Let $A=A(x_{1},...,x_{n})$ be a free associative algebra in $\mathcal{A}$ freely generated over $K$ by a set $X=\{x_{1},...,x_{n}\}$, $End A$ be the semigroup of endomorphisms of $A$, and $Aut End A$ be the group of automorphisms of the semigroup $End A$. We investigate the structure of the groups $Aut End A$ and $Aut \mathcal{A}^{\circ}$, where $\mathcal{A}^{\circ}$ is the category of finitely generated free algebras from $\mathcal{A}$. We prove that the group $Aut End A$ is generated by semi-inner and mirror automorphisms of $End F$ and the group $Aut \mathcal{A}^{\circ}$ is generated by semi-inner and mirror automorphisms of the category $\mathcal{A}^{\circ}$.
This result solves an open Problem formulated in \cite{22}
In this paper, we characterize the monoid of endomorphisms of the semigroup of all oriented full transformations of a finite chain, as well as the monoid of endomorphisms of the semigroup of all oriented partial transformations and the monoid of endomorphisms of the semigroup of all oriented partial permutations of a finite chain. Characterizations of the monoids of endomorphisms of the subsemigroups of all orientation-preserving transformations of the three semigroups aforementioned are also given. In addition, we compute the number of endomorphisms of each of these six semigroups.
In this paper, we characterize the monoid of endomorphisms of the semigroup of all monotone full transformations of a finite chain, as well as the monoids of endomorphisms of the semigroup of all monotone partial transformations and of the semigroup of all monotone partial permutations of a finite chain.
Construction of some non-associative algebras from Associative Algebras with an endomorphism operator, a differential operator or a left averaging operator
The authors [3] proved that the endomorphism semiring of a nontrivial semilattice is always subdirectly irreducible and described its monolith. Here we prove that the endomorphism semiring of a commutative inverse semigroup with at least two idempotents is always subdirectly irreducible and describe its monolith.
We describe the automorphism group of the endomorphism semigroup $\End(K[x_1,...,x_n])$ of ring $K[x_1,...,x_n]$ of polynomials over an {\it arbitrary} field $K$. A similar result is obtained for automorphism group of the category of finitely generated free commutative-associative algebras of the variety $\mathcal{CA}$ commutative algebras. This solves two problems posed by B. Plotkin (\cite{24}, Problems 12 and 15). More precisely, we prove that if $φ\in \Aut\End(K[x_1,...,x_n])$ then there exists a semi-linear automorphism $s:K[x_1,...,x_n]\to K[x_1,...,x_n]$ such that $φ(g)=s\circ g\circ s^…
It is known that there are Lie algebras with non-semigroup gradings, i.e. such that the binary operation on the grading set is not associative. We provide a similar example in the class of associative algebras.
In this note, we consider the semigroup $O(X)$ of all order endomorphisms of an infinite chain $X$ and the subset $J$ of $O(X)$ of all transformations $α$ such that $|Im(α)|=|X|$. For an infinite countable chain $X$, we give a necessary and sufficient condition on $X$ for $O(X) = \langle J \rangle$ to hold. We also present a sufficient condition on $X$ for $O(X) = \langle J \rangle$ to hold, for an arbitrary infinite chain $X$.
We consider homogeneous varieties of linear algebras over an associative-commutative ring K with 1, i.e., the varieties in which free algebras are graded. Let F be a free algebra of some variety A of linear algebras over K freely generated by a finite set X, EndF be the semigroup of endomorphisms of F, and AutEndF be the group of automorphisms of the semigroup EndF. We investigate structure of the group AutEndF and its relation to the algebraical and categorical equivalence of algebras from A. We define a wide class of R1MF-domains containing, in particular, Bezout domains, unique factorizatio…
Denote by (R,.) the multiplicative semigroup of an associative algebra R over an infinite field, and let (R,*) represent R when viewed as a semigroup via the circle operation x*y=x+y+xy. In this paper we characterize the existence of an identity in these semigroups in terms of the Lie structure of R. Namely, we prove that the following conditions on R are equivalent: the semigroup (R,*) satisfies an identity; the semigroup (R,.) satisfies a reduced identity; and, the associated Lie algebra of R satisfies the Engel condition. When R is finitely generated these conditions are each equivalent to …
Last years a number of papers were devoted to describing automorphisms of semigroups of endomorphisms of free finitely generated universal algebras of some varieties: groups, semigroups, associative commutative algebras, inverse semigroups, modules, Lie algebras and some others. All these researches were inspired by the questions prof. B. Plotkin set in connection with so called universal algebraic geometry (see for example Arxiv:math, GM/0204245). The aim of this paper is to suggest a method of describing the group AutEnd(F) for a free finitely generated algebra F of an arbitrary variety of u…
Let $X$ be a finite or infinite chain and let $O(X)$ be the monoid of all endomorphisms of $X$. In this paper, we describe the largest regular subsemigroup of $O(X)$ and Green's relations on $O(X)$. In fact, more generally, if $Y$ is a nonempty subset of $X$ and $O(X,Y)$ the subsemigroup of $O(X)$ of all elements with range contained in $Y$, we characterize the largest regular subsemigroup of $O(X,Y)$ and Green's relations on $O(X,Y)$. Moreover, for finite chains, we determine when two semigroups of the type $O(X,Y)$ are isomorphic and calculate their ranks.
We construct an exotic one-parameter semigroup of endomorphims of a symmetric cone $C$, whose generator is not the sum of a Lie group generator and an endomorphism of $C$. The question is motivated by the theory of affine processes on symmetric cones, which plays an important role in mathematical finance. On the other hand, theoretical question that we solve in this paper seems to have been implicitly open even much longer then this motivation suggests.
In this paper we construct free Hom-semigroups when its unary operation is multiplicative and is an involution. Our method of construction is by bracketed words. As a consequence, we obtain free Hom-associative algebras generated by a set under the same conditions for the unary operation.
The rank of a semigroup is the cardinality of a smallest generating set. In this paper we compute the rank of the endomorphism monoid of a non-trivial uniform partition of a finite set, that is, the semigroup of those transformations of a finite set that leave a non-trivial uniform partition invariant. That involves proving that the rank of a wreath product of two symmetric groups is two and then use the fact that the endomorphism monoid of a partition is isomorphic to a wreath product of two full transformation semigroups. The calculation of the rank of these semigroups solves an open questio…
Denote by PSelf(X) (resp., Self(X)) the partial (resp., full) transformation monoid over a set X, and by Sub(V) (resp., End(V)) the collection of all subspaces (resp., endomorphisms) of a vector space V. We prove various results that imply the following: (1) If X has at least two elements, then Self(X) has a semigroup embedding into the dual of Self(Y) iff card(Y) >= 2^card(X). In particular, if X has at least two elements, then there exists no semigroup embedding from Self(X) into the dual of PSelf(X). (2) If V is infinite-dimensional, then there are no embedding from (Sub(V),+) into (Sub(V),…
A commutative algebra is exact if its multiplication endomorphisms are trace-free and is Killing metrized if its Killing type trace-form is nondegenerate and invariant. A Killing metrized exact commutative algebra is necessarily neither unital nor associative. Such algebras can be viewed as commutative analogues of semisimple Lie algebras or, alternatively, as nonassociative generalizations of étale (associative) algebras. Some basic examples are described and there are introduced quantitative measures of nonassociativity, formally analogous to curvatures of connections, that serve to facilita…
Classes of $G$-Hom-associative algebras are constructed as deformations of $G$-associative algebras along algebra endomorphisms. As special cases, we obtain Hom-associative and Hom-Lie algebras as deformations of associative and Lie algebras, respectively, along algebra endomorphisms. Chevalley-Eilenberg type homology for Hom-Lie algebras are also constructed.
We compute the Whitehead groups of the associative rings in a class which includes (twisted) formal power series rings and the augmentation localizations of group rings and polynomial rings. For any associative ring A, we obtain an invariant of a pair (P,α) where P is a finitely generated projective A-module and α:P \to P is an endomorphism. This invariant determines (P,α) up to extensions, yielding a computation of the (reduced) endomorphism class group of A. We also refine the analysis by Pajitnov and Ranicki of the Whitehead group of the Novikov ring.
In this paper, by using Gröbner-Shirshov bases, we show that in the following classes, each (resp. countably generated) algebra can be embedded into a simple (resp. two-generated) algebra: associative differential algebras, associative $Ω$-algebras, associative $λ$-differential algebras. We show that in the following classes, each countably generated algebra over a countable field $k$ can be embedded into a simple two-generated algebra: associative algebras, semigroups, Lie algebras, associative differential algebras, associative $Ω$-algebras, associative $λ$-differential algebras. Also we pro…
We introduce the notion of Groebner S-basis of an ideal of the free associative algebra K<X> over a field K invariant under the action of a semigroup S of endomorphisms of the algebra. We calculate the Groebner S-bases of the ideal corresponding to the universal enveloping algebra of the free nilpotent of class 2 Lie algebra and of the T-ideal generated by the polynomial identity [x,y,z]=0, with respect to suitable semigroups S. In the latter case, if |X|>2, the ordinary Groebner basis is infinite and our Groebner S-basis is finite. We obtain also explicit minimal Groebner bases of these ideal…
An interchange ring,(R,+,*)is an abelian group with a second binary operation defined so that the interchange law (x+y)*(u+v)=(x*u)+(y*v)holds. An interchange near ring is the same structure based on a group which may not be abelian. It is shown that given any group,G,each interchange(near)ring based on that group is formed from a pair of endomorphisms of G whose images commute, and that all interchange (near)rings based on G can be characterized in this manner. To obtain an associative interchange ring, the endomorphisms must be commuting idempotents in the endomorphism semigroup of G. When G…
This is a survey paper on algorithms that have been developed during the last 25 years for the explicit computation of the structure of an associative algebra of finite dimension over either a finite field or an algebraic number field. This constructive approach was initiated in 1985 by Friedl and Ronyai and has since been developed by Cohen, de Graaf, Eberly, Giesbrecht, Ivanyos, Kuronya and Wales. I illustrate these algorithms with the case n = 2 of the rational semigroup algebra of the partial transformation semigroup PT_n on n elements; this generalizes the full transformation semigroup an…
Lie conformal algebras appear in the theory of vertex algebras. Their relation is similar to that of Lie algebras and their universal enveloping algebras. Associative conformal algebras play a role in conformal representation theory. We introduce the notions of conformal identity and unital associative conformal algebras and classify finitely generated simple unital associative conformal algebras of linear growth. These are precisely the complete algebras of conformal endomorphisms of finite modules.
In this paper, we study partial automorphisms and, more generally, injective partial endomorphisms of a finite undirected path from Semigroup Theory perspective. Our main objective is to give formulas for the ranks of the monoids $IEnd(P_n)$ and $PAut(P_n)$ of all injective partial endomorphisms and of all partial automorphisms of the undirected path $P_n$ with $n$ vertices. We also describe Green's relations of $PAut(P_n)$ and $IEnd(P_n)$ and calculate their cardinals.
A complete set of primitive orthogonal idempotents plays an important role in the representation theory of an associative algebra. In this paper, we construct a complete set of primitive orthogonal idempotents for any finite Brandt semigroup algebra.
For any $n$-ary associative algebra we construct a $\Z_{n-1}$ graded algebra, which is a universal object containing the $n$-ary algebra as a subspace of elements of degree 1. Similar construction is carried out for semigroups.
We study diverse parametrized versions of the operad of associative algebra, where the parameter are taken in an associative semigroup $Ω$ (generalization of matching or family associative algebras) or in its cartesian square (two-parameters associative algebras). We give a description of the free algebras on these operads, study their formal series and prove that they are Koszul when the set of parameters is finite. We also study operadic morphisms between the operad of classical associative algebras and these objects, and links with other types of algebras (diassociative, dendriform, post-Li…
The inner automorphisms of a group G can be characterized within the category of groups without reference to group elements: they are precisely those automorphisms of G that can be extended, in a functorial manner, to all groups H given with homomorphisms G --> H. Unlike the group of inner automorphisms of G itself, the group of such extended systems of automorphisms is always isomorphic to G. A similar characterization holds for inner automorphisms of an associative algebra R over a field K; here the group of functorial systems of automorphisms is isomorphic to the group of units of R modulo …
We prove that a countable dimensional associative algebra (resp. a countable semigroup) of locally subexponential growth is $M_\infty$-embeddable as a left ideal in a finitely generated algebra (resp. semigroup) of subexponential growth. Moreover, we provide bounds for the growth of the finitely generated algebra (resp. semigroup). The proof is based on a new construction of matrix wreath product of algebras.
We introduce the first hom-associative Weyl algebras over a field of prime characteristic as a generalization of the first associative Weyl algebra in prime characteristic. First, we study properties of hom-associative algebras constructed from associative algebras by a general "twisting" procedure. Then, with the help of these results, we determine the commuter, center, nuclei, and set of derivations of the first hom-associative Weyl algebras. We also classify them up to isomorphism, and show, among other things, that all nonzero endomorphisms on them are injective, but not surjective. Last, …
In this paper we prove that every automorphism of the semigroup of invertible matrices with nonnegative elements over a linearly oredered associative ring on some specially defined subgroup concides with the composition of an inner automorphism of the semigroup, an automorphism of the ring preserving the order, and a central homothety.
For all classical groups (and for their analogs in infinite dimension or over general base fields or rings) we construct certain contractions, called "homotopes". The construction is geometric, using as ingredient involutions of associative geometries. We prove that, under suitable assumptions, the groups and their homotopes have a canonical semigroup completion.
For all classical groups (and for their analogs in infinite dimension or over general base fields or rings) we construct certain contractions, called "homotopes". The construction is geometric, using as ingredient involutions of associative geometries. We prove that, under suitable assumptions, the groups and their homotopes have a canonical semigroup completion.
We introduce an embedding of the free magma on a set A into the direct product of the free magma on a singleton set and the free semigroup on A. This embedding is then used to prove several theorems related to algebraic independence of subsets of the free non-associative algebra on A. Among these theorems is a generalization of a result due to Kurosh, which states that every subalgebra of a free non-associative algebra is also free.
We realize Kellendonk'?s C*-algebra of an aperiodic tiling as the tight C*-algebra of the inverse semigroup associated to the tiling, thus providing further evidence that the tight C*-algebra is a good candidate to be the natural associative algebra to go along with an inverse semigroup.
Pseudoalgebras, introduced in [BDK], are multi-dimensional analogues of conformal algebras, which provide an axiomatic description of the singular part of the operator product expansion. Our main interest in this paper is the pseudoalgebra Cend_n, which is the analogue of an algebra of endomorphisms of a finite module. We study its algebraic properties. In particular, we introduce the class of unital pseudoalgebras and describe their structure and representations. Also, we classify pseudoalgebras algebraically similar to Cend_n.
We describe the representations of $(2,n)$-semigroups, i.e. groupoids with $n$ binary associative operations, by partial $n$-place functions and prove that any such representation is a union of some family of representations induced by Schein's determining pairs.
We introduce the notions of pre-morphism and pre-derivation for arbitrary non-associative algebras over a commutative ring $k$ with identity. These notions are applied to the study of pre-Lie $k$-algebras and, more generally, Lie-admissible $k$-algebras. Associating with any algebra $(A,\cdot)$ its sub-adjacent anticommutative algebra $(A,[-,-])$ is a functor from the category of $k$-algebras with pre-morphisms to the category of anticommutative $k$-algebras. We describe the commutator of two ideals of a pre-Lie algebra, showing that the condition (Huq=Smith) holds for pre-Lie algebras. This a…
The first (associative) Weyl algebra is formally rigid in the classical sense. In this paper, we show that it can however be formally deformed in a nontrivial way when considered as a so-called hom-associative algebra, and that this deformation preserves properties such as the commuter, while deforming others, such as the center, power associativity, the set of derivations, and some commutation relations. We then show that this deformation induces a formal deformation of the corresponding Lie algebra into what is known as a hom-Lie algebra, when using the commutator as bracket. We also prove t…
The aim of this paper is to introduce $n$-ary Hom-algebra structures generalizing the $n$-ary algebras of Lie type enclosing $n$-ary Nambu algebras, $n$-ary Nambu-Lie algebras, $n$-ary Lie algebras, and $n$-ary algebras of associative type enclosing $n$-ary totally associative and $n$-ary partially associative algebras. Also, we provide a way to construct examples starting from an $n$-ary algebra and an $n$-ary algebras endomorphism. Several examples could be derived using this process.
Let $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)\,(=\mathbb C^{27})$ be the space of structure vectors of $3$-dimensional algebras over $\mathbb C$ considered as a $G$-module via the action of $G={\rm GL}(3,\mathbb C)$ on $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)$ `by change of basis'. We determine the complete degeneration picture inside the algebraic subset $\mathcal A^s_3$ of $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)$ consisting of associative algebra structures via the corresponding information on the algebraic subsets $\mathcal L_3$ and $\mathcal J_3$ of $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)$ of Lie and Jordan algebra structures respectively. Thi…
In this paper we introduce an algebra embedding $ι:K< X >\to S$ from the free associative algebra $K< X >$ generated by a finite or countable set $X$ into the skew monoid ring $S = P * Σ$ defined by the commutative polynomial ring $P = K[X\times N^*]$ and by the monoid $Σ= < σ>$ generated by a suitable endomorphism $σ:P\to P$. If $P = K[X]$ is any ring of polynomials in a countable set of commuting variables, we present also a general Gröbner bases theory for graded two-sided ideals of the graded algebra $S = \bigoplus_i S_i$ with $S_i = P σ^i$ and $σ:P \to P$ an abstract endomorphism satisfyi…
Hom-Akivis algebras are introduced. The commutator-Hom-associator algebra of a non-Hom-associative algebra (i.e. a Hom-nonassociative algebra) is a Hom-Akivis algebra. It is shown that non-Hom-associative algebras can be obtained from nonassociative algebras by twisting along algebra automorphisms while Hom-Akivis algebras can be obtained from Akivis algebras by twisting along algebra endomorphisms. It is pointed out that a Hom-Akivis algebra associated to a Hom-alternative algebra is a Hom-Malcev algebra.
We introduce the notion of quadri-algebras. These are associative algebras for which the multiplication can be decomposed as the sum of four operations in a certain coherent manner. We present several examples of quadri-algebras: the algebra of permutations, the shuffle algebra, tensor products of dendriform algebras. We show that a pair of commuting Baxter operators on an associative algebra gives rise to a canonical quadri-algebra structure on the underlying space of the algebra. The main example is provided by the algebra End(A) of linear endomorphisms of an infinitesimal bialgebra A. This …
