In the reconstruction of physics events at future e$^+$e$^-$ colliders the calorimeter design has a crucial role in the overall detector performance. The reconstruction of events with many jets in their final state sets stringent requirements on the jet energy and angular resolutions. The energy resolution for jets with energy of about 45 GeV is required to be at the 4-5\% level to enable an efficient separation of the W and Z boson invariant masses. We demonstrate in this paper how such a performance can be achieved by exploiting a particle flow algorithm tailored for a hybrid dual-readout calorimeter made of segmented crystals and fibers. The excellent energy resolution and linearity of such calorimeter for both photons and neutral hadrons ($3\%/\sqrt{E}$ and $26\%/\sqrt{E}$, respectively), inherent to the homogeneous crystals and dual-readout technological choices, provides a powerful handle for the development of a new approach for particle identification and jet reconstruction. While the dual-readout particle flow algorithm (DR-PFA) presented in this paper is at its early stage of development, it already demonstrates the potential of a hybrid dual-readout calorimeter for jet reconstruction by improving the jet energy resolution with respect to a calorimeter-only reconstruction from 6.0\% to about 4.5\% for 45 GeV jets.
The high flux of charged particles interacting with the CMS Forward Hadron Calorimeter PMT windows introduced a significant background for the trigger and offline data analysis. During Long Shutdown 1, all of the original PMTs were replaced with multi-anode, thin window photomultiplier tubes. At the same time, the back-end electronic readout system was upgraded to μTCA readout. The experience with commissioning and calibration of the Forward Hadron Calorimeter is described as well as the μTCA system. The upgrade was successful and provided quality data for Run 2 data-analysis at 13 TeV.
The longitudinal segmentation of shashlik calorimeters is challenged by dead zones and non-uniformities introduced by the light collection and readout system. This limitation can be overcome by direct fiber-photosensor coupling, avoiding routing and bundling of the wavelength shifter fibers and embedding ultra-compact photosensors (SiPMs) in the bulk of the calorimeter. We present the first experimental test of this readout scheme performed at the CERN PS-T9 beamline in 2015 with negative particles in the 1-5~GeV energy range. In this paper, we demonstrate that the scheme does not compromise t…
In this paper, we describe measurements of the response functions of a fiber-based dual- readout calorimeter for pions, protons and multiparticle "jets" with energies in the range from 10 to 180 GeV. The calorimeter uses lead as absorber material and has a total mass of 1350 kg. It is complemented by leakage counters made of scintillating plastic, with a total mass of 500 kg. The effects of these leakage counters on the calorimeter performance are studied as well. In a separate section, we investigate and compare different methods to measure the energy resolution of a calorimeter. Using only t…
A radiation-hard quad-channel 12-bit 40 MSPS pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been designed for the trigger readout electronics Phase-I upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeter, at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The final version of the custom design, fabricated in a commercial 130 nm CMOS process, is presented and found to meet the system requirements for analog performance and radiation tolerance. The procedure for quality control of 17200 ADCs is described and the results are presented.
The Mu2e calorimeter will employ Readout Units, each made of two Silicon Photomultipliers arrays and two Front End Electronics boards. To calibrate them, we have designed, assembled and put in operation an automated Quality Control (QC) station. Gain, collected charge and photon detection efficiency are evaluated for each unit. In this paper, the QC Station is presented, in its hardware and software aspects, summarizing also the tests performed on the ROUs and the first measurement results.
The present article introduces a novel ASIC architecture, designed in the context of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter upgrade program for the High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The architecture is based on radiation-tolerant 130 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor technology, embedding both analog and digital processing of detector signals. A detailed description of the ASIC is given in terms of motivation, design characteristics and simulated and measured performance. Experimental studies, based on 24 prototype units under real particle beam conditions are also prese…
Crystal calorimeters have a long history of pushing the frontier on high-resolution electromagnetic (EM) calorimetry. We explore in this paper major innovations in collider detector performance that can be achieved with crystal calorimetry when longitudinal segmentation and dual-readout capabilities are combined with a new high EM resolution approach to PFA in multi-jet events, such as $e^+e^+\rightarrow HZ$ events in all-hadronic final-states at Higgs factories. We demonstrate a new technique for pre-processing $π^0$ momenta through combinatoric di-photon pairing in advance of applying jet al…
Differentiable Full Detector Simulation of a Projective Dual-Readout Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter with Longitudinal Segmentation and Precision Timing
A Radiation-Hard Dual Channel 4-bit Pipeline for a 12-bit 40 MS/s ADC Prototype with extended Dynamic Range for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Readout Electronics Upgrade at the CERN LHC
Calorimeters will provide critical measurements at future collider detectors. As the traditional challenge of high dynamic range, high precision, and high readout rates for signal amplitudes is compounded by increasing granularity and precision timing the readout systems will become increasingly complex. This white paper reviews the challenges and opportunities in calorimeter readout at future collider detectors.
Measurement of the scintillation resolution in liquid xenon and its impact for future segmented calorimeters
Los Alamos National Laboratory（洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室）；Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC & Universitat de València（粒子物理研究所（IFIC），西班牙科学委员会与瓦伦西亚大学）；Donostia International Physics Center, BERC Basque Excellence Research Centre（多诺西亚国际物理中心，巴斯克卓越研究中心）；Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M), Centro Mixto CSIC - Universitat Politècnica de València（分子成像仪器研究所（I3M），西班牙科学委员会-巴伦西亚理工大学混合中心）；Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada (IUMPA), Universitat Politècnica de València（纯数学与应用数学大学研究所（IUMPA），巴伦西亚理工大学）
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-borne high energy cosmic-ray and $γ$-ray detector which operates smoothly since the launch on December 17, 2015. The bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) calorimeter is one of the key sub-detectors of DAMPE used for energy measurement and electron proton identification. For events with total energy deposit higher than decades of TeV, the readouts of PMTs coupled on the BGO crystals would become saturated, which results in an underestimation of the energy measurement. Based on detailed simulations, we develop a correction method for the saturation e…
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is one detector of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). TileCal is a sampling calorimeter made of steel plates and plastic scintillators which are readout using approximately 10,000 PhotoMultipliers Tubes (PMTs). In 2024, the LHC will undergo a series of upgrades towards a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to deliver up to 7.5 times the current nominal instantaneous luminosity. The ATLAS Tile Phase II Upgrade will accommodate detector and Data AcQuisition (DAQ) system to the HL-LHC requirements. The detector electronics will be redesigned using a n…
The Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter is made of two disks of un-doped parallelepiped CsI crystals readout by SiPM. There are 674 crystals in one disk and each crystal is readout by an array of two SiPM. The readout electronics is composed of two types of modules: 1) the front-end module hosts the shaping amplifier and the high voltage linear regulator; since one front-end module is interfaced to one SiPM, a total of 2696 modules are needed for the entire calorimeter; 2) a waveform digitizer provides a further level of amplification and digitizes the SiPM signal at the sampling frequency of $20…
In this paper, we describe the first tests of a dual-readout fiber calorimeter in which silicon photomultipliers are used to sense the (scintillation and Cherenkov) light signals. The main challenge in this detector is implementing a design that minimizes the optical crosstalk between the two types of fibers, which are located very close to each other and carry light signals that differ in intensity by about a factor of 60. The experimental data, which were obtained with beams of high-energy electrons and muons as well as in lab tests, illustrate to what extent this challenge was met. The Cher…
Beam test, simulation, and performance evaluation of PbF$_2$ and PWO-UF crystals with SiPM readout for a semi-homogeneous calorimeter prototype with longitudinal segmentation
Extraction Method of Fine Granular Performance from Scintillator Strip Electromagnetic Calorimeter
我们描述了一种算法，它已被开发用于提取细粒度的信息，从电磁量能器与基于条带的读出。这样的量热计，闪烁体条的基础上，正在开发中的粒子流重建应用于未来的高能物理实验。在全探测器模拟中，使用45 x 5 mm^2的条带对该算法进行测试，结果表明，其性能接近于真正的5 x 5 mm^2读出粒度的量热计。通过使用散布在条带层之间的10 x 10 mm^2瓦形层，可以进一步提高性能。
粒子流算法（PFAs）已被提出作为一种方法，以提高未来的碰撞束探测器的喷流能量分辨率。PFA需要具有高粒度的量热计，以实现事件的三维成像。线性对撞机合作（CALICE）的量热仪正在开发和测试这种高度分段量热仪的原型。在这种情况下，由阿贡国家实验室领导的一个小组开发和建造了一个大型的数字强子量热仪（DHCAL）原型。DHCAL由52层组成，装有电阻板室（RPC），并与钢吸收板交错。RPC通过1 x 1 cm2焊盘以1位分辨率（数字读出）读出。DHCAL原型有大约480，000个读出通道。本讲座报告DHCAL的设计，建造和调试。DHCAL于2010年秋季安装在费米实验室试验束设施，并于2011年夏季收集数据。
Since the first version of the Mu2e TDR released at the beginning of 2015, the Mu2e Calorimeter system has undergone a long list of changes to arrive to its final design. These changes were primarily caused by two reasons: (i) the technology choice between the TDR proposed solution of BaF2 crystals readout with solar blind Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) and the backup option of CsI crystals readout with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) has been completed and (ii) the channels numbering, the mechanical system and the readout electronics were substantially modified while proceeding with engineering…
A single calorimeter station for the Muon $g-2$ experiment at Fermilab includes the following subsystems: a 54-element array of PbF$_{2}$ Cherenkov crystals read out by large-area SiPMs, bias and slow-control electronics, a suite of 800 MSPS waveform digitizers, a clock and control distribution network, a gain calibration and monitoring system, and a GPU-based frontend read out through a MIDAS data acquisition environment. The entire system performance was evaluated using 2.5 - 5 GeV electrons at the End Station Test Beam at SLAC. This paper includes a description of the individual subsystems …
Machine Learning Enables Real-Time Waveform Decomposition for Dual-Readout Calorimetry
Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca（意大利国家核物理研究所米兰-比科卡分部）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca（米兰比科卡大学）；Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia（意大利国家核物理研究所佩鲁贾分部）
Resistive Plate Chambers for Imaging Calorimetry - the DHCAL
DHCAL，数字强子量热计，是一种基于电阻板室（RPC）的原型量热计。该设计强调的成像能力的检测器，努力优化的应用程序的粒子流算法（PFAs）的强子射流能量在碰撞束环境中的重建量热计。腔室的读出被分割成1 x 1 cm 2的垫，每个以1位（单阈值）分辨率读出。具有大约50万个读出通道的原型在费米实验室和欧洲核子研究中心的测试束中进行了广泛的测试。本报告介绍了从试验梁收集的数据分析的初步结果。
The PADME experiment at the DA$Φ$NE Beam-Test Facility (BTF) aims at searching for invisible decays of the dark photon by measuring the final state missing mass in the process $e^+e^- \to γ+ A'$, with $A'$ undetected. The measurement requires the determination of the 4-momentum of the recoil photon, performed using a homogeneous, highly segmented BGO crystals calorimeter. We report the results of the test of a 5$\times$5 crystals prototype performed with an electron beam at the BTF in July 2016.
