A module of the ATLAS electromagnetic barrel liquid argon calorimeter was exposed to the CERN electron test-beam at the H8 beam line upgraded for precision momentum measurement. The available energies of the electron beam ranged from 10 to 245 GeV. The electron beam impinged at one point corresponding to a pseudo-rapidity of eta=0.687 and an azimuthal angle of phi=0.28 in the ATLAS coordinate system. A detailed study of several effects biasing the electron energy measurement allowed an energy reconstruction procedure to be developed that ensures a good linearity and a good resolution. Use is made of detailed Monte Carlo simulations based on Geant which describe the longitudinal and transverse shower profiles as well as the energy distributions. For electron energies between 15 GeV and 180 GeV the deviation of the measured incident electron energy over the beam energy is within 0.1%. The systematic uncertainty of the measurement is about 0.1% at low energies and negligible at high energies. The energy resolution is found to be about 10% sqrt(E) for the sampling term and about 0.2% for the local constant term.
Beam test of a Pb/SciFi prototype for the Barrel Imaging Calorimeter at the Electron-Ion Collider
Sungkyunkwan University（成均馆大学）；Kyungpook National University（庆北国立大学）；Pusan National University（釜山国立大学）；Kangwon National University（江原国立大学）；Yonsei University（延世大学）；Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）
CALIFA is the high efficiency and energy resolution calorimeter for the R$^{3}$B experiment at FAIR, intended for detecting high energy charged particles and $γ$-rays in inverse kinematics direct reactions. It surrounds the reaction target in a segmented configuration of Barrel and Forward End-Cap pieces. The CALIFA Barrel consists of 1952 detection units made of CsI(Tl) long-shaped scintillator crystals, and it is being commissioned during the Phase0 experiments at FAIR. The first setup for the CALIFA Barrel commissioning is presented here. Results of detector performance with $γ$-rays are ob…
The barrel calorimeter is part of the new spectrometer installed in Hall D at Jefferson Lab for the GlueX experiment. The calorimeter was installed in 2013, commissioned in 2014 and has been operating routinely since early 2015. The detector configuration, associated Monte Carlo simulations, calibration and operational performance are described herein. The calorimeter records the time and energy deposited by charged and neutral particles created by a multi-GeV photon beam. It is constructed as a lead and scintillating-fiber calorimeter and read out with 3840 large-area silicon photomultiplier …
The Crystal Barrel is an electromagnetic calorimeter consisting of 1380 CsI(Tl) scintillators, and is currently installed at the CBELSA/TAPS experiment where it is used to detect decay products from photoproduction of mesons. The readout of the Crystal Barrel has been upgraded in order to integrate the detector into the first level of the trigger and to increase its sensitivity for neutral final states. The new readout uses avalanche photodiodes in the front-end and a dual back-end with branches optimized for energy and time measurement, respectively. An FPGA-based cluster finder processes the…
The High Energy cosmic Radiation Detection (HERD) facility is a space mission designed for detecting cosmic ray (CR) electrons, $γ$-rays up to tens of TeV and CR nuclei from proton to iron up to several PeV. The main instrument of HERD is a 3-D imaging calorimeter (CALO) composed of nearly ten thousand cubic LYSO crystals. A large dynamic range of single HERD CALO Cell (HCC) is necessary to achieve HERD's PeV observation objectives, which means that the response of HCC should maintain a good linearity from minimum ionizing particle (MIP) calibration to PeV shower maximum. In order to study the…
A silicon-based fine granularity calorimeter is a potential technology for the future International Linear Collider ILC, the future circular collider CEPC, and is also the chosen technology for the upgraded CMS experiment of the Large Hadron Collider. Active silicon sensing pads are used as MIP counters and the standard calibration of the calorimeter uses weights based on the average energy loss, $dEdx$. In this work, the limitations of the dEdx calibration method in terms of energy linearity, scale and resolution are explored. In the case of a calorimeter with varying passive layer thickness …
The PANDA experiment is one of the four large experiments being built at FAIR in Darmstadt. It will use a cooled antiproton beam on a fixed target within the momentum range of 1.5 to 15 GeV/c to address questions of strong QCD, where the coupling constant $α_s \gtrsim 0.3$. The luminosity of up to $2 \cdot 10^{32} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ and the momentum resolution of the antiproton beam down to \mbox{$Δ$p/p = 4$\cdot10^{-5}$} allows for high precision spectroscopy, especially for rare reaction processes. Above the production threshold for open charm mesons the production of kaons plays an important ro…
We present a study which shows encouraging stability of the response linearity for a simulated high granularity calorimeter module reconstructed by a CNN model to miscalibration, bias, and noise effects. Our results also show an intuitive, quantifiable relationship between these factors and the calibration parameters. We trained a CNN model to reconstruct energy in the calorimeter module using simulated single-pion events; we then observed the response of the model under various miscalibration, bias, and noise conditions that affected the model input. From these data, we estimated linear respo…
Design and Performance Simulation of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter at EicC
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所）；School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学核科学与技术学院）
The ATLAS detector is set to undergo a substantial upgrade termed the "Phase-II" upgrade during the Long-Shutdown in preparation for the start of operation of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This paper describes the development and implementation of the Phase-II upgrade low voltage power supply transformer-coupled buck converter (Brick) test bench. A large scale production of approximately 2048 finger low voltage power supplies, with an identical output voltage, is set to be undertaken in the year 2022. This production will culminate in the complete replacement of the LVPS …
The long slab is a new prototype for the SiW-Ecal, a silicon tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for the ILD detector of the future International Linear Collider. This new prototype has been designed to demonstrate the ability to build a full length detecting layer (1.60m for the ILD barrel). Indeed, this length induces difficulties for clock and signal propagation and data integrity. The design used for short length slabs had to be adapted on the basis of a simulation study. The long slab performance has been tested with cosmics, radioactive source and with 3 GeV electrons in the beam tests …
SiPM non-linearity studies in beam tests with scintillating crystals
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交大李政道研究所）；Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology (SKLPPC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学粒子天体物理与宇宙学教育部重点实验室/上海粒子物理与宇宙学重点实验室）；Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
Beam test, simulation, and performance evaluation of PbF$_2$ and PWO-UF crystals with SiPM readout for a semi-homogeneous calorimeter prototype with longitudinal segmentation
In the reconstruction of physics events at future e$^+$e$^-$ colliders the calorimeter design has a crucial role in the overall detector performance. The reconstruction of events with many jets in their final state sets stringent requirements on the jet energy and angular resolutions. The energy resolution for jets with energy of about 45 GeV is required to be at the 4-5\% level to enable an efficient separation of the W and Z boson invariant masses. We demonstrate in this paper how such a performance can be achieved by exploiting a particle flow algorithm tailored for a hybrid dual-readout ca…
The CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is a high resolution crystal calorimeter operating at the CERN LHC. It is responsible for the identification and precise reconstruction of electrons and photons in CMS, which were crucial in the discovery and subsequent characterization of the Higgs boson. It also contributes to the reconstruction of tau leptons, jets, and calorimeter energy sums, which are vital components of many CMS physics analyses. The ECAL trigger system employs fast digital signal processing algorithms to precisely measure the energy and timing information of ECAL energy deposi…
We present a measurement of the low-energy (0--60$\,$keV) $γ$ ray spectrum produced in the $α$-decay of $^{233}$U using a dedicated cryogenic magnetic micro-calorimeter. The energy resolution of $\sim$$10\,$eV, together with exceptional gain linearity, allow us to measure the energy of the low-lying isomeric state in $^{229}$Th using four complementary evaluation schemes. The most accurate scheme determines the $^{229}$Th isomer energy to be $8.10(17)\,$eV, corresponding to 153.1(37)$\,$nm, superseding in precision previous values based on $γ$ spectroscopy, and agreeing with a recent measureme…
The first evaluation of an ultra-high granularity digital electromagnetic calorimeter prototype using 1.0-5.8 GeV/c electrons is presented. The $25\times10^6$ pixel detector consists of 24 layers of ALPIDE CMOS MAPS sensors, with a pitch of around 30~$μ$m, and has a depth of almost 20 radiation lengths of tungsten absorber. Ultra-thin cables allow for a very compact design. The properties that are critical for physics studies are measured: electromagnetic shower response, energy resolution and linearity. The stochastic energy resolution is comparable with the state-of-the art resolution for a …
Beam Test Performance of AstroPix sensor with 120 GeV protons
Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；Karlsruhe Institute of Technology（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）；Oak Ridge National Laboratory（橡树岭国家实验室）
