Hadronic Calibration of the ATLAS Liquid Argon End-Cap Calorimeter in the Pseudorapidity Region 1.6 < |eta| < 1.8 in Beam Tests
C. Cojocaru, J. Pinfold, J. Soukup, M. Vincter, V. Datskov, A. Fedorov, S. Golubykh, N. Javadov, V. Kalinnikov, S. Kakurin, M. Kazarinov, V. Kukhtin, E. Ladygin… 展开作者
C. Cojocaru, J. Pinfold, J. Soukup, M. Vincter, V. Datskov, A. Fedorov, S. Golubykh, N. Javadov, V. Kalinnikov, S. Kakurin, M. Kazarinov, V. Kukhtin, E. Ladygin, A. Lazarev, A. Neganov, I. Pisarev, N. Rousakovitch, E. Serochkin, S. Shilov, A. Shalyugin, Yu. Usov, D. Bruncko, R. Chytracek, E. Kladiva, P. Strizenec, F. Barreiro, G. Garcia, F. Labarga, S. Rodier, J. del Peso, M. Heldmann, K. Jakobs, L. Koepke, R. Othegraven, D. Schroff, J. Thomas, C. Zeitnitz, P. Barrillon, C. Benchouk, F. Djama, F. Henry-Couannier, L. Hinz, F. Hubaut, E. Monnier, C. Olivier, P. Pralavorio, M. Raymond, D. Sauvage, C. Serfon, S. Tisserant, J. Toth, G. Azuelos, C. Leroy, R. Mehdiyev, A. Akimov, M. Blagov, A. Komar, A. Snesarev, M. Speransky, V. Sulin, M. Yakimenko, M. Aderholz, T. Barillari, H. Bartko, W. Cwienk, A. Fischer, J. Habring, J. Huber, A. Karev, A. Kiryunin, L. Kurchaninov, S. Menke, P. Mooshofer, H. Oberlack, D. Salihagic, P. Schacht, T. Chen, J. Ping, M. Qi, W. Aoulthenko, V. Kazanin, G. Kolatchev, W. Malychev, A. Maslennikov, G. Pospelov, R. Snopkov, A. Shousharo, A. Soukharev, A. Talychev, Y. Tikhonov, S. Chekulaev, S. Denisov, M. Levitsky, A. Minaenko, G. Mitrofanov, A. Moiseev, A. Pleskatch, V. Sytnik, L. Zakamsky, M. Losty, C. J. Oram, M. Wielers, P. S. Birney, M. Fincke-Keeler, I. Gable, T. A. Hodges, T. Hughes, T. Ince, N. Kanaya, R. K. Keeler, R. Langstaff, M. Lefebvre, M. Lenckowski, R. McPherson, H. M. Braun, J. Thadome
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66 pages, 60 Postscript figures, submitted to NIM A
A full azimuthal phi-wedge of the ATLAS liquid argon end-cap calorimeter has been exposed to beams of electrons, muons and pions in the energy range 6 GeV <= E <= 200 GeV at the CERN SPS. The angular region studied corresponds to the ATLAS impact position around the pseudorapidity interval 1.6 < |eta| < 1.8. The beam test set-up is described. A detailed study of the performance is given as well as the related intercalibration constants obtained. Following the ATLAS hadronic calibration proposal, a first study of the hadron calibration using a weighting ansatz is presented. The results are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo simulations, based on GEANT 3 and GEANT 4 models.
A selection of ATLAS liquid argon (LAr) calorimeter commissioning studies is presented. It includes a coherent noise study, a measurement of the quality of the ionization pulse shape prediction, and energy and time reconstruction analyses with cosmic and single beam signals.
ATLAS has chosen for its Hadronic End-Cap Calorimeter (HEC) the copper-liquid argon sampling technique with flat plate geometry and GaAs pre-amplifiers in the argon. The contruction of the calorimeter is now approaching completion. Results of production quality checks are reported and their anticipated impact on calorimeter performance discussed. Selected results, such as linearity, electron and pion energy resolution, uniformity of energy response, obtained in beam tests both of the Hadronic End-Cap Calorimeter by itself, and in the ATLAS configuration where the HEC is in combination with the…
We present the optical data links for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter. The current status of the vertical cavity surface emitting laser failures, the up-to-date results in searching for the failure cause, experiences gained in the searching process, possible backup plans for the optical transmitters and the lessons learned are also discussed.
The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will provide 5-7 times greater luminosities than assumed in the original detector design. An improved trigger system requires an upgrade of the readout electronics of the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter. Concepts for the future readout of the 182,500 calorimeter cells at 40-80 MHz and 16-bit dynamic range and the developments of radiation-tolerant, low-noise, low-power, and high-bandwidth front-end electronic components, including preamplifiers and shapers, 14-bit ADCs, and 10-Gb/s laser diode array drivers, are presented in this paper.
The purpose, design specifications, construction techniques, and testing methods are described for the high voltage feedthrough ports and filters of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters. These feedthroughs carry about 5000 high voltage wires from a room-temperature environment (300 K) through the cryostat walls to the calorimeters cells (89 K) while maintaining the electrical and cryogenic integrity of the system. The feedthrough wiring and filters operate at a maximum high voltage of 2.5 kV without danger of degradation by corona discharges or radiation at the Large Hadron Collider.
The D0 experiment was designed in the mid 1980s and ran at the Fermilab pp collider from 1992 through 2011. I describe the uranium-liquid argon calorimeter and its readout electronic which was upgraded in the late 1990s to handle the higher luminosity of the upgraded Tevatron during its second running period from 2001-2011. I summarize maintaining the calorimeter for 20 years of data taking. I further describe a few issues that arose during that time, including different types of noise and the anomalous high voltage currents seen only in the central calorimeter.
In 2002 the first combined beam test of the hadronic and electromagnetic liquid-argon endcap calorimeters of the ATLAS experiment took place at the SPS test beam at CERN. A total of 15 million events from electrons, muons and pions in the energy range from 6 to 200 GeV were recorded. The entire calibration chain, from digital filter weights, over calibration constants, to clustering and energy weights, as is relevant for the energy calibration of hadronic and electromagnetic showers in ATLAS was tested and applied to the beam test data. The calibration methods and first results for the combine…
A Liquid-argon Trigger Digitizer Board (LTDB) is being developed to upgrade the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-I trigger electronics. The LTDB located at the front end needs to obtain the clock signals and be configured and monitored remotely from the back end. A clock and control system is being developed for the LTDB and the major functions of the system have been evaluated. The design and evaluation of the clock and control system are presented in this paper.
The jet calibration of the Liquid-Argon-Calorimeter of the H1 Detector at HERA is described. In the measurement of high jet transverse energies systematic uncertainties as low as 2% can be reached in deep inelastic scattering with a high photon virtuality (Q^2) and in photoproduction. Furthermore, the concept of a new energy weighting scheme of H1 is presented. First applications with a high Q^2 neutral current deep inelastic scattering sample show that the resolution of the balance in transverse momentum between the hadronic system and the electron is improved.
We have been developing a serializer application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based on a commercial 0.25-μm silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) CMOS technology for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter front-end electronics upgrade. The first prototype, a 5 Gbps 16:1 serializer has been designed, fabricated, and tested in lab environment and in a 200 MeV proton beam. The test results indicate that the first prototype meets the design goals. The second prototype, a double-lane, 8 Gbps per lane serializer is under development. The post-layout simulation indicates that 8 Gbps is achievable. In this pape…
In this paper, we present the design and test results of LOCx2, a transmitter ASIC for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter trigger upgrade. LOCx2 consists of two channels and each channel encodes ADC data with an overhead of 14.3% and transmits serial data at 5.12 Gbps with a latency of less than 27.2 ns. LOCx2 is fabricated with a commercial 0.25-um Silicon-on-Sapphire CMOS technology and is packaged in a 100-pin QFN package. The power consumption of LOCx2 is about 843 mW.
Two optical data link data transmission Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), the baseline and its backup, have been designed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) Calorimeter Phase-I trigger upgrade. The latency of each ASIC and that of its corresponding receiver implemented in a back-end Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are critical specifications. In this paper, we present the latency measurements and simulation of two ASICs. The measurement results indicate that both ASICs achieve their design goals and meet the latency specifications. The consistency between the simulation and …
The ATLAS liquid argon (LAr) calorimeter system consists of an electromagnetic barrel calorimeter and two end-caps with electromagnetic, hadronic and forward calorimeters. The construction of the full calorimeter system is completed since mid-2004. The detector has been operated with LAr at nominal high voltage and fully equipped with readout electronics. Online software, monitoring tools and offline signal reconstruction have been developed for data collection and processing. Extensive tests with calibration pulses have been carried out, and the electronics calibration scheme for all 182468 c…
A prototype optical-link board has been developed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-2 upgrade. The board consists of 24 lpGBT chips and 8 VTRx+ modules and demonstrates the full optical link design of the future front-end board. The board has 22 simplex optical links to transmit detector data, which are emulated in FPGAs and injected through 6 FMC connectors, to the off-detector electronics. The board implements 2 duplex optical links for clocks, control, and monitoring with redundant design to improve the system reliability. Data transmission and all redundant designs have been ver…
A serializer ASIC and a VCSEL driver ASIC are needed for the front-end optical data transmission in the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter readout phase-I upgrade. The baseline ASICs are the serializer LOCx2 and the VCSEL driver LOCld, designed in a 0.25-μm Silicon-on-Sapphire (SoS) CMOS technology and consumed 843 mW and 320 mW, respectively. Based on a 130-nm CMOS technology, we design two pin-to-pin-compatible backup ASICs, LOCx2-130 and LOCld-130. Their power consumptions are much lower then of their counterparts, whereas other performance, such as the latency, data rate, and radiation toleran…
The ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter has been operating continuously since August 2006. At this time, only part of the calorimeter was readout, but since the beginning of 2008, all calorimeter cells have been connected to the ATLAS readout system in preparation for LHC collisions. This paper gives an overview of the liquid argon calorimeter performance measured in situ with random triggers, calibration data, cosmic muons, and LHC beam splash events. Results on the detector operation, timing performance, electronics noise, and gain stability are presented. High energy deposits from radiative cosm…
The readout systems for the ATLAS silicon trackers and liquid argon calorimeters utilize vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes to communicate between on and off detector readout components. A number of these VCSEL devices have failed well before their expected lifetime. We summarize the failure history and present what has been learned thus far about failure mechanisms and the dependence of the lifetime on environmental conditions.
We present the procedures and results of the quality control tests for the front-end optical link components in the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-1 upgrade. The components include a Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) driver ASIC LOCld, custom optical transmitter/transceiver modules MTx/MTRx, and a transmitter ASIC LOCx2. LOCld, MTx, and LOCx2 each contain two channels with the same structure, while MTRx has a transmitter channel and a receiver channel. Each channel is tested at 5.12 Gbps. A total of 5341 LOCld chips, 3275 MTx modules, 797 MTRx modules, and 3198 LOCx2 chips a…
The readout electronics upgrade for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeters at the CERN Large Hadron Collider requires a radiation-hard ADC. The design of a radiation-hard dual-channel 12-bit 40 MS/s pipeline ADC for this use is presented. The design consists of two pipeline A/D channels each with four Multiplying Digital-to-Analog Converters followed by 8-bit Successive-Approximation-Register analog-to-digital converters. The custom design, fabricated in a commercial 130 nm CMOS process, shows a performance of 67.9 dB SNDR at 10 MHz for a single channel at 40 MS/s, with a latency of 87.5 ns (to f…
This paper presents several component prototypes towards a low-latency, small-form-factor optical link designed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-I trigger upgrade. A prototype of the custom-made dual-channel optical transmitter module, the Miniature optical Transmitter (MTx), with separate transmitter optical sub-assemblies (TOSAs) has been demonstrated at data rates up to 8 Gbps per channel. A Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) driver ASIC has been developed and is used in the current MTx prototypes. A serializer ASIC prototype, operating at up to 8 Gbps per channel, h…
The in-situ commissioning of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter is taking place since three years. During this period, it has been fully tested by means of frequent calibration runs, and the analysis of the large cosmic muon data samples and of the few beam splash events that occurred on September 10th, 2008. This has allowed to obtain a stable set of calibration constants for the first collisions, and to measure the in-situ calorimeter performances that were found to be at the expected level.
The ionization signals in the liquid argon of the ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeter are studied in detail using cosmic muons. In particular, the drift time of the ionization electrons is measured and used to assess the intrinsic uniformity of the calorimeter gaps and estimate its impact on the constant term of the energy resolution. The drift times of electrons in the cells of the second layer of the calorimeter are uniform at the level of 1.3 % in the barrel and 2.8 % in the endcaps. This leads to an estimated contribution to the constant term of (0.29 +0.05 -0.04) % in the barrel and (0.54 +…
The liquid argon ionization current in a sampling calorimeter cell can be analyzed to determine the energy of detected particles. In practice, experimental artifacts such as pileup and electronic noise make the inference of energy from current a difficult process. The beam intensity of the Large Hadron Collider will be significantly increased during the Phase-II long shut down of 2025-2027. Signal processing techniques that are used to extract the energy of detected particles in the ATLAS detector will suffer a significant loss in performance under these conditions. This paper compares the pre…
A radiation-hard quad-channel 12-bit 40 MSPS pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been designed for the trigger readout electronics Phase-I upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeter, at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The final version of the custom design, fabricated in a commercial 130 nm CMOS process, is presented and found to meet the system requirements for analog performance and radiation tolerance. The procedure for quality control of 17200 ADCs is described and the results are presented.
The ATLAS experiment is designed to study the proton-proton collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Liquid argon sampling calorimeters are used for all electromagnetic calorimetry as well as hadronic calorimetry in the endcaps. After installation in 2004--2006, the calorimeters were extensively commissioned over the three--year period prior to first collisions in 2009, using cosmic rays and single LHC beams. Since then, approximately 27 fb$\mathbf{^{-1}}$ of data have been collected at an unprecedented center of mass energy. During all these stages, the calorimeter and …
The design of a radiation-hard dual channel 12-bit 40 MS/s pipeline ADC with extended dynamic range is presented, for use in the readout electronics upgrade for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeters at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The design consists of two pipeline A/D channels with four Multiplying Digital-to-Analog Converters with nominal 12-bit resolution each. The design, fabricated in the IBM 130 nm CMOS process, shows a performance of 68 dB SNDR at 18 MHz for a single channel at 40 MS/s while consuming 55 mW/channel from a 2.5 V supply, and exhibits no performance degradation after irr…
The increased particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), with instantaneous luminosities of up to 7.5 times the original design value, will have an impact on many sub-systems of the ATLAS detector. This contribution highlights the particular impacts on the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter system, together with an overview of the various upgrade plans leading up to the HL-LHC. The higher luminosities are of particular importance for the forward calorimeters (FCal), where the expected increase in the ionization load poses a number of problems that can degrade…
An optical link system is being developed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-II upgrade. The optical link system is responsible for transmit the data of over 182 thousand detector channels from 1524 Front-End Boards (FEBs) through 26 optical fibers per FEB over 150 meters to the counting room and brings clocks, bunch crossing reset signals and slow control/monitoring signals back to the FEBs. The optical link system is based on the Low-Power GigaBit Transceivers (lpGBTs) and the Versatile optical Transceiver (VTRx+) modules, which both are being developed for the High-Luminosity LHC …
The construction of the ATLAS electromagnetic liquid argon calorimeter modules is completed and all the modules are assembled and inserted in the cryostats. During the production period four barrel and three endcap modules were exposed to test beams in order to assess their performance, ascertain the production quality and reproducibility, and to scrutinize the complete energy reconstruction chain from the readout and calibration electronics to the signal and energy reconstruction. It was also possible to check the full Monte Carlo simulation of the calorimeter. The analysis of the uniformity,…
The ATLAS experiment at CERN measures energy of proton-proton (p-p) collisions with a repetition frequency of 40 MHz at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The readout electronics of liquid-argon (LAr) calorimeters are being prepared for high luminosity-LHC (HL-LHC) operation as part of the phase-II upgrade, anticipating a pileup of up to 200 simultaneous p-p interactions. The increase of the number of p-p interactions implies that calorimeter signals of up to 25 consecutive collisions overlap, making energy reconstruction more challenging. In order to achieve the goal of the HL-HLC, field-progra…
Firmware implementation of a recurrent neural network for the computation of the energy deposited in the liquid argon calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment
Quality control and quality assurance evaluation of ALFE2, a large-dynamic-range front-end ASIC de-veloped for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter high-luminosity LHC upgrade
Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室物理系）；Instrumentation Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室仪器部）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University（石溪大学物理与天文系）；IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3（巴黎萨克雷大学IJCLab，CNRS/IN2P3）；ESAT-ADVISE, KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学ESAT-ADVISE）；CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）
The ArDM experiment, a 1 ton liquid argon TPC/Calorimeter, is designed for the detection of dark matter particles which can scatter off the spinless argon nuclei. These events producing a recoiling nucleus will be discerned by their light to charge ratio, as well as the time structure of the scintillation light. The experiment is presently under construction and will be commissioned on surface at CERN. Here we describe the detector concept and give a short review on the main detector components.
Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) have been proposed as a method of improving the jet energy resolution of future colliding beam detectors. PFAs require calorimeters with high granularity to enable three-dimensional imaging of events. The Calorimeter for the Linear Collider Collaboration (CALICE) is developing and testing prototypes of such highly segmented calorimeters. In this context, a large prototype of a Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHCAL) was developed and constructed by a group led by Argonne National Laboratory. The DHCAL consists of 52 layers, instrumented with Resistive Plate Chambers …
The Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) is designed to study a hot and dense baryonic matter formed in heavy-ion collisions at SQRT(sNN)=4-11 GeV at the NICA accelerator complex (Dubna, Russia). Large-sized electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) of the MPD spectrometer will provide precise spatial and energy measurements for photons and electrons in the central pseudorapidity region of |eta|<1.2. The Shashlyk-type sampling structure of the ECal is optimized for the photons energy range from about 40 MeV to 2-3 GeV. Fine segmentation and projective geometry of the calorimeter allow to deal with high multi…
A module of the ATLAS electromagnetic barrel liquid argon calorimeter was exposed to the CERN electron test-beam at the H8 beam line upgraded for precision momentum measurement. The available energies of the electron beam ranged from 10 to 245 GeV. The electron beam impinged at one point corresponding to a pseudo-rapidity of eta=0.687 and an azimuthal angle of phi=0.28 in the ATLAS coordinate system. A detailed study of several effects biasing the electron energy measurement allowed an energy reconstruction procedure to be developed that ensures a good linearity and a good resolution. Use is m…
The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber offers an innovative technology for a new class of massive detectors for rare-event detection. It is a precise tracking device that allows three-dimensional spatial reconstruction with mm-scale precision of the morphology of ionizing tracks with the imaging quality of a "bubble chamber", provides $dE/dx$ information with high sampling rate, and acts as high-resolution calorimeter for contained events. First proposed in 1977 and after a long maturing process, its holds today the potentialities of opening new physics opportunities by providing excellent t…
The ArDM experiment, a 1 ton liquid argon TPC/Calorimeter, is designed for the detection of dark matter particles which can scatter off the spinless argon nucleus, producing nuclear recoils. These events will be discerned by their light to charge ratio, as well as the time structure of the scintillation light. The experiment is presently under construction and commissioning on surface at CERN. Cryogenic operation and light detection performance was recently confirmed in a test run of the full 1 ton liquid argon target under purely calorimetric operation and with a prototype light readout syste…
Optimised neural networks for online processing of ATLAS calorimeter data on FPGAs
Aix-Marseille Université（艾克斯-马赛大学）；Technische Universität Dresden（德累斯顿工业大学）；Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden（德累斯顿工业大学核与粒子物理研究所）
The energy calibration and resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector have been determined using proton-proton collision data from LHC operation in 2010 and 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s)=7 TeV with integrated luminosities of about 5 inverse femtobarns. Crucial aspects of detector operation, such as the environmental stability, alignment, and synchronization, are presented. The in-situ calibration procedures are discussed in detail and include the maintenance of the calibration in the challenging radiation environment inside the CMS detector. The energ…
The Phase-I trigger readout electronics upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters enhances the physics reach of the experiment during the upcoming operation at increasing Large Hadron Collider luminosities. The new system, installed during the second Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown, increases the trigger readout granularity by up to a factor of ten as well as its precision and range. Consequently, the background rejection at trigger level is improved through enhanced filtering algorithms utilizing the additional information for topological discrimination of electromagnetic and hadroni…
Radiation-tolerant, high speed, high density and low power commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are planned to be used in the upgrade to the Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter front end (FE) trigger readout electronics. Total ionization dose (TID) and single event effect (SEE) are two important radiation effects which need to be characterized on COTS ADCs. In our initial TID test, Texas Instruments (TI) ADS5272 was identified to be the top performer after screening a total 17 COTS ADCs from different manufacturers with dynamic range and sampling rate meeting the requ…
The forward calorimeter (FoCal) of ALICE, planned to be operational for LHC Run 4, will cover the pseudorapidity range 3.4 $ \leq η\leq $ 5.8 allowing to probe the unexplored region of Bjorken-x down to $10^{-6}$. The hadronic section of the FoCal (FoCal-H) will be based on copper capillary tubes and scintillating fibers inside, with light read out by silicon photomultipliers (SiPM). A "proof of concept" demonstration prototype was built and tested in the H6 beamline at the CERN SPS in the beginning of October, 2021, exposing it to an unseparated charged particle beam with energy in the interv…
In June 2012, an Expression of Interest for a long-baseline experiment (LBNO) has been submitted to the CERN SPSC. LBNO considers three types of neutrino detector technologies: a double-phase liquid argon (LAr) TPC and a magnetised iron detector as far detectors. For the near detector, a high-pressure gas TPC embedded in a calorimeter and a magnet is the baseline design. A mandatory milestone is a concrete prototyping effort towards the envisioned large-scale detectors, and an accompanying campaign of measurements aimed at assessing the detector associated systematic errors. The proposed $6\ti…
