In this paper we show that every sequence (F_n) of finite dimensional subspaces of a real or complex Banach space with increasing dimensions can be ``refined'' to yield an F.D.D. (G_n), still having increasing dimensions, so that either every bounded sequence (x_n), with x_n in G_n for n in N, is weakly null, or every normalized sequence (x_n), with x_n in G_n for n in N, is equivalent to the unit vector basis of l_1.
Crucial to the proof are two stabilization results concerning Lipschitz functions on finite dimensional normed spaces. These results also lead to other applications. We show, for example, that every infinite dimensional Banach space X contains an F.D.D. (F_n), with lim_{n to infty} dim (F_n)=infty, so that all normalized sequences (x_n), with x_n in F_n, n in N, have the same spreading model over X. This spreading model must necessarily be 1-unconditional over X.
In the present note we give two explicit constructions (based on a retractional argument) of a Schauder basis for the Lipschitz free space $\mathcal{F}(N)$, over certain uniformly discrete metric spaces $N$. The first one applies to every net $N$ in a finite dimensional Banach space, leading to the basis constant independent of the dimension. The second one applies to grids in Banach spaces with an FDD. As a corollary, we obtain a retractional Schauder basis for the Lipschitz free space $\mathcal{F}(N)$ over a net $N$ in every Banach space $X$ with a Schauder basis containing a copy of $c_0$, …
We introduce and study the notion of space of almost universal complemented disposition (a.u.c.d.) as a generalization of Kadec space. We show that every Banach space with separable dual is isometrically contained as a $1$-complemented subspace of a separable a.u.c.d. space and that all a.u.c.d. spaces with $1$-FDD are isometric and contain isometric $1$-complemented copies of every separable Banach space with $1$-FDD. We then study spaces of universal complemented disposition (u.c.d.) and provide different constructions for such spaces. We also consider spaces of u.c.d. with respect to separa…
In our note we show the very close connection between the existence of a Finite Dimensional Decomposition (FDD for short) for a separable Banach space $X$ and the existence of a Lipschitz retraction of $X$ onto a small (in a certain precise sense) generating convex and compact subset $K$ of $X$. In one direction, if $X$ admits an FDD then we construct a Lipschitz retraction onto a small generating convex and compact set $K$. On the other hand, we prove that if $X$ admits a small generating compact Lipschitz retract then $X$ has the $π$-property. We note that it is still unknown if the $π$-prop…
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for an operator $A:X\to Y$ on a Banach space having a shrinking FDD to factor through a Banach space $Z$ such that the Szlenk index of $Z$ is equal to the Szlenk index of $A$. We also prove that for every ordinal $ξ\in (0, ω_1)\setminus\{ω^η: η<ω_1\text{\ a limit ordinal}\}$, there exists a Banach space $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$ having a shrinking basis and Szlenk index $ω^ξ$ such that for any separable Banach space $X$ and any operator $A:X\to Y$ having Szlenk index less than $ω^ξ$, $A$ factors through a subspace and through a quotient of $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$, a…
For each ordinal $α<ω_1$, we prove the existence of a space with a basis and Szlenk index $ω^{α+1}$ which is universal for the class of spaces with Szlenk index not exceeding $ω^α$. Our proof involves developing a characterization of which Banach spaces embed into spaces with an FDD with upper Schreier space estimates.
For every $α<ω_1$ we establish the existence of a separable Banach space whose Szlenk index is $ω^{αω+1}$ and which is universal for all separable Banach spaces whose Szlenk-index does not exceed $ω^{αω}$. In order to prove that result we provide an intrinsic characterization of which Banach spaces embed into a space admitting an FDD with upper estimates.
In this paper, the split common null point problem in two Banach spaces is considered. Then, using the generalized resolvents of maximal monotone operators and the generalized projections and an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings, a strong convergence theorem for finding a solution of the split common null point problem in two Banach spaces in the presence of a sequence of errors will be proved.
Let $X$ be a Banach space with separable dual. It is proved that for every $\varepsilon\in (0,1)$, $X$ embeds isometrically into a Banach space $W$ with a shrinking basis $(w_n)$ which is $(1+ \varepsilon)$-monotone. Moreover, if $X$ has further an FDD $(E_n)$ whose strong bimonotonicity projection constant is not larger than $\mathcal{D}$, then $(w_n)$ has strong bimonotonicity projection constant not exceeding $\mathcal{D}(1 +\varepsilon)$. Further, if $(E_n)$ is $\mathcal{C}$-unconditional then $(w_n)$ is $\mathcal{C}(1 + \varepsilon)$-unconditional. The proof uses renorming and skipped blo…
The hierarchy of the block bases of transfinite normalized averages of a normalized Schauder basic sequence is introduced and a criterion is given for a normalized weakly null sequence in C(K), the Banach space of scalar valued functions continuous on the compact metric space K, to admit a block basis of normalized averages equivalent to the unit vector basis of c_0, the Banach space of null scalar sequences. As an application of this criterion, it is shown that every normalized weakly null sequence in C(K), for countable K, admits a block basis of normalized averages equivalent to the unit ve…
Haar null sets were introduced by J.P.R. Christensen in 1972 to extend the notion of sets with zero Haar measure to nonlocally compact Polish groups. In 2013, U.B. Darij defined a categorical version of Haar null sets, which he named Haar meagre sets. The present paper aims to show that, whenever $C$ is a closed, convex subset of a separable Banach space, $C$ is Haar null if and only if $C$ is Haar meagre. We then use this fact to improve a theorem of E. Matoušková and to solve a conjecture proposed by Esterle, Matheron and Moreau. Finally, we apply the main theorem to find a characterisation …
In this paper, we investigate more about relationship between $uaw$ -convergence (resp. $un$-convergence) and the weak convergence. More precisely, we characterize Banach lattices on which every weak null sequence is $uaw$-null. Also, we characterize order continuous Banach lattices under which every norm bounded $un$-null net (resp. sequence) is weakly null. As a consequence, we study relationship between sequentially $uaw$-compact operators and weakly compact operators. Also, it is proved that every continuous operator, from a Banach lattice $E$ into a non-zero Banach space $X$, is unbounded…
An infinite dimensional notion of asymptotic structure is considered. This notion is developed in terms of trees and branches on Banach spaces. Every countably infinite countably branching tree $\mathcal T$ of a certain type on a space X is presumed to have a branch with some property. It is shown that then X can be embedded into a space with an FDD $(E_i)$ so that all normalized sequences in X which are almost a skipped blocking of $(E_i)$ have that property. As an application of our work we prove that if X is a separable reflexive Banach space and for some $1<p<\infty$ and $C<\infty$ every w…
If a Banach space is saturated with basic sequences whose linear span embeds into the linear span of any subsequence, then it contains a minimal subspace. It follows that any Banach space is either ergodic or contains a minimal subspace. For a Banach space $X$ with an (unconditional) basis, topological 0-1 law type dichotomies are stated for block-subspaces of $X$ as well as for subspaces of $X$ with a successive FDD on its basis. A uniformity principle for properties of block-sequences, results about block-homogeneity, and a possible method to construct a Banach space with an unconditional ba…
The following dichotomy is established for a normalized weakly null sequence in a Banach space: Either every subsequence admits a convex block subsequence equivalent to the unit vector basis of c, the Banach space of null sequences under the supremum norm, or there exists a subsequence which is boundedly convexly complete. This result generalizes J. Elton's dichotomy on weakly null sequences.
Two applications of Nash-Williams' theory of barriers to sequences on Banach spaces are presented: The first one is the $c_0$-saturation of $C(K)$, $K$ countable compacta. The second one is the construction of weakly-null sequences generalizing the example of Maurey-Rosenthal.
We consider the following two-player game played on a separable, infinite-dimensional Banach space X. Player S chooses a positive integer k_1 and a finite-codimensional subspace X_1 of X. Then player P chooses x_1 in the unit sphere of X_1. Moves alternate thusly, forever. We study this game in the following setting. Certain normalized, 1-unconditional sequences (u_i) and (v_i) are fixed so that S has a winning strategy to force P to select x_i's so that if the moves are (k_1,X_1,x_1,k_2,X_2,x_2,...), then (x_i) is dominated by (u_{k_i}) and/or (x_i) dominates (v_{k_i}). In particular, we show…
We construct dense Banach subalgebras $A$ of the null sequence algebra $c_0$ which are spectral invariant, but do not satisfy the $D_1$-condition $\|ab \|_A \leq K(\|a\|_{\infty} \|b\|_A + \|a \|_A \|b \|_{\infty})$, for all $a, b \in A$. The sequences in $A$ vanish in a skewed manner with respect to an unbounded function $σ\colon {\mathbb N} \rightarrow [1, \infty)$.
It is proved that if a Banach space $Y$ is a quotient of a Banach space having a shrinking unconditional basis, then every normalized weakly null sequence in $Y$ has an unconditional subsequence. The proof yields the corollary that every quotient of Schreier's space is $c_o$-saturated.
First we adjust a technique due to Jiménez-Rodríguez to prove the complete latticeability of the set of disjoint non-norm null weakly null sequences and of the set of disjoint non-norm null regular-polynomially null sequences in Banach lattices. Then we apply the mother vector technique to prove the complete latticeability of $λ_π(E) \setminus λ_s(E)$, which implies the complete latticeability of $(\ell_p\widehat{\otimes}_{|π|}E)\setminus(\ell_p\widehat{\otimes}_πE)$, where $E$ is a Banach lattice and $1 < p < \infty$.
We collect several open questions in Banach spaces, mostly related to measure theoretic aspects of the theory. The problems are divided into five categories: miscellaneous problems in Banach spaces (non-separable $L^p$ spaces, compactness in Banach spaces, $w^*$-null sequences in dual spaces), measurability in Banach spaces (Baire and Borel $σ$-algebras, measurable selectors), vector integration (Riemann, Pettis and McShane integrals), vector measures (range and associated $L^1$ spaces) and Lebesgue-Bochner spaces (topological and structural properties, scalar convergence).
Given a Banach space. We show that its three times dual space can be written as a direct sum. Then being one of the sumands null is a necessary and sufficient condition for the dual space to be reflexive. We end with an application of this result to the known relationship between the reflexivity of a Banach space and that of its dual space.
The notion of Aronszajn-null sets generalizes the notion of Lebesgue measure zero on the real line and the Euclidean space to infinite dimensional Banach spaces. We present a game-theoretic approach to Aronszajn-null sets, establish its basic properties, and discuss the ensuing open problems.
A wide new class of subsets of a Banach space $X$ named coarse $p$-limited sets ($ 1\leq p < \infty$) is introduced by considering weak* $p$-summable sequences in $X'$ instead of weak* null sequences. We study its basic properties and compare it with the class of compact and weakly compact sets. Results concerning the relationship of coarse $p$-limited sets with operators are obtained.
A well-known open question is whether every countable collection of Lipschitz functions on a Banach space X with separable dual has a common point of Frechet differentiability. We show that the answer is positive for some infinite-dimensional X. Previously, even for collections consisting of two functions this has been known for finite-dimensional X only (although for one function the answer is known to be affirmative in full generality). Our aims are achieved by introducing a new class of null sets in Banach spaces (called $Γ$-null sets), whose definition involves both the notions of category…
We study some questions concerning the structure of the set of spreading models of a separable infinite-dimensional Banach space $X$. In particular we give an example of a reflexive $X$ so that all spreading models of $X$ contain $\ell_1$ but none of them is isomorphic to $\ell_1$. We also prove that for any countable set $C$ of spreading models generated by weakly null sequences there is a spreading model generated by a weakly null sequence which dominates each element of $C$. In certain cases this ensures that $X$ admits, for each $α< ω_1$, a spreading model $(\tilde x_i^α)_i$ such that if $…
The main result of the paper shows that, for 1<p and 1<=q, a linear operator T from l_p to l_q attains its norm if, and only if, there exists a not weakly null maximizing sequence for T (counterexamples can be easily constructed when p=1). For 1<p (and q different from p), as a consequence of the previous result we show that any not weakly null maximizing sequence for a norm attaining operator T from l_p to l_q has a norm-convergent subsequence (and this result is sharp in the sense that it is not valid if p=q). We also investigate lineability of the sets of norm-attaining and non-norm attaini…
We introduce extensions of $Δ$-points and Daugavet points in which slices are replaced by relative weakly open subsets (super $Δ$-points and super Daugavet points) or by convex combinations of slices (ccs $Δ$-points and ccs Daugavet points). We first give a general overview on these new concepts and provide some isometric consequences on the spaces. As examples: if a Banach space contains a super $Δ$-point, then it does not admit an unconditional FDD with suppression constant smaller than two; if a real Banach space contains a ccs $Δ$-point, then it does not admit a one-unconditional basis; if…
We introduce two new local l_1-indices of the same type as the Bourgain l_1 index; the l_1^+-index and the l_1^+-weakly null index. We show that the l_1^+-weakly null index of a Banach space X is the same as the Szlenk index of X, provided X does not contain l_1. The l_1^+-weakly null index has the same form as the Bourgain l_1 index: if it is countable it must take values omega^alpha for some alpha<omega_1. The different l_1-indices are closely related and so knowing the Szlenk index of a Banach space helps us calculate its local l_1-index, via the l_1^+-weakly null index. We show that I(C(om…
Let $X$ be a separable Banach space, $Y$ a Banach space and $f: X \to Y$ a mapping. We prove that there exists a $σ$-directionally porous set $A\subset X$ such that if $x\in X \setminus A$, $f$ is Lipschitz at $x$, and $f$ is Gâteaux differentiable at $x$, then $f$ is Hadamard differentiable at $x$. If $f$ is Borel measurable (or has the Baire property) and is G\^ ateaux differentiable at all points, then $f$ is Hadamard differentiable at all points except a set which is $σ$-directionally porous set (and so is Aronszajn null, Haar null and $Γ$-null). Consequently, an everywhere G\^ ateaux diff…
For $0<p<1,$ we prove that there is a $\mathfrak{c}$-dimensional subspace of $\mathcal{L}\left( \ell_{p},\ell_{p}\right) $ such that, except for the null vector, all of its vectors fail to be absolutely $(r,s)$-summing regardless of the real numbers $r,s$, with $1\leq s\leq r<\infty$. This extends a result proved by Maddox in 1987. Moreover, the result is sharp in the sense that it is not valid for $p\geq1.$
In these notes, we study nonlinear embeddings between Banach spaces which are also weakly sequentially continuous. In particular, our main result implies that if a Banach space $X$ coarsely (resp. uniformly) embeds into a Banach space $Y$ by a weakly sequentially continuous map, then every spreading model $(e_n)_n$ of a normalized weakly null sequence in $X$ satisfies \[\|e_1+\ldots+e_k\|_{\overlineδ_Y}\lesssim\|e_1+\ldots+e_k\|_S,\] where $\overlineδ_Y$ is the modulus of asymptotic uniform convexity of $Y$. Among other results, we obtain Banach spaces $X$ and $Y$ so that $X$ coarsely (resp. u…
Structure properties of Banach spaces of I-null sequences
Escuela de Matemáticas, Universidad Industrial de Santander（桑坦德工业大学生命科学学院）；Department of Biotechnology and Bioprocess, São Paulo State University（圣保罗州立大学生物技术与生物工艺系）；Universidad Industrial de Santander（桑坦德工业大学）
Let $T$ be a bounded linear operator on a (real or complex) Banach space $X$. If $(a_n)$ is a sequence of non-negative numbers tending to 0. Then, the set of $x \in X$ such that $\|T^nx\| \geqslant a_n \|T^n\|$ for infinitely many $n$'s has a complement which is both $σ$-porous and Haar-null. We also compute (for some classical Banach space) optimal exponents $q>0$, such that for every non nilpotent operator $T$, there exists $x \in X$ such that $(\|T^nx\|/\|T^n\|) \notin \ell^{q}(\mathbb{N})$, using techniques which involve the modulus of asymptotic uniform smoothness of $X$.
A Banach space $X$ has \textit{property $(K)$}, whenever every weak* null sequence in the dual space admits a convex block subsequence $(f_{n})_{n=1}^\infty$ so that $\langle f_{n},x_{n}\rangle\to 0$ as $n\to \infty$ for every weakly null sequence $(x_{n})_{n=1}^\infty$ in $X$; $X$ has \textit{property $(μ^{s})$} if every weak$^{*}$ null sequence in $X^{*}$ admits a subsequence so that all of its subsequences are Cesàro convergent to $0$ with respect to the Mackey topology. Both property $(μ^{s})$ and reflexivity (or even the Grothendieck property) imply property $(K)$. In the present paper we…
We introduce and study the class of almost limited sets in Banach lattices, that is, sets on which every disjoint weak$^{*}$ null sequence of functionals converges uniformly to zero. It is established that a Banach lattice has order continuous norm if and only if almost limited sets and $L$-weakly compact sets coincide. In particular, in terms of almost Dunford-Pettis operators into $c_{0}$, we give an operator characterization of those $σ$-Dedekind complete Banach lattices whose relatively weakly compact sets are almost limited, that is, for a $σ$-Dedekind Banach lattice $E$, every relatively…
We prove that if $(v_i)$ is a normalized basic sequence and X is a Banach space such that every normalized weakly null sequence in X has a subsequence that is dominated by $(v_i)$, then there exists a uniform constant $C\geq1$ such that every normalized weakly null sequence in X has a subsequence that is C-dominated by $(v_i)$. This extends a result of Knaust and Odell, who proved this for the cases in which $(v_i)$ is the standard basis for $\ell_p$ or $c_0$.
We prove that a separable Banach space $E$ does not contain a copy of the space $\co$ of null-sequences if and only if for every doubly power-bounded operator $T$ on $E$ and for every vector $x\in E$ the relative compactness of the sets $\{T^{n+m}x-T^nx: n\in \NN\}$ (for some/all $m\in\NN$, $m\geq 1$) and $\{T^nx:n\in \NN\}$ are equivalent. With the help of the Jacobs--de Leeuw--Glicksberg decomposition of strongly compact semigroups the case of (not necessarily invertible) power-bounded operators is also handled.
In this article properties of the $(b, c)$-inverse, the inverse along an element, the outer inverse with prescribed range and null space $A^{(2)}_{T, S}$ and the Moore-Penrose inverse will be studied in the contexts of Banach spaces operators, Banach algebras and $C^*$-algebras. The main properties to be considered are the continuity, the differentiability and the openness of the sets of all invertible elements defined by all the aforementioned outer inverses but the Moore-Penrose inverse. The relationship between the $(b, c)$-inverse and the outer inverse $A^{(2)}_{T, S}$ will be also charact…
Motivated by the equivalent definition of a continuous operator between Banach spaces in terms of weakly null nets, we introduce unbounded continuous operators by replacing weak convergence with the unbounded absolutely weak convergence ( $uaw$-convergence) in the definition of a continuous operator between Banach lattices. We characterize order continuous Banach lattices and reflexive Banach lattices in terms of these spaces of operators. Moreover, motivated by characterizing of a reflexive Banach lattice in terms of unbounded absolutely weakly Cauchy sequences, we consider pre-unbounded oper…
For $0\leqslant ξ\leqslant ω_1$, we define the notion of $ξ$-weakly precompact and $ξ$-weakly compact sets in Banach spaces and prove that a set is $ξ$-weakly precompact if and only if its weak closure is $ξ$-weakly compact. We prove a quantified version of Grothendieck's compactness principle and the characterization of Schur spaces obtained by Dowling et al. For $0\leqslant ξ\leqslant ω_1$, we prove that a Banach space $X$ has the $ξ$-Schur property if and only if every $ξ$-weakly compact set is contained in the closed, convex hull of a weakly null (equivalently, norm null) sequence.
In the first part of the paper we study the structure of Banach spaces with a conditional spreading basis. The geometry of such spaces exhibit a striking resemblance to the geometry of James' space. Further, we show that the averaging projections onto subspaces spanned by constant coefficient blocks with no gaps between supports are bounded. As a consequence, every Banach space with a spreading basis contains a complemented subspace with an unconditional basis. This gives an affirmative answer to a question of H. Rosenthal. The second part contains two results on Banach spaces $X$ whose asympt…
The space Weak L^1 consists of all measurable functions on [0,1] such that q(f) = sup_{c>0} c λ{t : |f(t)| > c} is finite, where λdenotes Lebesgue measure. Let ρbe the gauge functional of the unit ball {f : q(f) \leq 1} of the quasi- norm q, and let N be the null space of ρ. The normed envelope of Weak L^1, which we denote by W, is the space (Weak L^1/N, ρ). The Banach envelope of Weak L^1, \overline{W}, is the completion of W. We show that \overline{W} is isometrically lattice isomorphic to a sublattice of W. It is also shown that all rearrangement invariant Banach function spaces are isometr…
We introduce a measure of super weak noncompactness $Γ$ defined for bounded linear operators and subsets in Banach spaces that allows to state and prove a characterization of the Banach spaces which are subspaces of a Hilbert generated space. The use of super weak compactness and $Γ$ casts light on the structure of these Banach spaces and complements the work of Argyros, Fabian, Farmaki, Godefroy, Hájek, Montesinos,\linebreak Troyanski and Zizler on this subject. A particular kind of relatively super weakly compact sets, namely uniformly weakly null sets, plays an important role and exhibits c…
The essence of the notion of lineability and spaceability is to find linear structures in somewhat chaotic environments. The existing methods, in general, use \textit{ad hoc} arguments and few general techniques are known. Motivated by the search of general methods, in this paper we formally extend recent results of G.\ Botelho and V.V. Fávaro on invariant sequence spaces to a more general setting. Our main results show that some subsets of invariant sequence spaces contain, up to the null vector, a closed infinite-dimensional subspace.
Let $1\leq p < \infty$ and $1\leq r \leq p^\ast$, where $p^\ast$ is the conjugate index of $p$. We prove an omnibus theorem, which provides numerous equivalences for a sequence $(x_n)$ in a Banach space $X$ to be a $(p,r)$-null sequence. One of them is that $(x_n)$ is $(p,r)$-null if and only if $(x_n)$ is null and relatively $(p,r)$-compact. This equivalence is known in the "limit" case when $r=p^\ast$, the case of the $p$-null sequence and $p$-compactness. Our approach is more direct and easier than those applied for the proof of the latter result. We apply it also to characterize the uncond…
Motivated by the equivalent definition of a continuous operator between Banach spaces in terms of weakly null nets, we introduce two types of continuous operators between Banach lattices using unbounded absolute weak convergence. We characterize reflexive Banach lattices in terms of these spaces of operators. Furthermore, we investigate whether or not the adjoint of these classes of operators has the corresponding property. In addition, we show that these kinds of operators are norm closed but not order closed. Moreover, we establish how these classes of continuous operators are connected to t…
A Banach space is locally almost square if, for every $y$ in its unit sphere, there exists a sequence $(x_n)$ in its unit sphere such that $\lim\|y\pm x_n\|=1$. A Banach space is weakly almost square if, in addition, we require the sequence $(x_n)$ to be weakly null. It is known that these two properties are distinct, so we aim to investigate if local almost squareness implies a weaker version of the latter property by replacing the sequence with a net. In order to achieve this result, we restrict ourselves to Banach lattices and introduce a strengthening of local almost squareness by requirin…
Using the hierarchy of weakly null sequences introduced by Argyros, Merkourakis, and Tsarpalias, we introduce two new families of operator classes. The first family simultaneously generalizes the completely continuous operators and the weak Banach-Saks operators. The second family generalizes the class $\mathfrak{DP}$. We study the distinctness of these classes, and prove that each class is an operator ideal. We also investigate the properties possessed by each class, such as injectivity, surjectivity, and identification of the dual class. We produce a number of examples, including the higher …
Stopping-time Banach spaces is a collective term for the class of spaces of eventually null integrable processes that are defined in terms of the behaviour of the stopping times with respect to some fixed filtration. From the point of view of Banach space theory, these spaces in many regards resemble the classical spaces such as $L^1$ or $C(Δ)$, but unlike these, they do have unconditional bases. In the present paper we study the canonical bases in the stopping-time spaces in relation to factorising the identity operator thereon. Since we work exclusively with the dyadic-tree filtration, this …
We present a reflexive Banach space $\mathfrak{X}_{_{^\text{usm}}}$ which is Hereditarily Indecomposable and satisfies the following properties. In every subspace $Y$ of $\mathfrak{X}_{_{^\text{usm}}}$ there exists a weakly null normalized sequence $\{y_n\}_n$, such that every subsymmetric sequence $\{z_n\}_n$ is isomorphically generated as a spreading model of a subsequence of $\{y_n\}_n$. Also, in every block subspace $Y$ of $\mathfrak{X}_{_{^\text{usm}}}$ there exists a seminormalized block sequence $\{z_n\}$ and $T:\mathfrak{X}_{_{^\text{usm}}}\rightarrow\mathfrak{X}_{_{^\text{usm}}}$ an i…
We show that for every separable Banach space $X$, either $\spw(X)$ (the set of all spreading models of $X$ generated by weakly-null sequences in $X$, modulo equivalence) is countable, or $\spw(X)$ contains an antichain of the size of the continuum. This answers a question of S. J. Dilworth, E. Odell and B. Sari.
A sequence $\{f_n\}$ of strongly-measurable functions taking values in a Banach space $\X$ is scalarly null aė\. (resp. scalarly null in measure) if $x^*f_n \rightarrow0$ aė\. (resp. $x^*f_n \rightarrow 0$ in measure) for every $x^*\in \X^*$. Let $1\le p\le \infty$. The main questions addressed in this paper are whether an $L_p(\X)$-bounded sequence that is scalarly null aė\. will converge weakly aė\. (or have a subsequence which converges weakly aė\.), and whether an $L_p(\X)$-bounded sequence that is scalarly null in measure will have a subsequence that is scalarly null aė. The answers to th…
Suppose that $(x_s)_{s\in S}$ is a normalized family in a Banach space indexed by the dyadic tree $S$. Using Stern's combinatorial theorem we extend important results from sequences in Banach spaces to tree-families. More precisely, assuming that for any infinite chain $β$ of $S$ the sequence $(x_s)_{s\inβ}$ is weakly null, we prove that there exists a subtree $T$ of $S$ such that for any infinite chain $β$ of $T$ the sequence $(x_s)_{s\inβ}$ is nearly (resp., convexly) unconditional. In the case where $(f_s)_{s\in S}$ is a family of continuous functions, under some additional assumptions, we …
