Bernard Host
These notes are based on a course for a general audience given at the Centro de Modeliamento Matemático of the University of Chile, in December 2004. We study the mean convergence of multiple ergodic averages, that is, averages of a product of functions taken at different times. We also describe the relations between this area of ergodic theory and some classical and some recent results in additive number theory.
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We show uniform convergence of Wiener-Wintner ergodic averages for ergodic actions of (not necessarily countable) locally compact, second countable, abelian (LCA) groups. As a by-product, we obtain a finitary version of the van der Corput inequality for such groups.
Slow convergence of ergodic averages for actions of amenable groups
研究可数 amenable 群作用的加权遍历平均，证明其收敛速度可以任意慢，揭示遍历平均的慢收敛现象。
We prove the norm convergence of multiple ergodic averages along cubes for several commuting transformations, and derive corresponding combinatorial results. The method we use relies primarily on the "magic extension" established recently by B. ~Host.
Absolute and Unconditional Convergence of Series of Ergodic Averages and Lebesgue Derivatives
该研究探讨遍历理论与调和分析中各类随机过程级数的绝对及无条件收敛条件，涉及Cesàro平均、Lebesgue导数等对象的平均差相关级数。
We show that multiple polynomial ergodic averages arising from nilpotent groups of measure preserving transformations of a probability space always converge in the L^2 norm.
We study the almost sure convergence of bilateral ergodic averages for not necessarily integrable functions and relate it to the ones of the forward and backward averages, hence complementing results of Woś and the second named author. In the case of convergence, using results of Furstenberg on double recurrence, we prove oscillations of the bilateral ergodic averages around the limit.
The full diapason of convergence rates of Birkhoff averages for ergodic flows
本文研究了ergodic流中Birkhoff平均收敛速率的完整范围，通过选择平均函数实现从最大速率到任意慢速率的转换，补充了Krengel关于ergodic自映射慢收敛速率的经典结果。
We prove the $L^{2}$ convergence for the linear multiple ergodic averages of commuting transformations $T_{1}, ..., T_{l}$, assuming that each map $T_i$ and each pair $T_iT_j^{-1}$ is ergodic for $i\neq j$. The limiting behavior of such averages is controlled by a particular factor, which is an inverse limit of nilsystems. As a corollary we show that the limiting behavior of linear multiple ergodic averages is the same for commuting transformations.
We study here weighted polynomial multiple ergodic averages. A sequence of weights is called universally good if any polynomial multiple ergodic average with this sequence of weights converges in $L^{2}$. We find a necessary condition and show that for any bounded measurable function $ϕ$ on an ergodic system, the sequence $ϕ(T^{n}x)$ is universally good for almost every $x$. The linear case was understood by Host and Kra.
The well-known Jewett-Krieger's Theorem states that each ergodic system has a strictly ergodic model. Strengthening the model by requiring that it is strictly ergodic under some group actions, and building the connection of the new model with the convergence of pointwise non-conventional ergodic averages we prove that for an ergodic system $(X,\X,μ, T)$, $d\in\N$, $f_1, \ldots, f_d \in L^{\infty}(μ)$, %and any tempered F{\rm $ø$}lner sequence $F_n$ of $\Z^2$, the averages \begin{equation*} \frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{(n,m)\in F_N} f_1(T^nx)f_2(T^{n+m}x)\ldots f_d(T^{n+(d-1)m}x) \end{equation*} converg…
Power-law uniform (in the operator norm) convergence on vector subspaces with their own norms in von Neumann's ergodic theorem with continuous time is considered. All possible exponents of the considered power-law convergence are found; for each of these exponents, spectral criteria for such convergence are given and a complete description of all such subspaces is obtained. Uniform convergence over the entire space takes place only in trivial cases, which explains the interest in the uniform convergence just on subspaces. In addition, along the way, the old convergence rate estimates in the vo…
Birkhoff's theorem states that for an ergodic automorphism, the time averages converge to the space average. Given sequence $ψ(n)\to+0$, U. Krengel proved that for any ergodic automorphism there is an indicator such that the corresponding time averages converged a.e. with a rate slower than $ψ$. We prove again similar statements answering a question of I. Podvigin in passing.
We apply Walsh's method for proving norm convergence of multiple ergodic averages to arbitrary amenable groups. We obtain convergence in the uniform Cesàro sense for their polynomial actions and for ``triangular'' averages associated to commuting homomorphic actions. The latter generalizes a result due to Bergelson, McCutcheon, and Zhang in the case of two actions.
In this paper, for a discontinuous skew-product transformation with the integrable observation function, we obtain uniform ergodic theorem and semi-uniform ergodic theorem. The main assumptions are that discontinuity sets of transformation and observation function are neglected in some measure-theoretical sense. The theorems extend the classical results which have been established for continuous dynamical systems or continuous observation functions. Meanwhile, on the torus $\mathbb{T}^{d}$ with special rotation, we prove the pointwise convergence of multiple ergodic average $\disp \f 1 N \sum_…
By building some suitable strictly ergodic models, we prove that for an ergodic system $(X,\mathcal{X},μ, T)$, $d\in{\mathbb N}$, $f_1, \ldots, f_d \in L^{\infty}(μ)$, the averages $$\frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{(n,m)\in [0,N-1]^2} f_1(T^nx)f_2(T^{n+m}x)\ldots f_d(T^{n+(d-1)m}x) $$ converge $μ$ a.e. Deriving some results from the construction, for distal systems we answer positively the question if the multiple ergodic averages converge a.e. That is, we show that if $(X,\mathcal{X},μ, T)$ is an ergodic distal system, and $f_1, \ldots, f_d \in L^{\infty}(μ)$, then multiple ergodic averages $$\frac 1 N\s…
A sequence $(s_n)$ of integers is good for the mean ergodic theorem if for each invertible measure preserving system $(X,\mathcal{B},μ,T)$ and any bounded measurable function $f$, the averages $ \frac1N \sum_{n=1}^N f(T^{s_n}x)$ converge in the $L^2$ norm. We construct a sequence $(s_n)$ that is good for the mean ergodic theorem, but the sequence $(s_n^2)$ is not. Furthermore, we show that for any set of bad exponents $B$, there is a sequence $(s_n)$ where $(s_n^k)$ is good for the mean ergodic theorem exactly when $k$ is not in $B$. We then extend this result to multiple ergodic averages. We …
Using an asymptotically additive sequence of continuous functions as a restrictive condition, this paper studies the relations of several ergodic averages for asymptotically additive potentials. Basic properties of conditional maximum ergodic averages are studied. In particular, if the dynamical systems satisfy the specification property, the maximal growth rate of an asymptotically additive potential on the level set is equal to its conditional maximum ergodic averages and the maximal growth rates on the irregular set is its maximum ergodic averages. Finally, the applications for suspension f…
It is shown that there exist a subsequence for which the multiple ergodic averages of commuting invertible measure preserving transformations of a Lebesgue probability space converge almost everywhere provided that the maps are weakly mixing with an ergodic extra condition. The proof provides a example of non-singular dynamical system for which the maximal ergodic inequality does not hold. We further get that the non-singular strategy to solve the pointwise convergence of the Furstenberg ergodic averages fails.
We find limits of some multiple ergodic averages, generalizing a result of Bergelson to the setting of two commuting transformations and actions of amenable groups.
In this paper, we study the multiple ergodic averages of a locally constant real-valued function in linear Cookie-Cutter dynamical systems. The multifractal spectrum of these multiple ergodic averages is completely determined.
Let $(X, \mathcal{A},μ)$ be a probability space and let $T$ be a contraction on $L^2(μ)$. We provide suitable conditions over sequences $(w_k)$, $(u_k)$ and $(A_k)$ in such a way that the weighted ergodic limit $\lim\limits_{N\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{A_N}\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} w_k T^{u_k}(f)=0$ $μ$-a.e. for any function $f$ in $L^2(μ)$. As a consequence of our main theorems, we also deal with the so-called one-sided weighted ergodic Hilbert transforms.
We study the limiting behavior of multiple ergodic averages involving several not necessarily commuting measure preserving transformations. We work on two types of averages, one that uses iterates along combinatorial parallelepipeds, and another that uses iterates along shifted polynomials. We prove pointwise convergence in both cases, thus answering a question of I.Assani in the former case, and extending results of B.Host-B.Kra and A.Leibman in the latter case. Our argument is based on some elementary uniformity estimates of general bounded sequences, decomposition results in ergodic theory,…
This article is devoted to the study of the multifractal analysis of ergodic averages in some nonuniformly hyperbolic systems. In particular, our results hold for the robust classes of multidimensional nonuniformly expanding local diffeomorphisms and Viana maps.
In this paper we present a complete solution to the problem of multifractal analysis of multiple ergodic averages in the case of symbolic dynamics for functions of two variables depending on the first coordinate.
This is an earlier, but more general, version of "An L^1 Ergodic Theorem for Sparse Random Subsequences". We prove an L^1 ergodic theorem for averages defined by independent random selector variables, in a setting of general measure-preserving group actions. A far more readable version of this paper is in the works.
Singular geometric averages for ergodic multiflows
研究多流在概率空间上的奇异几何平均，通过通用定理将平均沿R^n中的流形应用
Consider a class of skew product transformations consisting of an ergodic or a periodic transformation on a probability space (M, B, m) in the base and a semigroup of transformations on another probability space (W,F,P) in the fibre. Under suitable mixing conditions for the fibre transformation, we show that the properties ergodicity, weakly mixing, and strongly mixing are passed on from the base transformation to the skew product (with respect to the product measure). We derive ergodic theorems with respect to the skew product on the product space. The main aim of this paper is to establish u…
Ergodic optimization is the study of extremal values of asymptotic dynamical quantities such as Birkhoff averages or Lyapunov exponents, and of the orbits or invariant measures that attain them. We discuss some results and problems.
We compute exact convergence rates in von Neumann type ergodic theorems when the acting group of measure preserving transformations is free and the means are taken over spheres or over balls defined by a word metric. Relying on the upper bounds on the spectra of Koopman operators deduced by Lubozky, Phillips, and Sarnak from Deligne's work on the Weil conjecture, we compute the exact convergence rate for the free groups (of rank $(p+1)/2$ where $p\equiv 1\mod 4$ is prime) of isometries of the round sphere defined by Lipschitz quaternions. We also show that any finite rank free group of automor…
We propose to study the multifractal behavior of weighted ergodic averages. Our study in this paper is concentrated on the symbolic dynamics. We introduce a thermodynamical formalism which leads to a multifractal spectrum. It is proved that this thermodynamical formalism applies to different kinds of dynamically defined weights, including stationary ergodic random weights, uniquely ergodic weights etc. But the validity of the thermodynamical formalism for very irregular weights, like Möbius function, is an unsolved problem. The paper ends with some other unsolved problems.
The pointwise ergodic theorem on finitely additive spaces
本文提出适用于有限可加测度的有限几乎必然收敛概念，借此将逐点遍历定理扩展至有限可加概率空间，并通过扩展Calderón传递原理完成证明。
This article is devoted to the study of the historic set of ergodic averages in some nonuniformly hyperbolic systems. In particular, our results hold for the robust classes of multidimensional nonuniformly expanding local diffeomorphisms and Viana maps.
We unify and extend some previous results about cubic ergodic averages and sets of positive density in products of groups. This provides a joint generalization of earlier work of the author in the case of two commuting actions of an amenable group, and of Q. Chu's recent result on a a finite number of commuting transformations.
We present a general new method for constructing pointwise ergodic sequences on countable groups, which is applicable to amenable as well as to non-amenable groups and treats both cases on an equal footing. The principle underlying the method is that both cases can be viewed as instances of the general ergodic theory of amenable equivalence relations.
We study certain multiple ergodic averages of an iterated functions system generated by two contractions on the unit interval. By using the dynamical coding ${0,1}^{\mathbb{N}}$ of the attractor, we compute the Hausdorff dimension of the set of points with a given frequency of the pattern 11 in positions $k, 2k$.
Polynomial ergodic averages of measure-preserving systems acted by $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$
该研究通过把一般 $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ 作用保测系统的多项式遍历平均逐点收敛归结为零熵情形，证明了 $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ 作用 K-系统中的相应收敛性。
Seminorm control for ergodic averages with commuting transformations and pairwise dependent polynomial iterates
本文研究了具有相互依赖多项式迭代的交换变换的ergodic平均，证明其受Gowers-Host-Kra半范数控制，并确定了联合ergodic的条件。
We prove the uniform oscillation and jump inequalities for the polynomial ergodic averages modeled over multi-dimensional subset of primes. These inequalities provide endpoints for the $r$-variational estimates obtained by Trojan arXiv:1803.05406.
We study fluctuations of ergodic averages generated by actions of amenable groups. In the setting of an abstract ergodic theorem for locally compact second countable amenable groups acting on uniformly convex Banach spaces, we deduce a highly uniform bound on the number of fluctuations of the ergodic average for a class of Følner sequences satisfying an analogue of Lindenstrauss's temperedness condition. Equivalently, we deduce a uniform bound on the number of fluctuations over long distances for arbitrary Følner sequences. As a corollary, these results imply associated bounds for a continuous…
Weighted multiple ergodic averages via analytic observables over $ \mathbb{T}^\infty $: Is exponential pointwise convergence universal?
本文通过加权方法研究了在无限维环上多重遍历平均的指数点wise收敛性，解决了其普遍性问题，并通过反例和数值分析验证了方法的最优性。
We show that a $k$-linear pointwise ergodic theorem on an ergodic measure-preserving system implies a uniform $k$-linear nilsequence Wiener-Wintner theorem on that system. The assumption is known to hold for arbitrary systems and $k=2$ (due to Bourgain) and for distal systems and arbitrary $k$ (due to Huang, Shao, and Ye).
Let $(X,\mathcal{B},μ)$ be a probability space and let $T_1,..., T_l$ be $l$ commuting invertible measure preserving transformations \linebreak of $X$. We show that if $T_1^{c_1} ... T_l^{c_l}$ is ergodic for each $(c_1,...,c_l)\neq (0,...,0)$, then the averages $\frac{1}{|Φ_N|}\sum_{u\inΦ_N}\prod_{i=1}^r T_1^{p_{i1}(u)}... T_l^{p_{il}(u)}f_i$ converge in $L^2(μ)$ for all polynomials $p_{ij}\colon \mathbb{Z}^d\to\mathbb{Z}$, all $f_i\in L^{\infty}(μ)$, and all Følner sequences $\{Φ_N\}_{N=1}^{\infty}$ in $\mathbb{Z}^d$.
The family of pairwise independently determined (PID) systems, i.e. those for which the independent joining is the only self joining with independent 2-marginals, is a class of systems for which the long standing open question by Rokhlin, of whether mixing implies mixing of all orders, has a positive answer. We show that in the class of weakly mixing PID one finds a positive answer for another long-standing open problem, whether the multiple ergodic averages \begin{equation*} \frac 1 N\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}f_1(T^nx)\cdots f_d(T^{dn}x), \quad N\to \infty, \end{equation*} almost surely converge.
We study fluctuations of ergodic averages generated by actions of amenable groups. In the setting of an abstract ergodic theorem for locally compact second countable amenable groups acting on uniformly convex Banach spaces, we deduce a highly uniform bound on the number of fluctuations of the ergodic average for a class of Følner sequences satisfying an analogue of Lindenstrauss's temperedness condition. Equivalently, we deduce a uniform bound on the number of fluctuations over long distances for arbitrary Følner sequences. As a corollary, these results imply associated bounds for a continuous…
Vector-valued maximal inequalities and multi-parameter oscillation inequalities for the polynomial ergodic averages along multi-dimensional subsets of primes
本文针对沿多维素数子集的多项式遍历平均，证明了均匀$\ell^2$值极大不等式，并结合已有振荡估计得到多参数振荡不等式，从而推广了Bourgain的多项式Dunford-Zygmund遍历定理。
We consider a direct product of a suspension flow over a substitution dynamical system and an arbitrary ergodic flow and give quantitative estimates for the speed of convergence for ergodic integrals of such systems. Our argument relies on new uniform estimates of the spectral measure for suspension flows over substitution dynamical systems. The paper answers a question by Jon Chaika.
It is shown that the cubic nonconventional ergodic average of order 2 with Möbius and Liouville weight converge almost surely to zero. As a consequence, we obtain that the Cesàro mean of the self-correlations and some moving average of the self-correlations of Möbius and Liouville functions converge to zero.
Slow convergence almost everywhere of ergodic averages
该研究针对$Z^n$群在概率空间上的遍历作用，证明存在可积函数使遍历平均几乎处处收敛速度可任意慢，推广了Krengel效应，借助弱化版Rokhlin引理构造渐近几乎不变集完成证明。
We compute the dimension spectrum of certain nonconventional averages, namely, the Hausdorff dimension of the set of $0,1$ sequences, for which the frequency of the pattern 11 in positions $k, 2k$ equals a given number $θ\in [0,1]$.
We show that effective $2\ell$-multiple correlations imply quantitative $\ell$-multiple pointwise ergodic theorems. The result has a wide class of applications which include subgroup actions on homogeneous spaces, ergodic nilmanifold automorphisms, subshifts of finite type and Young towers.
We show that for any countable amenable group action, along Følner sequences that have for any $c>1$ a two sided $c$-tempered tail, one have universal estimate for the probability that there are $n$ fluctuations in the ergodic averages of $L^{\infty}$ functions, and this estimate gives exponential decay in $n$. Any two-sided Følner sequence can be thinned out to satisfy the above property, and in particular, any countable amenble group admits such a sequence. This extends results of S. Kalikow and B. Weiss for $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ actions and of N. Moriakov for actions of groups with polynomial gr…
By definition, a map quasiperiodic on a set $X$ if the map is conjugate to a pure rotation. Suppose we have a trajectory $(x_n)$ that we suspect is quasiperiodic. How do we determine if it is? In this paper we show how to compute the conjugacy map using only knowledge of $(x_n)$. Our main tool is a variant of Birkhoff averages. The Birkhoff Ergodic Theorem asserts that time averages of a function evaluated along a trajectory of length $N$ converge to the space average, the integral of $f$, as $N\to\infty$, for ergodic dynamical systems. But that convergence can be slow. Instead of uniform aver…
The purpose of this paper is to study ergodic averages with deterministic weights. More precisely we study the convergence of the ergodic averages of the type $\frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} θ(k) f \circ T^{u_k}$ where $θ= (θ(k) ; k\in \NN)$ is a bounded sequence and $u = (u_k ; k\in \NN)$ a strictly increasing sequence of integers such that for some $δ<1$ $$ S_N (θ, u) := \sup_{α\in \pRR} | \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} θ(k) \exp (2iπαu_k) | = O (N^δ) \leqno{({\cal H}_1)} $$ i.e., there exists a constant $C$ such that $S_N (θ, u) \leq C N^δ $. We define $δ(θ, u)$ to be the infimum of the $δ$ satisfying $\H_…
We propose to study multiple ergodic averages from multifractal analysis point of view. In some special cases in the symbolic dynamics, Hausdorff dimensions of the level sets of multiple ergodic average limit are determined by using Riesz products.
For a parameterized hyperbolic system $u_{i+1} = f(u_i,s)$, the derivative of an ergodic average $\ < J\ > = \underset{n\rightarrow\infty}{\lim} \frac1n \sum_1^n J(u_i,s)$ to the parameter $s$ can be computed via the least squares sensitivity method. This method solves a constrained least squares problem and computes an approximation to the desired derivative $d\ < J\ > \over ds$ from the solution. This paper proves that as the size of the least squares problem approaches infinity, the computed approximation converges to the true derivative.
We prove that systems satisfying the specification property are saturated in the sense that the topological entropy of the set of generic points of any invariant measure is equal to the measure-theoretic entropy of the measure. We study Banach valued Birkhoff ergodic averages and obtain a variational principle for its topological entropy spectrum. As application, we examine a particular example concerning with the set of real numbers for which the frequencies of occurrences in their dyadic expansions of infinitely many words are prescribed. This relies on our explicit determination of a maxima…
Universal Weighted Averaging for Ergodic Flows
本文提出了一种用于遍历流的通用加权平均方法，并通过实例证明了刚性流不具备几乎混合性质。
Exploiting the recent work of Tao and Ziegler on a concatenation theorem on factors, we find explicit characteristic factors for multiple averages along polynomials on systems with commuting transformations, and use them to study criteria of joint ergodicity for sequences of the form $(T^{p_{1,j}(n)}_{1}\cdot\ldots\cdot T^{p_{d,j}(n)}_{d})_{n\in\mathbb{Z}},$ $1\leq j\leq k$, where $T_{1},\dots,T_{d}$ are commuting measure preserving transformations on a probability measure space and $p_{i,j}$ are integer polynomials. To be more precise, we provide a sufficient condition for such sequences to b…
Based on T.Tao's result of norm convergence of multiple ergodic averages for commut-ing transformation, we obtain there is a subsequence which converges almost everywhere. Meanwhile, the ergodic behaviour, which the time average is equal to the space average, of diagonal measures is obtained and we give different result according to the classification of transformations. Additionally, on the torus with special rotation. we can not only get the convergence in T.Tao's paper for every point in Td, but also get a beautiful result for ergodic behaviour.
On spectral measures and convergence rates in von Neumann's Ergodic Theorem
本文研究离散系统冯·诺依曼遍历定理的收敛速率，揭示幂律衰减指数与谱测度在谱值1处逐点标度指数的关系，并证明无谱隙时时间平均速率依赖于趋于无穷的时间序列。
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