For every $α<ω_1$ we establish the existence of a separable Banach space whose Szlenk index is $ω^{αω+1}$ and which is universal for all separable Banach spaces whose Szlenk-index does not exceed $ω^{αω}$. In order to prove that result we provide an intrinsic characterization of which Banach spaces embed into a space admitting an FDD with upper estimates.
We prove a formula for the Szlenk power type of the injective tensor product of Banach spaces with Szlenk index at most $ω$. We also show that the Szlenk power type as well as summability of the Szlenk index are separably determined, and we extend some of our recent results concerning direct sums.
For each ordinal $α< ω_1$, we prove the existence of a separable, reflexive Banach space with a basis and Szlenk index $ω^{α+1}$ which is universal for the class of separable, reflexive Banach spaces $X$ such that the Szlenk indices $Sz(X), Sz(X^*)$ do not exceed $ω^α$.
We discuss pruning and coloring lemmas on regular families. We discuss several applications of these lemmas to computing the Szlenk index of certain $w^*$ compact subsets of the dual of a separable Banach space. Applications include estimates of the Szlenk index of Minkowski sums, infinite direct sums of separable Banach spaces, constant reduction, and three space properties. We also consider using regular families to construct Banach spaces with prescribed Szlenk index. As a consequence, we give a characterization of which countable ordinals occur as the Szlenk index of a Banach space, prove …
For each ordinal $α<ω_1$, we prove the existence of a space with a basis and Szlenk index $ω^{α+1}$ which is universal for the class of spaces with Szlenk index not exceeding $ω^α$. Our proof involves developing a characterization of which Banach spaces embed into spaces with an FDD with upper Schreier space estimates.
Let $α$ be an infinite ordinal and $γ$ the unique ordinal satisfying $ω^{ω^γ}\leq α< ω^{ω^{γ+1}}$. We show that the Banach space $C([0,\,α])$ of all continuous scalar-valued functions on the compact ordinal interval $[0,\,α]$ has Szlenk index equal to $ω^{γ+1}$ and $w^\ast$-dentability index equal to $ω^{1+γ+1}$.
For a countable ordinal a we denote by C_a the class of separable, reflexive Banach spaces whose Szlenk index and the Szlenk index of their dual are bounded by a. We show that each C_a admits a separable, reflexive universal space. We also show that spaces in the class C_{omega^{a*omega}} embed into spaces of the same class with a basis. As a consequence we deduce that each C_a is analytic in the Effros-Borel structure of subspaces of C[0,1].
We study the general measures of non-compactness defined on subsets of a dual Banach space, their associated derivations and their $ω$-iterates. We introduce the notions of convexifiable and sublinear measure of non-compactness and investigate the properties of its associated fragment and slice derivations. We apply our results to the Kuratowski measure of non-compactness and to the study of the Szlenk index of a Banach space. As a consequence, we obtain that the Szlenk index and the convex Szlenk index of a separable Banach space are always equal. We also give, for any countable ordinal $α$, …
Given any Banach space $X$ and any weak*-compact subset $K$ of $X^*$, we compute the Szlenk index of the weak*-closed, convex hull of $K$ as a function of the Szlenk index of $K$. Also as an application, we compute the Szlenk index of any injective tensor product of two operators. In particular, we compute the Szlenk index of an injective tensor product $\tens$ in terms of $Sz(X)$ and $Sz(Y)$. As another application, we give a complete characterization of those ordinals which occur as the Szlenk index of a Banach space, as well as those ordinals which occur as the Bourgain $\ell_1$ or $c_0$ in…
We generalize the notion of summable Szlenk index from a Banach space to an arbitrary weak$^*$-compact set. We prove that a weak$^*$-compact set has summable Szlenk index if and only if its weak$^*$-closed, absolutely convex hull does. As a consequence, we offer a new, short proof of a result from [Draga and Kochanek 2016] regarding the behavior of summability of Szlenk index under $c_0$ direct sums. We also use this result to prove that the injective tensor product of two Banach spaces has summable Szlenk index if both spaces do, which answers a question from [Draga and Kochanek 2017]. As a f…
We prove the optimal estimate between the Szlenk and $w^*$-dentability indices of an arbitrary $w^*$-compact subset of the dual of a Banach space. For a given $w^*$-compact, convex subset $K$ of the dual of a Banach space, we introduce a two player game the winning strategies of which determine the Szlenk index of $K$. We give applications to the $w^*$-dentability index of a Banach space and of an operator.
Given a Banach space $X$, a $w^*$-compact subset of $X^*$, and $1<p<\infty$, we provide an optimal relationship between the Szlenk index of $K$ and the Szlenk index of an associated subset of $L_p(X)^*$. As an application, given a Banach space $X$, we prove an optimal estimate of the Szlenk index of $L_p(X)$ in terms of the Szlenk index of $X$. This extends a result of Hájek and Schlumprecht to uncountable ordinals. More generally, given an operator $A:X\to Y$, we provide an estimate of the Szlenk index of the "pointwise $A$" operator $A_p:L_p(X)\to L_p(Y)$ in terms of the Szlenk index of $A$.
For each ordinal $ξ$ and each $1\leqslant q<\infty$, we define the notion of $ξ$-$q$-summable Szlenk index. When $ξ=0$ and $q=1$, this recovers the usual notion of summable Szlenk index. We define for an arbitrary weak$^*$-compact set a transfinite, asymptotic analogue $α_{ξ,p}$ of the martingale type norm of an operator. We prove that this quantity is determined by norming sets and determines $ξ$-Szlenk power type and $ξ$-$q$-summability of Szlenk index. This fact allows us to prove that the behavior of operators under the $α_{ξ,p}$ seminorms passes in the strongest way to injective tensor pr…
We prove some rather precise renorming theorems for Banach spaces with Szlenk index $ω_0$. We use these theorems to show the invariance of certain quantitative Szlenk-type indices under uniform homeomorphisms.
In a previous work, the first named author described the set $\cal P$ of all values of the Szlenk indices of separable Banach spaces. We complete this result by showing that for any integer $n$ and any ordinal $α$ in $\cal P$, there exists a separable Banach space $X$ such that the Szlenk of the dual of order $k$ of $X$ is equal to the first infinite ordinal $ω$ for all $k$ in $\{0,..,n-1\}$ and equal to $α$ for $k=n$. One of the ingredients is to show that the Lindenstrauss space and its dual both have a Szlenk index equal to $ω$. We also show that any element of $\cal P$ can be realized as a…
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for an operator $A:X\to Y$ on a Banach space having a shrinking FDD to factor through a Banach space $Z$ such that the Szlenk index of $Z$ is equal to the Szlenk index of $A$. We also prove that for every ordinal $ξ\in (0, ω_1)\setminus\{ω^η: η<ω_1\text{\ a limit ordinal}\}$, there exists a Banach space $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$ having a shrinking basis and Szlenk index $ω^ξ$ such that for any separable Banach space $X$ and any operator $A:X\to Y$ having Szlenk index less than $ω^ξ$, $A$ factors through a subspace and through a quotient of $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$, a…
We discuss an alternate method for computing the Szlenk index of an arbitrary $w^*$ compact subset of the dual of a Banach space. We discuss consequences of this method as well as offer simple, alternative proofs of a number of results already found in the literature.
We prove that the $c_0$-sum of separable Banach spaces with uniformly summable Szlenk index has summable Szlenk index, whereas this result is no longer valid for more general direct sums. We also give a formula for the Szlenk power type of the $\mathfrak{E}$-direct sum of separable spaces provided that $\mathfrak{E}$ has a shrinking unconditional basis whose dual basis yields an asymptotic $\ell_p$ structure in $\mathfrak{E}^\ast$. As a corollary, we show that the Tsirelson direct sum of infinitely many copies of $c_0$ has power type $1$ but non-summable Szlenk index.
We introduce two new local l_1-indices of the same type as the Bourgain l_1 index; the l_1^+-index and the l_1^+-weakly null index. We show that the l_1^+-weakly null index of a Banach space X is the same as the Szlenk index of X, provided X does not contain l_1. The l_1^+-weakly null index has the same form as the Bourgain l_1 index: if it is countable it must take values omega^alpha for some alpha<omega_1. The different l_1-indices are closely related and so knowing the Szlenk index of a Banach space helps us calculate its local l_1-index, via the l_1^+-weakly null index. We show that I(C(om…
For $α$ an ordinal and $1<p<\infty$, we determine a necessary and sufficient condition for an $\ell_p$-direct sum of operators to have Szlenk index not exceeding $ω^α$. It follows from our results that the Szlenk index of an $\ell_p$-direct sum of operators is determined in a natural way by the behaviour of the $ε$-Szlenk indices of its summands. Our methods give similar results for $c_0$-direct sums.
We compute the Szlenk index of an arbitrary projective tensor product $C(K)\widehat{\otimes}_πC(L)$ of spaces $C(K), C(L)$ of continuous functions on scattered, compact, Hausdorff spaces. In particular, we show that it is simply equal to the maximum of the Szlenk indices of the spaces $C(K), C(L)$. We deduce several results regarding non-isomorphism of $C(K)\widehat{\otimes}_πC(L)$ and $C(M)$ or $C(M)\widehat{\otimes}_πC(N)$ for particular choices of $K,L,M,N$.
We find an optimal upper bound on the values of the weak$^*$-dentability index $Dz(X)$ in terms of the Szlenk index $Sz(X)$ of a Banach space $X$ with separable dual. Namely, if $\;Sz(X)=ω^α$, for some $α<ω_1$, and $p\in(1,\infty)$, then $$Sz(X)\le Dz(X)\le Sz(L_p(X))\le {cases} ω^{α+1} &\text{if $α$ is a finite ordinal,} ω^α &\text{if $α$ is an infinite ordinal.} {cases}$$
For $α$ an ordinal, we investigate the class $\mathscr{SZ}_α$ consisting of all operators whose Szlenk index is an ordinal not exceeding $ω^α$. Our main result is that $\mathscr{SZ}_α$ is a closed, injective, surjective operator ideal for each $α$. We also study the relationship between the classes $\mathscr{SZ}_α$ and several well-known closed operator ideals.
For $α$ an ordinal, we investigate the class $\mathscr{SZ}_α$ consisting of all operators whose Szlenk index is an ordinal not exceeding $ω^α$. We show that each class $\mathscr{SZ}_α$ is a closed operator ideal and study various operator ideal properties for these classes. The relationship between the classes $\mathscr{SZ}_α$ and several well-known closed operator ideals is investigated and quantitative factorization results in terms of the Szlenk index are obtained for the class of Asplund operators.
We extend a precise renorming result of Godefroy, Kalton, and Lancien regarding asymptotically uniformly smooth norms of separable Banach spaces with Szlenk index $ω$. For every ordinal $ξ$, we characterize the operators, and therefore the Banach spaces, which admit a $ξ$-asymptotically uniformly smooth norm with power type modulus and compute for those operators the best possible exponent in terms of the values of $Sz_ξ(\cdot, \varepsilon)$. We also introduce the $ξ$-Szlenk power type and investigate ideal and factorization properties of classes associated with the $ξ$-Szlenk power type.
Let $X$ be a Banach space and $K$ an absolutely convex, weak$^\ast$-compact subset of $X^\ast$. We study consequences of $K$ having a large or undefined Szlenk index and subsequently derive a number of related results concerning basic sequences and universal operators. We show that if $X$ has a countable Szlenk index then $X$ admits a subspace $Y$ such that $Y$ has a basis and the Szlenk indices of $Y$ are comparable to the Szlenk indices of $X$. If $X$ is separable, then $X$ also admits subspace $Z$ such that the quotient $X/Z$ has a basis and the Szlenk indices of $X/Z$ are comparable to the…
We show that if the Szlenk index of a Banach space $X$ is larger than the first infinite ordinal $ω$ or if the Szlenk index of its dual is larger than $ω$, then the tree of all finite sequences of integers equipped with the hyperbolic distance metrically embeds into $X$. We show that the converse is true when $X$ is assumed to be reflexive. As an application, we exhibit new classes of Banach spaces that are stable under coarse-Lipschitz embeddings and therefore under uniform homeomorphisms.
In this note we extend to the quasi-reflexive setting the result of F. Baudier, N. Kalton and G. Lancien concerning the non-embeddability of the family of countably branching trees into reflexive Banach spaces whose Szlenk index and Szlenk index from the dual are both equal to the first infinite ordinal $ω$. In particular we show that the family of countably branching trees does neither embed into the James space $\mathcal{J}_p$ nor into its dual space $\mathcal{J}_p^*$ for $p\in(1,\infty)$.
Given any compact, Hausdorff space $K$ and $1<p<\infty$, we compute the Szlenk and $w^*$-dentability indices of the spaces $C(K)$ and $L_p(C(K))$. We show that if $K$ is compact, Hausdorff, scattered, $CB(K)$ is the Cantor-Bendixson index of $K$, and $ξ$ is the minimum ordinal such that $CB(K)\leqslant ω^ξ$, then $Sz(C(K))=ω^ξ$ and $Dz(C(K))=Sz(L_p(C(K)))= ω^{1+ξ}.$
We introduce asymptotic analogues of the Rademacher and martingale type and cotype of Banach spaces and operators acting on them. Some classical local theory results related, for example, to the `automatic-type' phenomenon, the type-cotype duality, or the Maurey-Pisier theorem, are extended to the asymptotic setting. We also investigate operator ideals corresponding to the asymptotic subtype/subcotype. As an application of this theory, we provide a sharp version of a result of Brooker and Lancien by showing that any twisted sum of Banach spaces with Szlenk power types $p$ and $q$ has Szlenk po…
We prove that for any non-zero, countable ordinal $ξ$ which is not additively indecomposable, the property of having Szlenk index not exceeding $ω^ξ$ is not a three space property. This complements a result of Brooker and Lancien, which states that if $ξ$ is additively indecomposable, then having Szlenk index not exceeding $ω^ξ$ is a three space property.
We study the nonlinear embeddability of Banach spaces and the equi-embeddability of the family of Kalton's interlaced graphs $([\mathbb N]^k,d_{\mathbb K})_k$ into dual spaces. Notably, we define and study a modification of Kalton's property $\mathcal Q$ that we call property $\mathcal{Q}_p$ (with $p \in (1,+\infty]$). We show that if $([\mathbb N]^k,d_{\mathbb K})_k$ equi-coarse Lipschitzly embeds into $X^*$, then the Szlenk index of $X$ is greater than $ω$, and that this is optimal, i.e., there exists a separable dual space $Y^*$ that contains $([\mathbb N]^k,d_{\mathbb K})_k$ equi-Lipschitz…
We extend to the non separable setting many characterizations of the Banach spaces admitting an equivalent norm with the property $(β)$ of Rolewicz. These characterizations involve in particular the Szlenk index and asymptotically uniformly smooth or convex norms. This allows to extend easily to the non separable case some recent results from the non linear geometry of Banach spaces.
It is shown that a script L_infty-space with separable dual constructed by Bourgain and Delbaen has small Szlenk index and thus does not have a quotient isomorphic to C(omega^omega). It follows that this is a script L_infty-space which is the same size as c_0 in the sense of the Szlenk index but does not contain c_0. This has some consequences in the theory of uniform homeomorphism of Banach spaces.
In this paper we show the weak Banach-Saks property of the Banach vector space $(L_μ^p)^m$ generated by $m$ $L_μ^p$-spaces for $1\leq p<+\infty,$ where $m$ is any given natural number. When $m=1,$ this is the famous Banach-Saks-Szlenk theorem. By use of this property, we also present inequalities for integrals of functions that are the composition of nonnegative continuous convex functions on a convex set of a vector space ${\bf R}^m$ and vector-valued functions in a weakly compact subset of the space $(L_μ^p)^m$ for $1\leq p<+\infty$ and inequalities when these vector-valued functions are in …
We study four asymptotic smoothness properties of Banach spaces, denoted $\textsf{T}_p,\textsf{A}_p, \textsf{N}_p$ and $\textsf{P}_p$. We complete their description by proving the missing renorming theorem for $\textsf{A}_p$. We prove that asymptotic uniform flattenability (property $\textsf{T}_\infty$) and summable Szlenk index (property $\textsf{A}_\infty$) are three space properties. Combined with the positive results of the first named author, Draga, and Kochanek, and with the counterexamples we provide, this completely solves the three space problem for this family of properties. We also …
We define two metrics $d_{1,α}$ and $d_{\infty,α}$ on each Schreier family $\mathcal{S}_α$, $α<ω_1$, with which we prove the following metric characterization of reflexivity of a Banach space $X$: $X$ is reflexive if and only if there is an $α<ω_1$, so that there is no mapping $Φ:\mathcal{S}_α\to X$ for which $$ cd_{\infty,α}(A,B)\le \|Φ(A)-Φ(B)\|\le C d_{1,α}(A,B) \text{ for all $A,B\in\mathcal{S}_α$.}$$ Secondly, we prove for separable and reflexive Banach spaces $X$, and certain countable ordinals $α$ that $\max(\text{ Sz}(X),\text{ Sz}(X^*))\le α$ if and only if $({\mathcal S}_α, d_{1,α})$…
Denote by $[0,ω_1)$ the set of countable ordinals, equipped with the order topology, let $L_0$ be the disjoint union of the compact ordinal intervals $[0,α]$ for $α$ countable, and consider the Banach spaces $C_0[0,ω_1)$ and $C_0(L_0)$ consisting of all scalar-valued, continuous functions which are defined on the locally compact Hausdorff spaces $[0,ω_1)$ and $L_0$, respectively, and which vanish eventually. Our main result states that a bounded operator $T$ between any pair of these two Banach spaces fixes a copy of $C_0(L_0)$ if and only if the identity operator on $C_0(L_0)$ factors through…
The Banach space $\ell_1(\Z)$ admits many non-isomorphic preduals, for example, $C(K)$ for any compact countable space $K$, along with many more exotic Banach spaces. In this paper, we impose an extra condition: the predual must make the bilateral shift on $\ell_1(\Z)$ weak$^*$-continuous. This is equivalent to making the natural convolution multiplication on $\ell_1(\Z)$ separately weak*-continuous and so turning $\ell_1(\Z)$ into a dual Banach algebra. We call such preduals \emph{shift-invariant}. It is known that the only shift-invariant predual arising from the standard duality between $C_…
We characterize Banach spaces with polynomial numerical index 1 when they have the Radon-Nikodým property. The holomorphic numerical index is introduced and the characterization of the Banach space with holomorphic numerical index 1 is obtained when it has the Radon-Nikodým property.
We introduce the notion of index of summability for pairs of Banach spaces; for Banach spaces E; F, this index plays the role of a kind of measure of how the m-homogeneous polynomials from E to F are far from being absolutely summing. In some cases the optimal index of summability is computed.
Let $E_{1},...,E_{m},F$ be Banach spaces. The index of summability of $\left(E_{1}\times\cdots\times E_{m},F\right) $ is a kind of measure of how far the $m$-linear operators $T:E_{1}\times\cdots\times E_{m}\rightarrow F$ are from being multiple summing. In this paper we estimate the index of summability of several pairs of Banach spaces$.$
We provide some new consequences on the Lipschitz numerical radius and index which were introduced recently. More precisely, we give some renorming results on the Lipschitz numerical index, introduce a concept of Lipschitz numerical radius attaining functions in order to show that the denseness fails for an arbitrary Banach space, and study a Lipschitz version of Daugavet centers. Furthermore, we discuss the Lipschitz numerical index of vector-valued function spaces, absolute sums of Banach spaces, the Köthe-Bochner spaces, and Banach spaces which contain a dense union of increasing family of …
A well known argument of James yields that if a Banach space $X$ contains $\ell_1^n$'s uniformly then $X$ contains $\ell_1^n$'s almost isometrically. In the first half of the paper we extend this idea to the ordinal $\ell_1$-indices of Bourgain. In the second half we use our results to calculate the $\ell_1$-index of certain Banach spaces. Furthermore we show that the $\ell_1$-index of a separable Banach space not containing $\ell_1$ must be of the form $ω^α$ for some countable ordinal $α$.
Generalizing the notion of numerical range and numerical radius of an operator on a Banach space, we introduce the notion of joint numerical range and joint numerical radius of tuple of operators on a Banach space. We study the convexity of the joint numerical range. We show that the joint numerical radius defines a norm if and only if the numerical radius defines a norm on the corresponding space. Then we prove that on a finite-dimensional Banach space, the joint numerical radius can be retrieved from the extreme points. Furthermore, we introduce a notion of joint numerical index of a Banach …
The aim of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of recent research concerning the numerical index of Banach spaces, by presenting some of the results found in the last years and proposing a number of related open problems.
We study the numerical radius of Lipschitz operators on Banach spaces via the Lipschitz numerical index, which is an analogue of the numerical index in Banach space theory. We give a characterization of the numerical radius and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for Banach spaces to have Lipschitz numerical index 1. As an application, we show that real lush spaces and $C$-rich subspaces have Lipschitz numerical index 1. Moreover, using the G$\hat{a}$teaux differentiability of Lipschitz operators, we characterize the Lipschitz numerical index of separable Banach spaces with the RNP. Fi…
We introduce a second numerical index for real Banach spaces with non-trivial Lie algebra, as the best constant of equivalence between the numerical radius and the quotient of the operator norm modulo the Lie algebra. We present a number of examples and results concerning absolute sums, duality, vector-valued function spaces\ldots which show that, in many cases, the behaviour of this second numerical index differs from the one of the classical numerical index. As main results, we prove that Hilbert spaces have second numerical index one and that they are the only spaces with this property amon…
We study the numerical index of absolute sums of Banach spaces, giving general conditions which imply that the numerical index of the sum is less or equal than the infimum of the numerical indices of the summands and we provide some examples where the equality holds covering the already known case of $c_0$-, $\ell_1$- and $\ell_\infty$-sums and giving as a new result the case of $E$-sums where $E$ has the RNP and $n(E)=1$ (in particular for finite-dimensional $E$ with $n(E)=1$). We also show that the numerical index of a Banach space $Z$ which contains a dense increasing union of one-complemen…