We introduce the notion of index of summability for pairs of Banach spaces; for Banach spaces E; F, this index plays the role of a kind of measure of how the m-homogeneous polynomials from E to F are far from being absolutely summing. In some cases the optimal index of summability is computed.
Let $E_{1},...,E_{m},F$ be Banach spaces. The index of summability of $\left(E_{1}\times\cdots\times E_{m},F\right) $ is a kind of measure of how far the $m$-linear operators $T:E_{1}\times\cdots\times E_{m}\rightarrow F$ are from being multiple summing. In this paper we estimate the index of summability of several pairs of Banach spaces$.$
Let $1 \leq p <\infty$. A sequence $\lef x_n \rig$ in a Banach space $X$ is defined to be $p$-operator summable if for each $\lef f_n \rig \in l^{w^*}_p(X^*)$, we have $\lef \lef f_n(x_k)\rig_k \rig_n \in l^s_p(l_p)$. Every norm $p$-summable sequence in a Banach space is operator $p$-summable, while in its turn every operator $p$-summable sequence is weakly $p$-summable. An operator $T \in B(X, Y)$ is said to be $p$-limited if for every $\lef x_n \rig \in l_p^w(X)$, $\lef Tx_n \rig$ is operator $p$-summable. The set of all $p$-limited operators form a normed operator ideal. It is shown that ev…
We prove that the $c_0$-sum of separable Banach spaces with uniformly summable Szlenk index has summable Szlenk index, whereas this result is no longer valid for more general direct sums. We also give a formula for the Szlenk power type of the $\mathfrak{E}$-direct sum of separable spaces provided that $\mathfrak{E}$ has a shrinking unconditional basis whose dual basis yields an asymptotic $\ell_p$ structure in $\mathfrak{E}^\ast$. As a corollary, we show that the Tsirelson direct sum of infinitely many copies of $c_0$ has power type $1$ but non-summable Szlenk index.
In this paper we prove a plenty of new results concerning summabililty properties of multilinear mappings between Banach spaces, such as an extension of Littlewood's 4/3 Theorem. Among other features, it is shown that every continuous n-linear form on the disc algebra or the Hardy space is (1;2,...,2)-summing, the role of the Littlewood-Orlicz property in the theory is established and the interplay with almost summing multilinear mappings is explored.
We prove a formula for the Szlenk power type of the injective tensor product of Banach spaces with Szlenk index at most $ω$. We also show that the Szlenk power type as well as summability of the Szlenk index are separably determined, and we extend some of our recent results concerning direct sums.
A classical result by J. Diestel establishes that the composition of a summing operator with a (strongly measurable) Pettis integrable function gives a Bochner integrable function. In this paper we show that a much more general result is possible regarding the improvement of the integrability of vector valued functions by the summability of the operator. After proving a general result, we center our attention in the particular case given by the $(p,σ)$-absolutely continuous operators, that allows to prove a lot of special results on integration improvement for selected cases of classical Banac…
The space $\widehat{\ell }_k$ of absolutely almost convergent series was introduced and studied by Das et al [4]; which plays an important role in summability theory, approximation theory, Fourier analysis, etc. In the present paper we generalize the space making use of some factors and weighted mean transformations, investigate its topological structures and relations between classical sequence spaces. Also we characterize certain matrix operators on it.
We generalize the notion of summable Szlenk index from a Banach space to an arbitrary weak$^*$-compact set. We prove that a weak$^*$-compact set has summable Szlenk index if and only if its weak$^*$-closed, absolutely convex hull does. As a consequence, we offer a new, short proof of a result from [Draga and Kochanek 2016] regarding the behavior of summability of Szlenk index under $c_0$ direct sums. We also use this result to prove that the injective tensor product of two Banach spaces has summable Szlenk index if both spaces do, which answers a question from [Draga and Kochanek 2017]. As a f…
We show that there exists a de Branges-Rovnyak space $\mathcal{H}(b)$ on the unit disk containing a function $f$ with the following property: even though $f$ can be approximated by polynomials in $\mathcal{H}(b)$, neither the Taylor partial sums of $f$ nor their Cesàro, Abel, Borel or logarithmic means converge to $f$ in $\mathcal{H}(b)$. A key tool is a new abstract result showing that, if one regular summability method includes another for scalar sequences, then it automatically does so for certain Banach-space-valued sequences too.
We formalize the observation that the same summability methods converge in a Banach space $X$ and its dual $X^*$. At the same time we determine conditions under which these methods converge in the weak and weak*-topologies on $X$ and $X^*$ respectively. We also derive a general limitation theorem, which yields a necessary condition for the convergence of a summability method in $X$. These results are then illustrated by applications to a wide variety of function spaces, including spaces of continuous functions, Lebesgue spaces, the disk algebra, Hardy and Bergman spaces, the BMOA space, the Bl…
Let $A,X,Y$ be Banach spaces and $A\times X\to Y$, $(a,x)\mapsto ax$, be a continuous bilinear function, called a *Banach action*. We say that this action *preserves unconditional convergence* if for every bounded sequence $(a_n)_{n\inω}$ in $A$ and unconditionally convergent series $\sum_{n\inω}x_n$ in $X$ the series $\sum_{n\inω}a_nx_n$ is unconditionally convergent. We prove that a Banach action $A\times X\to Y$ preserves unconditional convergence if and only if for any linear functional $y^*\in Y^*$ the operator $D_{y^*}:X\to A^*$, $D_{y^*}(x)(a)=y^*(ax)$, is absolutely summing. Combining …
In this paper, first-order Sobolev-type spaces on abstract metric measure spaces are defined using the notion of (weak) upper gradients, where the summability of a function and its upper gradient is measured by the "norm" of a quasi-Banach function lattice. This approach gives rise to so-called Newtonian spaces. Tools such as moduli of curve families and Sobolev capacity are developed, which allows us to study basic properties of these spaces. The absolute continuity of Newtonian functions along curves and the completeness of Newtonian spaces in this general setting are established.
In this paper we prove coincidence results concerning spaces of absolutely summing multilinear mappings between Banach spaces. The nature of these results arises from two distinct approaches: the coincidence of two \textit{a priori} different classes of summing multilinear mappings and the summability of all multilinear mappings defined on products of Banach spaces. Optimal generalizations of known results are obtained. We also introduce and explore new techniques in the field, for example a technique to extend coincidence results for linear, bilinear and even trilinear mappings to general mul…
We characterize Banach spaces with polynomial numerical index 1 when they have the Radon-Nikodým property. The holomorphic numerical index is introduced and the characterization of the Banach space with holomorphic numerical index 1 is obtained when it has the Radon-Nikodým property.
We provide some new consequences on the Lipschitz numerical radius and index which were introduced recently. More precisely, we give some renorming results on the Lipschitz numerical index, introduce a concept of Lipschitz numerical radius attaining functions in order to show that the denseness fails for an arbitrary Banach space, and study a Lipschitz version of Daugavet centers. Furthermore, we discuss the Lipschitz numerical index of vector-valued function spaces, absolute sums of Banach spaces, the Köthe-Bochner spaces, and Banach spaces which contain a dense union of increasing family of …
For each ordinal $α< ω_1$, we prove the existence of a separable, reflexive Banach space with a basis and Szlenk index $ω^{α+1}$ which is universal for the class of separable, reflexive Banach spaces $X$ such that the Szlenk indices $Sz(X), Sz(X^*)$ do not exceed $ω^α$.
The existence of a Banach limit as a translation invariant positive continuous linear functional on the space of bounded scalar sequences which is equal to 1 at the constant sequence (1,1,...,1,...) is proved in a first course on functional analysis as a consequence of the Hahn Banach extension theorem. Whereas its use as an important tool in classical summability theory together with its application in the existence of certain invariant measures on compact (metric) spaces is well known, a renewed interest in the theory of Banach limits has led to certain applications which have opened new vis…
A well known argument of James yields that if a Banach space $X$ contains $\ell_1^n$'s uniformly then $X$ contains $\ell_1^n$'s almost isometrically. In the first half of the paper we extend this idea to the ordinal $\ell_1$-indices of Bourgain. In the second half we use our results to calculate the $\ell_1$-index of certain Banach spaces. Furthermore we show that the $\ell_1$-index of a separable Banach space not containing $\ell_1$ must be of the form $ω^α$ for some countable ordinal $α$.
Generalizing the notion of numerical range and numerical radius of an operator on a Banach space, we introduce the notion of joint numerical range and joint numerical radius of tuple of operators on a Banach space. We study the convexity of the joint numerical range. We show that the joint numerical radius defines a norm if and only if the numerical radius defines a norm on the corresponding space. Then we prove that on a finite-dimensional Banach space, the joint numerical radius can be retrieved from the extreme points. Furthermore, we introduce a notion of joint numerical index of a Banach …
For each ordinal $α<ω_1$, we prove the existence of a space with a basis and Szlenk index $ω^{α+1}$ which is universal for the class of spaces with Szlenk index not exceeding $ω^α$. Our proof involves developing a characterization of which Banach spaces embed into spaces with an FDD with upper Schreier space estimates.
The aim of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of recent research concerning the numerical index of Banach spaces, by presenting some of the results found in the last years and proposing a number of related open problems.
We discuss pruning and coloring lemmas on regular families. We discuss several applications of these lemmas to computing the Szlenk index of certain $w^*$ compact subsets of the dual of a separable Banach space. Applications include estimates of the Szlenk index of Minkowski sums, infinite direct sums of separable Banach spaces, constant reduction, and three space properties. We also consider using regular families to construct Banach spaces with prescribed Szlenk index. As a consequence, we give a characterization of which countable ordinals occur as the Szlenk index of a Banach space, prove …
We study the numerical radius of Lipschitz operators on Banach spaces via the Lipschitz numerical index, which is an analogue of the numerical index in Banach space theory. We give a characterization of the numerical radius and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for Banach spaces to have Lipschitz numerical index 1. As an application, we show that real lush spaces and $C$-rich subspaces have Lipschitz numerical index 1. Moreover, using the G$\hat{a}$teaux differentiability of Lipschitz operators, we characterize the Lipschitz numerical index of separable Banach spaces with the RNP. Fi…
For a countable ordinal a we denote by C_a the class of separable, reflexive Banach spaces whose Szlenk index and the Szlenk index of their dual are bounded by a. We show that each C_a admits a separable, reflexive universal space. We also show that spaces in the class C_{omega^{a*omega}} embed into spaces of the same class with a basis. As a consequence we deduce that each C_a is analytic in the Effros-Borel structure of subspaces of C[0,1].
We obtain Gabor frame characterisations of modulation spaces defined via a class of translation-modulation invariant Banach spaces of distributions that was recently introduced in $[10]$. We show that these spaces admit an atomic decomposition through Gabor expansions and that they are characterised by summability properties of their Gabor coefficients. Furthermore, we construct a large space of admissible windows. This generalises several fundamental results for the classical modulation spaces $ M^{p,q}_{w}$. Due to the absence of solidity assumptions on the Banach spaces defining these modul…
In this article, we study the multi-dimensional Bohr radii of holomorphic functions defined on the Banach sequence spaces with values in the Banach spaces. For the case of finite dimensional Banach spaces, we exhibit the exact asymptotic growth of the Bohr radius. To achieve our goal in the finite case, we use $\ell_{p'}$-summability of certain coefficients of a given polynomial in terms of its uniform norm on $\ell_p^n$. The infinite case is handled using the techniques developed in recent years from the work of Defant, Maestre and Schwarting. We crucially use several properties of the symmet…
We introduce a second numerical index for real Banach spaces with non-trivial Lie algebra, as the best constant of equivalence between the numerical radius and the quotient of the operator norm modulo the Lie algebra. We present a number of examples and results concerning absolute sums, duality, vector-valued function spaces\ldots which show that, in many cases, the behaviour of this second numerical index differs from the one of the classical numerical index. As main results, we prove that Hilbert spaces have second numerical index one and that they are the only spaces with this property amon…
We study the numerical index of absolute sums of Banach spaces, giving general conditions which imply that the numerical index of the sum is less or equal than the infimum of the numerical indices of the summands and we provide some examples where the equality holds covering the already known case of $c_0$-, $\ell_1$- and $\ell_\infty$-sums and giving as a new result the case of $E$-sums where $E$ has the RNP and $n(E)=1$ (in particular for finite-dimensional $E$ with $n(E)=1$). We also show that the numerical index of a Banach space $Z$ which contains a dense increasing union of one-complemen…
For a Banach space $X$, a sequence of Banach spaces $(Y_n)$, and a Banach space $Z$ with an unconditional basis, D. Alspach and B. Sari introduced a generalization of a Bourgain tree called a $(\oplus_n Y_n)_Z$-tree in $X$. These authors also prove that any separable Banach space admitting a $(\oplus_n Y_n)_Z$-tree with order $ω_1$ admits a subspace isomorphic to $(\oplus_n Y_n)_Z$. In this paper we give two new proofs of this result.
Let $X(t,ω),$ $t \in \textit{R}$ be a symmetric stable process with index $α\in (1,2]$ and $a_n$ be the Fourier-Jacobi coefficients of $f \in L^p,$ where $p \geq α.$ For $γ, δ> 0,$ $t \in [-1,1],$ define $A_n(ω)=\int_{-1}^1 P_n^{(γ,δ)}(t)ρ^{(γ,δ)}dX(t,ω)$ where $P_n^{(γ,δ)}(t)$ are orthogonal Jacobi polynomials. The $A_n(ω)$ exists in the sense of mean. In this paper, it is shown that the random Fourier-Jacobi series $\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n A_n(ω)P_n^{(γ,δ)}(y)$ converges to the stochastic integral $\int_{-1}^1f(y,t)ρ^{(γ,δ)}dX(t,ω)$ in the sense of mean and the sum function is weakly continuou…
Given any Banach space $X$ and any weak*-compact subset $K$ of $X^*$, we compute the Szlenk index of the weak*-closed, convex hull of $K$ as a function of the Szlenk index of $K$. Also as an application, we compute the Szlenk index of any injective tensor product of two operators. In particular, we compute the Szlenk index of an injective tensor product $\tens$ in terms of $Sz(X)$ and $Sz(Y)$. As another application, we give a complete characterization of those ordinals which occur as the Szlenk index of a Banach space, as well as those ordinals which occur as the Bourgain $\ell_1$ or $c_0$ in…
Let $α$ be an infinite ordinal and $γ$ the unique ordinal satisfying $ω^{ω^γ}\leq α< ω^{ω^{γ+1}}$. We show that the Banach space $C([0,\,α])$ of all continuous scalar-valued functions on the compact ordinal interval $[0,\,α]$ has Szlenk index equal to $ω^{γ+1}$ and $w^\ast$-dentability index equal to $ω^{1+γ+1}$.
We study the general measures of non-compactness defined on subsets of a dual Banach space, their associated derivations and their $ω$-iterates. We introduce the notions of convexifiable and sublinear measure of non-compactness and investigate the properties of its associated fragment and slice derivations. We apply our results to the Kuratowski measure of non-compactness and to the study of the Szlenk index of a Banach space. As a consequence, we obtain that the Szlenk index and the convex Szlenk index of a separable Banach space are always equal. We also give, for any countable ordinal $α$, …
For each ordinal $ξ$ and each $1\leqslant q<\infty$, we define the notion of $ξ$-$q$-summable Szlenk index. When $ξ=0$ and $q=1$, this recovers the usual notion of summable Szlenk index. We define for an arbitrary weak$^*$-compact set a transfinite, asymptotic analogue $α_{ξ,p}$ of the martingale type norm of an operator. We prove that this quantity is determined by norming sets and determines $ξ$-Szlenk power type and $ξ$-$q$-summability of Szlenk index. This fact allows us to prove that the behavior of operators under the $α_{ξ,p}$ seminorms passes in the strongest way to injective tensor pr…
We construct a class of minimal trees and use these trees to establish a number of coloring theorems on general trees. Among the applications of these trees and coloring theorems are quantification of the Bourgain $\ell_p$ and $c_0$ indices, dualization of the Bourgain $c_0$ index, establishing sharp positive and negative results for constant reduction, and estimating the Bourgain $\ell_p$ index of an arbitrary Banach space $X$ in terms of a subspace $Y$ and the quotient $X/Y$.
For every $α<ω_1$ we establish the existence of a separable Banach space whose Szlenk index is $ω^{αω+1}$ and which is universal for all separable Banach spaces whose Szlenk-index does not exceed $ω^{αω}$. In order to prove that result we provide an intrinsic characterization of which Banach spaces embed into a space admitting an FDD with upper estimates.
The relation between different notions measuring proximity to $\ell_1$ and distortability of a Banach space is studied. The main result states that a Banach space, whose all subspaces have Bourgain $\ell_1$ index greater than $ω^α$, $α<ω_1$, contains either an arbitrary distortable subspace or an $\ell_1^α$-asymptotic subspace.
To any pair ( M , theta ) where M is a family of finite subsets of N compact in the pointwise topology, and 0<theta < 1 , we associate a Tsirelson-type Banach space T_M^theta . It is shown that if the Cantor-Bendixson index of M is greater than n and theta >{1/n} then T_M^theta is reflexive. Moreover, if the Cantor-Bendixson index of M is greater than omega then T_M^theta does not contain any l^p, while if the Cantor-Bendixson index of M is finite thenT_M^theta contains some l^p or c_o . In particular, if M ={ A subset N : |A| leq n } and {1/n}<theta <1 then T_M^theta is isomorphic to some l^p…
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for an operator $A:X\to Y$ on a Banach space having a shrinking FDD to factor through a Banach space $Z$ such that the Szlenk index of $Z$ is equal to the Szlenk index of $A$. We also prove that for every ordinal $ξ\in (0, ω_1)\setminus\{ω^η: η<ω_1\text{\ a limit ordinal}\}$, there exists a Banach space $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$ having a shrinking basis and Szlenk index $ω^ξ$ such that for any separable Banach space $X$ and any operator $A:X\to Y$ having Szlenk index less than $ω^ξ$, $A$ factors through a subspace and through a quotient of $\mathfrak{G}_ξ$, a…
In this paper, we define an analytical index for continuous families of Fredholm operators parameterized by a topological space $\mathbb{X}$ into a Banach space $X.$ We also consider the Weyl spectrum for continuous families of bounded linear operators and we study its continuity.
Schur coupling (SC) and equivalence after extension (EAE) are important relations for bounded operators on Banach spaces. It has been known for 30 years that the former implies the latter, but only recently Ter Horst, Messerschmidt, Ran and Roelands disproved the converse by constructing a pair of Fredholm operators which are EAE, but not SC. Motivated by this result, we investigate when EAE and SC coincide for Fred\-holm operators. Fredholm operators which are EAE have the same Fredholm index. Surprisingly, we find that for each integer $k$ and every pair of Banach spaces $(\mathcal{X},\mathc…
Given a Banach space $X$, a $w^*$-compact subset of $X^*$, and $1<p<\infty$, we provide an optimal relationship between the Szlenk index of $K$ and the Szlenk index of an associated subset of $L_p(X)^*$. As an application, given a Banach space $X$, we prove an optimal estimate of the Szlenk index of $L_p(X)$ in terms of the Szlenk index of $X$. This extends a result of Hájek and Schlumprecht to uncountable ordinals. More generally, given an operator $A:X\to Y$, we provide an estimate of the Szlenk index of the "pointwise $A$" operator $A_p:L_p(X)\to L_p(Y)$ in terms of the Szlenk index of $A$.
We prove the optimal estimate between the Szlenk and $w^*$-dentability indices of an arbitrary $w^*$-compact subset of the dual of a Banach space. For a given $w^*$-compact, convex subset $K$ of the dual of a Banach space, we introduce a two player game the winning strategies of which determine the Szlenk index of $K$. We give applications to the $w^*$-dentability index of a Banach space and of an operator.
In a previous work, the first named author described the set $\cal P$ of all values of the Szlenk indices of separable Banach spaces. We complete this result by showing that for any integer $n$ and any ordinal $α$ in $\cal P$, there exists a separable Banach space $X$ such that the Szlenk of the dual of order $k$ of $X$ is equal to the first infinite ordinal $ω$ for all $k$ in $\{0,..,n-1\}$ and equal to $α$ for $k=n$. One of the ingredients is to show that the Lindenstrauss space and its dual both have a Szlenk index equal to $ω$. We also show that any element of $\cal P$ can be realized as a…
In this paper we survey some recent results concerning the numerical index $n(\cdot)$ for large classes of Banach spaces, including vector valued $\ell_p$-spaces and $\ell_p$-sums of Banach spaces where $1\leq p < \infty$. In particular by defining two conditions on a norm of a Banach space $X$, namely a Local Characterization Condition (LCC) and a Global Characterization Condition (GCC), we are able to show that if a norm on $X$ satisfies the (LCC), then $n(X) = \displaystyle\lim_m n(X_m).$ For the case in which $ \mathbb{N}$ is replaced by a directed, infinite set $S$, we will prove an analo…
We give a characterization of the existence of copies of $c_{0}$ in Banach spaces in terms of indexes. As an application, we deduce new proofs of James Distortion theorem and Bessaga-Pełczynski theorem about weakly unconditionally Cauchy series.