The aim of this paper is to provide a method for explicit computation of the Bures metric over the space of $N$-level quantum system, based on the coset parametrization of density matrices.
Bures Metrics for Certain High-Dimensional Quantum Systems
用于Bures(统计距离)度量的Hubner公式被应用于单参数和双参数序列(n=2,.,7)2^n x 2^n密度矩阵的集合。在双参数化系列中,集合由具有实数项的2 x 2密度矩阵的n重张量积组成--对应于n个独立的、相同的量子系统。相应的Bures度量的高斯曲率被发现是常数(4/n)。在第二系列的2^n × 2^n密度矩阵的研究,单参数集形成-以下的研究Krattenthaler和斯莱特-平均相对于一定的吉布斯分布,n倍张量积的2 × 2密度矩阵与复杂的条目。对于n = 100,我们还能够计算这个特定序列中两个任意(不一定相邻)密度矩阵之间的Bures距离,利用Krattenthaler和Slater的特征值公式,以及这个序列中2 ^n x 2 ^n密度矩阵可交换的知识。
We use the canonical coset parameterization and provide a formula with the unitary part of the Bures measure for non-degenerate systems in terms of the product of even Euclidean balls. This formula is shown to be consistent with the sampling of random states through the generation of random unitary matrices.
Separability analyses of two-qubit density matrices
我们追求一些分析方向,在某种程度上最初的动机是开发一种方法的可能性,正式证明或反驳量子理论相关性的某些猜想(quant-ph/0308037)。它断言可分离的两量子位密度矩阵所占据的15维体积是(\sqrt{2} -1)/3,这是根据统计可扩展性度量(Bures或最小单调度量的四倍)来测量的。然而,有些令人不安的是,我们报告的几个不同的分析,虽然我们希望独立/自主的兴趣,似乎提供了如何明确解决这个猜想的小迹象。在我们的研究中,有以下几个:(1)在一些雅各布奇克-西恩尼茨基双量子比特场景中布洛赫向量的二维截面的布勒斯体积;(2)可分密度矩阵的某些凸多面体的结构;(3)15 x 15布勒斯度量张量的对角化。
Bures distance holds a special place among various distance measures due to its several distinguished features and finds applications in diverse problems in quantum information theory. It is related to fidelity and, among other things, it serves as a bona fide measure for quantifying the separability of quantum states. In this work, we calculate exact analytical results for the mean root fidelity and mean square Bures distance between a fixed density matrix and a random density matrix, and also between two random density matrices. In the course of derivation, we also obtain spectral density fo…
One of the key issues in quantum information theory related problems concerns with that of distinguishability of quantum states. In this context, Bures distance serves as one of the foremost choices among various distance measures. It also relates to fidelity, which is another quantity of immense importance in quantum information theory. In this work, we derive exact results for the average fidelity and variance of the squared Bures distance between a fixed density matrix and a random density matrix, and also between two independent random density matrices. These results supplement the recentl…
Bures/statistical distinguishability probabilities of triseparable and biseparable Eggeling-Werner States
在以前的一些研究中,我们已经研究了使用Bures(最小单调)度量的体积元素-同样,统计可扩展性(SD)度量的四分之一-作为n x n密度矩阵的(n^2-1)维凸集上的自然度量。这使得我们在n = 4和6的情况下估计了量子位-量子位和量子位-四元组对可分离的先验(Bures/SD)概率。在这里,我们将这项工作从这样的二分系统扩展到最近由Eggeling和Werner(Phys. Rev. A 63 [2001],042324)构造的具有U × U × U对称性的三分“实验室”量子系统。我们推导出相关的SD度量张量的三个量子比特和三个qutrit的情况下,然后使用Monte Carlo方法获得各种相关的Bures/SD概率的估计。
Ensembles of random density matrices determined by various probability measures are analysed. A simple and efficient algorithm to generate at random density matrices distributed according to the Bures measure is proposed. This procedure may serve as an initial step in performing Bayesian approach to quantum state estimation based on the Bures prior. We study the distribution of purity of random mixed states. The moments of the distribution of purity are determined for quantum states generated with respect to the Bures measure. This calculation serves as an exemplary application of the "deform-…
In a unital C*-algebra with a faithful trace functional $τ$, the set $D_τ(A)$ of positive $ρ\in A$ of trace τ(ρ)=1 is an algebraic analogue of the space of density matrices (the set of all positive matrices of a fixed dimension of unit trace). Motivated by the literature concerning the metric properties of the space of density matrices, the present paper studies the density space $D_τ(A)$ in terms of the Bures metric. Linear maps on A that map $D_τ(A)$ back into itself are positive and trace preserving, hence, they may be viewed as an algebraic analogue of a quantum channel, which are studied …
We show that two quantities in quantum metrology that were thought to be the same, the quantum Fisher information matrix and the Bures metric, are not the same. They differ at points at which the rank of the density matrix changes. The quantum Fisher information matrix is discontinuous at these points. However, these discontinuities are removable in some sense. We show that the expression given by the Bures metric represents the continuous version of the quantum Fisher information matrix. We also derive an explicit formula for the Bures metric for both singular and non-singular density matrice…
We consider an ensemble of random density matrices distributed according to the Bures measure. The corresponding joint probability density of eigenvalues is described by the fixed trace Bures-Hall ensemble of random matrices which, in turn, is related to its unrestricted trace counterpart via a Laplace transform. We investigate the spectral statistics of both these ensembles and, in particular, focus on the level density, for which we obtain exact closed-form results involving Pfaffians. In the fixed trace case, the level density expression is used to obtain an exact result for the average Hav…
Efficient computation of average subsystem Bures distance between fermionic Gaussian states
Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University(天津大学理学院物理系联合量子研究中心);Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense(弗鲁米嫩塞联邦大学物理研究所)
We present a new method of deriving the geometry of entanglement wedges in holography directly from conformal field theories (CFTs). We analyze an information metric called the Bures metric of reduced density matrices for locally excited states. This measures distinguishability of states with different points excited. For a subsystem given by an interval, we precisely reproduce the expected entanglement wedge for two dimensional holographic CFTs from the Bures metric, which turns out to be proportional to the AdS metric on a time slice. On the other hand, for free scalar CFTs, we do not find a…
We seek to gain insight into the nature of the determinantal moments of generic (9-dimensional) two-rebit and (15-dimensional) two-qubit systems (rho). Such information-as it has proved to be in the Hilbert-Schmidt counterpart--should be useful, employing probability-distribution reconstruction (inverse) procedures, in obtaining improved, or possibly even exact Bures 2 x 2 separability probabilities for such systems. The (regularizing) strategy we first adopt is to plot the ratio of numerically-generated (Ginibre ensemble) estimates of the Bures moments to the corresponding (apparently) exactl…
The Bures-Hall ensemble is a unique measure of density matrices that satisfies various distinguished properties in quantum information processing. In this work, we study the statistical behavior of entanglement over the Bures-Hall ensemble as measured by the simplest form of an entanglement entropy - the quantum purity. The main results of this work are the exact second and third moment expressions of quantum purity valid for any subsystem dimensions, where the corresponding results in the literature are limited to the scenario of equal subsystem dimensions. In obtaining the results, we have d…
We investigate the level density for several ensembles of positive random matrices of a Wishart--like structure, $W=XX^{\dagger}$, where $X$ stands for a nonhermitian random matrix. In particular, making use of the Cauchy transform, we study free multiplicative powers of the Marchenko-Pastur (MP) distribution, ${\rm MP}^{\boxtimes s}$, which for an integer $s$ yield Fuss-Catalan distributions corresponding to a product of $s$ independent square random matrices, $X=X_1\cdots X_s$. New formulae for the level densities are derived for $s=3$ and $s=1/3$. Moreover, the level density corresponding t…
We study various methods to generate ensembles of random density matrices of a fixed size N, obtained by partial trace of pure states on composite systems. Structured ensembles of random pure states, invariant with respect to local unitary transformations are introduced. To analyze statistical properties of quantum entanglement in bi-partite systems we analyze the distribution of Schmidt coefficients of random pure states. Such a distribution is derived in the case of a superposition of k random maximally entangled states. For another ensemble, obtained by performing selective measurements in …
A quantum version of the Monge--Kantorovich optimal transport problem is analyzed. The transport cost is minimized over the set of all bipartite coupling states $ρ^{AB}$, such that both of its reduced density matrices $ρ^A$ and $ρ^B$ of dimension $N$ are fixed. We show that, selecting the quantum cost matrix to be proportional to the projector on the antisymmetric subspace, the minimal transport cost leads to a semidistance between $ρ^A$ and $ρ^B$, which is bounded from below by the rescaled Bures distance and from above by the root infidelity. In the single qubit case we provide a semi-analyt…
This article presents a new method to compute matrices from numerical simulations based on the ideas of sparse sampling and compressed sensing. The method is useful for problems where the determination of the entries of a matrix constitutes the computational bottleneck. We apply this new method to an important problem in computational chemistry: the determination of molecular vibrations from electronic structure calculations, where our results show that the overall scaling of the procedure can be improved in some cases. Moreover, our method provides a general framework for bootstrapping cheap …
This investigation continues a program aiming at obtaining effective quantum models to describe measurement statistics. In [Stark, arXiv:1209.5737 (2012)], we have described how the Gram matrix associated to the prepared states and the performed POVM elements can be estimated via convex relaxation of a rank minimization problem. This Gram matrix determines the density matrices and the POVM elements uniquely up to simultaneous rotations (with respect to the Hilbert-Schmidt inner product) in the vector space of Hermitian matrices. However, when the description of the experiment needs to be conne…
A complete description of the multitudinous ways in which quantum particles can be entangled requires the use of high-dimensional abstract mathematical spaces. We report here a particularly interesting feature of the nine-dimensional convex set-endowed with Hilbert-Schmidt (Euclidean/flat) measure-composed of two-rebit (4 x 4) density matrices (rho). To each rho is assigned the product of its (nonnegative) determinant |rho| and the determinant of its partial transpose |rho^{PT}| -negative values of which, by the results of Peres and Horodecki, signify the entanglement of rho. Integrating this …
We present an efficient algorithm for computing the permanent for matrices of size N that can written as a product of L block diagonal matrices with blocks of size at most 2. For fixed L, the time and space resources scale linearly in N, with a prefactor that scales exponentially in L. This class of matrices contains banded matrices with banded inverse. We show that such a factorization into a product of block diagonal matrices gives rise to a circuit acting on a Hilbert space with a tensor product structure and that the permanent is equal to the transition amplitude of this circuit and a prod…
Tomography of Quantum States from Structured Measurements via quantum-aware transformer
University of New South Wales(新南威尔士大学);The Australian National University(澳大利亚国立大学);University of Technology Sydney(悉尼科技大学);Nanjing University(南京大学);Princeton University(普林斯顿大学)