Stirling numbers of the second and third kinds and provide $q$-analogs of these generalizations. Using these generalizations, we also compute Eulerian numbers and ordered Stirling numbers of the second kind over a multiset.
We derive two new identities involving the Bernoulli numbers, the Euler numbers, and the Stirling numbers of the first kind using analytic continuation of a well known identity for the Stirling numbers of the first kind.
Stirling numbers of both kinds are linked to each other via two combinatorial identities due to Schläfli and Gould. Using q-analogs of Stirling numbers defined as inversion generating functions, we provide q-analogs of the two identities. The proof is computational and we leave open the problem of finding a more combinatorial one.
Convolution Identities of Stirling Numbers
本研究利用生成函数法求解线性递推关系，用两类斯特林数表示解，并推导出两组组合恒等式，涵盖了已知的斯特林数卷积公式，丰富了相关组合数学结论。
Some observations on the connection between Stirling numbers and Bessel numbers
本文通过用两种方式求解同一递推关系并比较多项式系数，为涉及两类斯特林数的求和恒等式提供新证明，从而揭示斯特林数与贝塞尔数之间的联系。
In the paper, the author establishes some identities which show that the functions $\frac1{(1-e^{\pm t})^k}$ and the derivatives $\bigl(\frac1{e^{\pm t}-1}\bigr)^{(i)}$ can be expressed each other by linear combinations with coefficients involving the combinatorial numbers and the Stirling numbers of the second kind, where $t\ne0$ and $i,k\in\mathbb{N}$.
In the paper, the author elementarily unifies and generalizes eight identities involving the functions $\frac{\pm1}{e^{\pm t}-1}$ and their derivatives. By one of these identities, the author establishes two explicit formulae for computing Euler polynomials and two-parameter Euler polynomials, which are a newly introduced notion, in terms of Stirling numbers of the second kind.
Using Reiner's definition of Stirling numbers of the second kind in types $B$ and $D$, we generalize two well-known identities concerning the classical Stirling numbers of the second kind. The first identity relates them with Eulerian numbers and the second identity interprets them as entries in a transition matrix between the elements of two standard bases of the polynomial ring $R[x]$. Finally, we generalize these identities to the group of colored permutations $G_{m,n}$.
The author has constructed multiple analogues of several families of combinatorial numbers in a recent article, including the bracket symbol, and the Stirling numbers of the first and second kind. In the present paper, a multiple analogue of another sequence, the Lah numbers, is developed, and certain associated identities and significant properties of all these sequences are constructed.
Some identities involving $q$-Stirling numbers of the second kind in type B
本文研究B型第二类q-Stirling数，给出联系其与Carlitz主q-Eulerian数的经典恒等式的B型q-类比，并用组合与解析方法证明相关恒等式，同时得到A、B、D型的一些q-恒等式。
We introduce a class of $f(t)$-factorials, or $f(t)$-Pochhammer symbols, that includes many, if not most, well-known factorial and multiple factorial function variants as special cases. We consider the combinatorial properties of the corresponding generalized classes of Stirling numbers of the first kind which arise as the coefficients of the symbolic polynomial expansions of these $f$-factorial functions. The combinatorial properties of these more general parameterized Stirling number triangles we prove within the article include analogs to known expansions of the ordinary Stirling numbers by…
Broder introduced the r-Stirling numbers of the first kind and of the second kind which enumerate restricted permutations and respectively restricted partitions, the restriction being that the first r elements must be in distinct cycles and respectively in distinct subsets. Kim-Kim-Lee-Park constructed the degenerate r-Stirling numbers of both kinds as degenerate versions of them. The aim of this paper is to derive some identities and recurrence relations for the degenerate r-Stirling numbers of the first kind and of the second kind via boson operators. In particular, we obtain the normal orde…
We introduce the associated Lah numbers. Some recurrence relations and convolution identities are established. An extension of the associated Stirling and Lah numbers to the r-Stirling and r-Lah numbers are also given. For all these sequences we give combinatorial interpretation, generating functions, recurrence relations, convolution identities. In the sequel, we develop a section on nested sums related to binomial coefficient.
We give combinatorial proofs of $q$-Stirling identities using restricted growth words. This includes a poset theoretic proof of Carlitz's identity, a new proof of the $q$-Frobenius identity of Garsia and Remmel and of Ehrenborg's Hankel $q$-Stirling determinantal identity. We also develop a two parameter generalization to unify identities of Mercier and include a symmetric function version.
Given an integer g, g > 1, an integer w, -1 < w <g - 1, and a set of g distinct numbers, c_1, ..., c_g, we present a conjectured identity for Stirling numbers of the first kind. We have proven all the equalities in case g < 7; and for the case g = 7, provided w < 4. These expressions arise from an aspect of the study of the dimer-monomer problem on regular graphs.
We use rook placements to prove Spivey's Bell number formula and other identities related to it, in particular, some convolution identities involving Stirling numbers and relations involving Bell numbers. To cover as many special cases as possible, we work on the generalized Stirling numbers that arise from the rook model of Goldman and Haglund. An alternative combinatorial interpretation for the Type II generalized $q$-Stirling numbers of Remmel and Wachs is also introduced in which the method used to obtain the earlier identities can be adapted easily.
We present exponential generating function analogues to two classical identities involving the ordinary generating function of the complete homogeneous symmetric functions. After a suitable specialization the new identities reduce to identities involving the first and second order Eulerian polynomials. The study of these identities led us to consider a family of symmetric functions associated with a class of permutations introduced by Gessel and Stanley, known in the literature as Stirling permutations. In particular, we define certain type statistics on Stirling permutations that refine the s…
Combinatorial identities related to degenerate Stirling numbers of the second kind
本文研究退化第二类 Stirling 数的性质、恒等式、递推关系与显式表达式，并结合退化 Euler 公式探讨相关多项式和幂级数。
We present various identities in the form of convolutions involving Stirling numbers of both kinds, Lah numbers, and binomial coefficients. Certain convolution polynomials are discussed also. The proofs are based on several series transformation formulas.
Uniform treatments of Bernoulli numbers, Stirling numbers, and their generating functions
本文统一处理Bernoulli数和Stirling数，利用行列式公式和Faà di Bruno公式，建立多个函数的Maclaurin展开，并给出Bernoulli数的行列式、递推和闭式公式，以及Stirling数的组合恒等式。
In this note, we present several identities involving binomial coefficients and the two kind of Stirling numbers.
Signed Generalized Stirling Polynomials, Nested Sums, and Hyperbolic Secant Integral Identities
本文通过有符号广义斯特林多项式研究嵌套和与双曲正割积分序列，得到递推关系、反射公式和显式恒等式，并给出Catalan常数、zeta值和多伽玛值的显式求值。
We obtain formulas for the growth rate of the numbers of certain paths in infinite graphs built on the two-dimensional Eulerian graph. Corollaries are identities relating Stirling numbers of the first and second kinds.
In the paper, by establishing a new and explicit formula for computing the $n$-th derivative of the reciprocal of the logarithmic function, the author presents new and explicit formulas for calculating Bernoulli numbers of the second kind and Stirling numbers of the first kind. As consequences of these formulas, a recursion for Stirling numbers of the first kind and a new representation of the reciprocal of the factorial $n!$ are derived. Finally, the author finds several identities and integral representations relating to Stirling numbers of the first kind.
The coefficient of x^{-1} of a formal Laurent series f(x) is called the formal residue of f(x). Many combinatorial numbers can be represented by the formal residues of hypergeometric terms. With these representations and the extended Zeilberger's algorithm, we generate recurrence relations for summations involving combinatorial sequences such as Stirling numbers. As examples, we give computer proofs of several known identities and derive some new identities. The applicability of this method is also studied.
This paper presents a number of identities for Dirichlet series and series with Stirling numbers of the first kind. As coefficients for the Dirichlet series we use Cauchy numbers of the first and second kinds, hyperharmonic numbers, derangement numbers, binomial coefficients, central binomial coefficients, and Catalan numbers.
Boson Operator Ordering Identities from Generalized Stirling and Eulerian Numbers
本文研究单模玻色子算符生成的代数中的排序恒等式，推导了玻色子串幂的两种展开方式，确定其系数为广义斯特林数与欧拉数，发展了相关计算理论并涵盖先前正规排序结果。
It is shown in this note that non-central Stirling numbers s(n,k,a) of the first kind naturally appear in the expansion of derivatives of the product of a power function and a logarithn function. We first obtain a recurrence relation for these numbers, and then, using Leibnitz rule we obtain an explicit formula for these numbers. We also obtain an explicit formula for s(n,1,a), and then derive several combinatorial identities related to these numbers.
In this paper, we present a formula for generating various exotic series in the spirit of Ovidiu Furdui and Alina Sintamarian. Our new series (evaluated in closed form) involve Bernoulli, harmonic, and Catalan numbers. Also Stirling numbers of the second kind, other special numbers, and exponential polynomials. The results include series identities with Laguerre polynomials and derangement polynomials.
Analytic aspects of $q,r$-analogue of poly-Stirling numbers of both kinds
本文研究两类 $B$ 型 poly-Stirling 数的 $q,r$-模拟，建立递推、容斥显式公式与指数生成函数，并推广 Comtet–Lancaster 的广义 Stirling 数三角形等价刻画。
We study matrices which transform the sequence of Fibonacci or Lucas polynomials with even index to those with odd index and vice versa. They turn out to be intimately related to generalized Stirling numbers and to Bernoulli, Genocchi and tangent numbers and give rise to various identities between these numbers. There is also a close connection with the Akiyama-Tanigawa algorithm.
Inversion formulas have been found, converting between Stirling, tanh and Lah numbers. Tanh and Lah polynomials, analogous to the Stirling polynomials, have been defined and their basic properties established. New identities for Stirling and tangent numbers and polynomials have been derived from the general inverse relations. In the second part of the paper, it has been shown that if shifted-gamma probability densities and negative binomial distributions are matched by equating their first three semi-invariants (cumulants), then the cumulants of the two distributions are related by a pair of r…
In this paper, we investigate certain combinatorial numbers, the \textit{moment generating Stirling numbers}. They are a special case of Hsu's generalized Stirling numbers and satisfy many more properties and combinatorial identities than are known in the general case. As application, we provide the computation of the moments and central moments of the phase type distribution, the recurrence time in Markov chains, the geometric distribution, the negative binomial distribution and of a class of distributions generalizing the negative binomial distribution. All computations can be performed in c…
Restricted $r$-Stirling numbers of the second kind
研究第二类受限\((r,d)\)-斯特林数，通过施加距离限制推广\(r\)-斯特林数，建立递推关系、公式、生成函数及恒等式等。
Several series expansions for real powers and several formulas for partial Bell polynomials of sinc and sinhc functions in terms of central factorial and Stirling numbers of second kind
本文利用 Faà di Bruno 公式、第二类中心阶乘数和第二类 Stirling 数，建立了 sinc 与 sinhc 函数实数幂的级数展开式，并给出相关偏 Bell 多项式闭式公式及组合数恒等式。
Restricted Whitney numbers of the first kind appear in the combinatorial recursion for the matroid Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials. In the special case of braid matroids (the matroid associated to the partition lattice, the complete graph, the type A Coxeter arrangement and the symmetric group) these restricted Whitney numbers are Stirling numbers of the first kind. We use this observation to obtain a formula for the coefficients of the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials for braid matroids in terms of sums of products of Stirling numbers of the first kind. This results in new identities between Stirling …
Sum rules for permutations with fixed points involving Stirling numbers of the first kind
本文提出基于第一类斯特林数的置换固定点求和规则，并推导了二项系数的求和规则，同时探讨了与贝尔数的关系。
For the Stirling numbers of the second kind $S(n,k)$ and the ordered Bell numbers $B(n)$, we prove the identity $\sum_{k=1}^{n/2} S(n,2k)(2k-1)! = B(n-1)$. An analogous identity holds for the sum over odd $k$'s.
Formulas involving Cauchy polynomials, Bernoulli polynomials, and generalized Stirling numbers
本文建立 Cauchy 数与多项式同多种特殊数和多项式的新恒等式，研究其高阶导数与 poly-Cauchy 推广，并提出统一的多参数框架。
In this article we prove an algebraic identity which significantly generalizes the formula for sum of powers of consecutive integers involving Stirling numbers of the second kind. Also we have obtained a generalization of Newton-Girard power sum identity.
We provide q-generalizations of Spivey's Bell number formula in various settings by considering statistics on different combinatorial structures. This leads to new identities involving q-Stirling numbers of both kinds and q-Lah numbers. As corollaries, we obtain identities for both binomial and q-binomial coefficients. Our results at the same time also generalize recent r-Stirling number formulas of Mezo. Finally, we provide a combinatorial proof and refinement of Xu's extension of Spivey's formula to the generalized Stirling numbers of Hsu and Shiue. To do so, we develop a combinatorial inter…
The Stirling numbers of the second kind are related to normal orderings in the Weyl algebra, while the unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind are related to normal orderings in the shift algebra. Kim-Kim introduced a λ-analogue of the unsigned Stirling numbers of the first kind and that of the r-Stirling numbers of the first kind. In this paper, we introduce a λ-analogue of the shift algebra (called λ-shift algebra) and investigate normal orderings in the λ-shift algebra. From the normal orderings in the λ-shift algebra, we derive some identities about the λ-analogue of the unsigned Stirl…
Connecting the Stirling numbers and $k$-bonacci sums
本文通过建立先前确定的求和公式与实验确定的公式之间的双射关系并进行代数证明，揭示了 Stirling 数出现在 $k$-bonacci 公式中的原因。
It is known that Bernoulli scheme of independent trials with two outcomes is connected with the binomial coefficients. The aim of this paper is to indicate stochastic processes which are connected with the $q$-polynomial coefficients (in particular, with the $q$-binomial coefficients, or the Gaussian polynomials), Stirling numbers of the first and the second kind, and Euler numbers in a natural way. A probabilistic approach allows us to give very simple proofs of some identities for these coefficients.
We prove the curious identity in the sense of formal power series: \[ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}[y^m] \exp\left(-\frac{t^2}2 +\sum_{j\ge3}\frac{(it)^j}{j!}\, y^{j-2}\right)\mathrm{d} t = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}[y^m] \exp\left(-\frac{t^2}2+ \sum_{j\ge3}\frac{(it)^j}{j}\, y^{j-2}\right)\mathrm{d} t, \] for $m=0,1,\dots$, where $[y^m]f(y)$ denotes the coefficient of $y^m$ in the Taylor expansion of $f$. The generality of this identity from the perspective of saddle-point method is also examined.
In the present paper combinatorial identities involving q-dual sequences or polynomials with coefficients q-dual sequences are derived. Further, combinatorial identities for q-binomial coefficients(Gaussian coefficients), q-Stirling numbers and q-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials are deduced.
Stirling numbers, which count partitions of a set and permutations in the symmetric group, have found extensive application in combinatorics, geometry, and algebra. We study analogues and q-analogues of these numbers corresponding to the Coxeter group of type B. In particular, we show how they are related to complete homogeneous and elementary symmetric polynomials; demonstrate how they q-count signed partitions and permutations; compute their ordinary, exponential, and q-exponential generating functions; and prove various identities about them. Ordered analogues of the q-Stirling numbers of t…
In this paper we introduce mixed coloured permutation, permutations with certain coloured cycles, and study the enumerative properties of these combinatorial objects. We derive the generating function, closed forms, recursions and combinatorial identities for the counting sequence, mixed Stirling numbers of the first kind. In this comprehensive study we consider further the conditions on the length of the cycles, $r$-mixed Stirling numbers and the connection to Bell polynomials.
Matrix products of binomial coefficients and unsigned Stirling numbers
本文研究二项式系数与无符号斯特林数构成的矩阵乘积和式，分析其闭式表达、组合解释、递推关系及多项式基变换系数意义。
Probabilistic degenerate Stirling numbers of the first kind and their applications
本文基于退化累积量生成函数引入第一类概率退化斯特林数，系统研究其性质、恒等式、递推关系与显式表达式，并应用于正态和伽马随机变量。
The Stirling number of a simple graph is the number of partitions of its vertex set into a specific number of non-empty independent sets. In 2015, Engbers et al. showed that the coefficients in the normal ordering of a word $w$ in the alphabet $\{x,D\}$ subject to the relation $Dx=xD+1$ are equal to the Stirling number of certain graphs constructed from $w$. In this paper, we introduce graphical versions of the Stirling numbers of the first kind and the Lah numbers and show how they occur as coefficients in other normal ordering settings. Identities involving their $q$-analogues are also obtai…
In the present article we introduce two new combinatorial interpretations of the $r$-Whitney numbers of the second kind obtained from the combinatorics of the differential operators associated to the grammar $G:=\{ y\rightarrow yx^{m}, x\rightarrow x\}$. By specializing $m=1$ we obtain also a new combinatorial interpretation of the $r$-Stirling numbers of the second kind. Again, by specializing to the case $r=0$ we introduce a new generalization of the Stirling number of the second kind and through them a binomial type family of polynomials that generalizes Touchard's. Moreover, we show severa…
We obtain an explicit simple formula for the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion for the factorial of a natural number,in terms of derivatives of powers of an elementary function. The unique explicit expression for the coefficients that appears to be known is that in the book by L. Comtet, which is given in terms of sums of associated Stirling numbers of the first kind. By considering the bivariate generating function of the associated Stirling numbers of the second kind, another expression for the coefficients in terms of them follows also from our analysis. Comparison with Comtet's expr…
On an alternating sum of factorials and Stirling numbers of the first kind: trees, lattices, and games
本文研究阶乘与第一类斯特林数的交错和，给出指数生成函数并证明其非负性，将其与递增树博弈、弱序到Tamari格的商及平面树双射相联系，并给出有根树博弈胜负的等价刻画。
Some applications of a result, which is proved recently, is considered. We first prove three determinantal identities concerning the binomial coefficient and Stirling numbers of the first and the second kind. We also easily obtain the inverse of the Vandermonde matrix. Then we derive a recurrence formula for sums of powers, which is similar to the well-known Newton identity. In the last section, we consider some sequences given by a homologous linear recurrence equation. A determinantal identity for the Fibonacci numbers of higher order is proved. We finish with an expression of the generalize…
We define a generalized class of modified zeta series transformations generating the partial sums of the Hurwitz zeta function and series expansions of the Lerch transcendent function. The new transformation coefficients we define within the article satisfy expansions by generalized harmonic number sequences, or the partial sums of the Hurwitz zeta function, which are analogous to known properties for the Stirling numbers of the first kind and for the known transformation coefficients employed to enumerate variants of the polylogarithm function series. Applications of the new results we prove …
We define impulse response sequence in the set of all linear recurring sequences satisfying a linear recurrence relation of order $r$. The generating function and expression of the impulse response sequence are presented. Some identities of impulse response sequences including a type of nonlinear expressions are established. The interrelationship between the impulse response sequence and other linear recurring sequences in the same set is given, which is used to transfer the identities of impulse response sequences to those of the linear recurring sequences in the same set. Some applications o…
We introduce new refinements of the Bell, factorial, and unsigned Stirling numbers of the first and second kind that unite the derangement, involution, associated factorial, associated Bell, incomplete Stirling, restricted factorial, restricted Bell, and $r$-derangement numbers (and probably more!). By combining methods from analytic combinatorics, umbral calculus, and probability theory, we derive several recurrence relations and closed form expressions for these numbers. By specializing our results to the classical case, we recover explicit formulae for the Bell and Stirling numbers as sums …
The exponential generating functions of {n^(n+m)} for arbitrary integer m are expressed as rational functions of the e.g.f. of {n^(n-1)} [the tree function] and then of the e.g.f. of {n^n} [the endofunction function]. The coefficients in these rational functions include 2nd-order Eulerian numbers (a result of L. Carlitz), 2nd-order Stirling numbers, and Stirling numbers of the first kind for negative sets (in the sense of D. Loeb). Several combinatorial identities follow.
We evaluate in closed form several series involving products of Cauchy numbers with other special numbers (harmonic, skew-harmonic, hyperharmonic, and central binomial). Similar results are obtained with series involving Stirling numbers of the first kind. We focus on several particular cases which give new closed forms for Euler sums of hyperharmonic numbers and products of hyperharmonic and harmonic numbers.
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