In two seminal papers M. Kontsevich introduced graph homology as a tool to compute the homology of three infinite dimensional Lie algebras, associated to the three operads `commutative,' `associative' and `Lie.' We generalize his theorem to all cyclic operads, in the process giving a more careful treatment of the construction than in Kontsevich's original papers. We also give a more explicit treatment of the isomorphisms of graph homologies with the homology of moduli space and Out(F_r) outlined by Kontsevich. In [`Infinitesimal operations on chain complexes of graphs', Mathematische Annalen, 327 (2003) 545-573] we defined a Lie bracket and cobracket on the commutative graph complex, which was extended in [James Conant, `Fusion and fission in graph complexes', Pac. J. 209 (2003), 219-230] to the case of all cyclic operads. These operations form a Lie bi-algebra on a natural subcomplex. We show that in the associative and Lie cases the subcomplex on which the bi-algebra structure exists carries all of the homology, and we explain why the subcomplex in the commutative case does not.
We will consider P-graph complexes, where P is a cyclic operad. P-graph complexes are natural generalizations of Kontsevich's graph complexes -- for P = the operad for associative algebras it is the complex of ribbon graphs, for P = the operad for commutative associative algebras, the complex of all graphs. We construct a `universal class' in the cohomology of the graph complex with coefficients in a theory. The Kontsevich-type invariant is then an evaluation, on a concrete cyclic algebra, of this class. We also explain some results of M. Penkava and A. Schwarz on the construction of an invari…
We show that the zeroth cohomology of M. Kontsevich's graph complex is isomorphic to the Grothendieck-Teichmueller Lie algebra grt_1. The map is explicitly described. This result has applications to deformation quantization and Duflo theory. We also compute the homotopy derivations of the Gerstenhaber operad. They are parameterized by grt_1, up to one class (or two, depending on the definitions). More generally, the homotopy derivations of the (non-unital) E_n operads may be expressed through the cohomology of a suitable graph complex. Our methods also give a second proof of a result of H. Fur…
We show that Kontsevich's formality of the little disk operad, obtained using graphs, is homotopic to Tamarkin's formality, for a special choice of a Drinfeld associator. The associator is given by parallel transport of the Alekseev-Torossian connection.
We show that the Kontsevich operad, as an operad with multiplication, provides a model for the Taylor tower of the functor defined by taking the homotopy fiber of the inclusion of embeddings of an interval in a cube to the corresponding space of immersions. In developing the Kontsevich operad, we find an operad structure on the simplicial model for the two-sphere, in the opposite category to finite sets. Applications of our result include using machinery of McClure-Smith to produce a little two-disk action on our knot spaces.
We prove that the operad of framed little 2-discs is formal. Tamarkin and Kontsevich each proved that the unframed 2-discs operad is formal. The unframed 2-discs is an operad in the category of S^1-spaces, and the framed 2-discs operad can be constructed from the unframed 2-discs by forming the operadic semidirect product with the circle group. The idea of our proof is to show that Kontsevich's chain of quasi-isomorphisms is compatible with the circle actions and so one can essentially take the operadic semidirect product with the homology of S^1 everywhere to obtain a chain of quasi-isomorphi…
A theorem of Kontsevich relates the homology of certain infinite dimensional Lie algebras to graph homology. We formulate this theorem using the language of reversible operads and mated species. All ideas are explained using a pictorial calculus of cuttings and matings. The Lie algebras are constructed as Hamiltonian functions on a symplectic operad manifold. And graph complexes are defined for any mated species. The general formulation gives us many examples including a graph homology for groups. We also speculate on the role of deformation theory for operads in this setting.
From the `cofree' cooperad $T'(A[-1])$ on a collection $A$ together with a differential, we construct an $L_\infty$-algebra structure on the total space $\bigoplus_nA(n)$ that descends to coinvariants. We use this construction to define an $L_\infty$-algebra controlling deformations of the operad $P$ under $Q$ from a cofibrant resolution for an operad $Q$, and an operad map $Q\longrightarrow P$. Starting from a diffent cofibrant resolution one obtains a quasi isomorohic $L_\infty$-algebra. This approach unifies Markl's cotangent cohomology of operads and the approaches to deformation of $Q$-al…
Using the combinatorial species setting, we propose two new operad structures on multigraphs and on pointed oriented multigraphs. The former can be considered as a canonical operad on multigraphs, directly generalizing the Kontsevich-Willwacher operad, and has many interesting suboperads. The latter is a natural extension of the pre-Lie operad in a sense developed here and related to the multigraph operad. We study some of the finitely generated suboperads of the multigraph operad and establish links between them and the commutative operad and the commutative magmatic operad.
We prove that the algebra $\cal{A}$ of chord diagrams, the dual to the associated graded algebra of Vassiliev knot invariants, is isomorphic to the universal enveloping algebra of a Casimir Lie algebra in a certain tensor category (the PROP for Casimir Lie algebras). This puts on a firm ground a known statement that the algebra $\cal{A}$ ``looks and behaves like a universal enveloping algebra''. An immediate corollary of our result is the conjecture of Bar-Natan, Garoufalidis, Rozansky, and Thurston on the Kirillov-Duflo isomorphism for algebras of chord diagrams. Our main tool is a general co…
Using factorization homology techniques, we give a simple proof of the action of Kontsevich and Soibelman operad on the pair consisting of Hochschild cohomology and Hochschild homology. The proof obviously extends to higher Hochschild cohomology and factorization (also called chiral) homology. Note that our result works in categories of chain complexes but also in categories of modules over a commutative ring spectrum.
Let an n-algebra mean an algebra over the chain complex of the little n-cubes operad. We give a proof of Kontsevich's conjecture, which states that for a suitable notion of Hochschild cohomology in the category of n-algebras, the Hochschild cohomology complex of an n-algebra is an (n+1)-algebra. This generalizes a conjecture by Deligne for n=1, now proven by several authors.
We construct an explicit minimal model for an algebra over the cobar-construction of a differential graded operad. The structure maps of this minimal model are expressed in terms of sums over decorated trees. We introduce the appropriate notion of a homotopy equivalence of operadic algebras and show that our minimal model is homotopy equivalent to the original algebra. All this generalizes and gives a conceptual explanation of well-known results for A-infinity algebras. Further, we show that these results carry over to the case of algebras over modular operads; the sums over trees get replaced…
We construct a functor that associates to any dg cooperad of dg commutative algebras (satisfying some conditions) an augmented commutative algebra. When applied to the cohomology operad of Francis Brown's moduli spaces it produces an algebra that formally models the algebra of multiple zeta values. We prove that there is an injection from the graded dual of the Grothendieck-Teichmueller Lie algebra into the indecomposables of the algebra associated to the Gerstenhaber cooperad, and that there is a morphism from the algebra associated to Brown's moduli spaces to the algebra associated to the Ge…
We establish a new and surprisingly strong link between two previously unrelated theories: the theory of moduli spaces of curves ${\mathcal M}_{g,n}$ (which, according to Penner, is controlled by the ribbon graph complex) and the homotopy theory of $E_d$ operads (controlled by ordinary graph complexes with no ribbon structure, introduced first by Kontsevich). The link between the two goes through a new intermediate {\em stable}\, ribbon graph complex which has roots in the deformation theory of quantum $A_\infty$ algebras and the theory of Kontsevich compactifications of moduli spaces of curve…
Associative rings A, B are called Morita equivalent when the categories of left modules over them are equivalent. We call two classical linear operads P, Q Morita equivalent if the categories of algebras over them are equivalent. We transport a part of Morita theory to the operadic context by studying modules over operads. As an application of this philosophy, we consider an operadic version of the sheaf of linear differential operators ona a (super) manifold M and give a comparison theorem between algebras over this sheaf on M and M_{red}. The paper is dedicated to A.N.Tyurin on the occasion …
In two seminal papers Kontsevich used a construction called_graph homology_ as a bridge between certain infinite dimensional Lie algebras and various topological objects, including moduli spaces of curves, the group of outer automorphisms of a free group, and invariants of odd dimensional manifolds. In this paper, we show that Kontsevich's graph complexes, which include graph complexes studied earlier by Culler and Vogtmann and by Penner, have a rich algebraic structure. We define a Lie bracket and cobracket on graph complexes, and in fact show that they are Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras, and th…
We prove that the Kontsevich integrals (in the sense of the formality theorem) of all even wheels are equal to zero. We deduce this theorem from the result of \cite{FSh} on the deformation quantization with traces.
This paper confirms the following suggestion of Kontsevich. In the appropriate derived sense, an action of the framed little disks operad and a trivialization of the circle action is the same information as an action of the Deligne-Mumford-Knudsen operad. This improves an earlier result of the author and Bruno Vallette.
We use an example to provide evidence for the statement: the Vassiliev-Kontsevich invariants $k_n$ of a knot (or braid) $k$ can be redefined so that $k = \sum_0^\infty k_n$. This constructs a knot from its Vassiliev-Kontsevich invariants, like a power series expansion. The example is pure braids on two strands $P_2\cong \mathbb{Z}$, which leads to solving $e^τ=q$ for $τ$ a Laurent series in $q$. We set $τ= \sum_1^\infty (-1)^{n+1} (q^n - q^{-n})/n$ and use Parseval's theorem for Fourier series to prove $e^τ=q$. Finally we describe some problems, particularly a Plancherel theorem for braid grou…
In 1998 D. Tamarkin announced a proof of Kontsevich formality theorem based on the existence of structure of homotopy Gerstenhaber algebra in the Hochschild cochains of an associative algebra. In this note we give a detailed explanation of Tamarkin's result.
We introduce and study the notion of a dual Feynman transform of a modular operad. This generalizes and gives a conceptual explanation of Kontsevich's dual construction producing graph cohomology classes from a contractible differential graded Frobenius algebra. The dual Feynman transform of a modular operad is indeed linear dual to the Feynman transform introduced by Getzler and Kapranov when evaluated on vacuum graphs. In marked contrast to the Feynman transform, the dual notion admits an extremely simple presentation via generators and relations; this leads to an explicit and easy descripti…
The explicit realization of M. Kontsevich's formality on $R^d$ is the main step of the proof of formality theorem on any manifold. We present here a coherent choice of orientations and signs in order to write completely M. Kontsevich's proof for $R^d$, including all the signs appearing in the formality equation.
Quiver varieties have recently appeared in various different areas of Mathematics such as representation theory of Kac-Moody algebras and quantum groups, instantons on 4-manifolds, and resolutions Kleinian singularities. In this paper, we show that many important affine quiver varieties, e.g., the Calogero-Moser space, can be imbedded as coadjoint orbits in the dual of an appropriate infinite dimensional Lie algebra. In particular, there is an infinitesimally transitive action of the Lie algebra in question on the quiver variety. Our construction is based on an extension of Kontsevich's formal…
In this paper we will prove a super-analogue of a well-known result by Kontsevich which states that the homology of a certain complex which is generated by isomorphism classes of oriented graphs can be calculated as the Lie algebra homology of an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of symplectic vector fields.
First we describe a class of homotopy Frobenius algebras via cyclic operads which we call cyclic $A_\infty$ algebras. We then define a suitable new combinatorial operad which acts on the Hochschild cochains of such an algebra in a manner which encodes the homotopy BV structure. Moreover we show that this operad is equivalent to the cellular chains of a certain topological (quasi)-operad of CW complexes whose constituent spaces form a homotopy associative version of the Cacti operad of Voronov. These cellular chains thus constitute a chain model for the framed little disks operad, proving a cyc…
The purpose of this paper is to explain and to generalize, in a homotopical way, the result of Barannikov-Kontsevich and Manin which states that the underlying homology groups of some Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras carry a Frobenius manifold structure. To this extent, we first make the minimal model for the operad encoding BV-algebras explicit. Then we prove a homotopy transfer theorem for the associated notion of homotopy BV-algebra. The final result provides an extension of the action of the homology of the Deligne-Mumford-Knudsen moduli space of genus 0 curves on the homology of some BV-algebr…
Kontsevich and Soibelman has proved a relation between a non-degenerate cyclic homology element of an A-infinity algebra A and its cyclic inner products on the minimal model of A. We find an explicit formula of this correspondence, in terms of the strong homotopy inner products and negative cyclic cohomology of A. We prove that an equivalence class of the induced strong homotopy inner product depends only on the given negative cyclic cohomology class. Also, we extend such a correspondence to the case of gapped filtered A-infinity algebras.
$\newcommand{\poly}{_{\operatorname{poly}}^{\bullet}}\newcommand{\td}{(\operatorname{td}_{L/A}^{\nabla})^{\frac{1}{2}}}\newcommand{\cx}[1]{\operatorname{tot}\big(Γ(Λ^\bullet A^\vee)\otimes_R\mathcal{#1}\poly\big)}\newcommand{\cy}[1]{\mathbb{H}^\bullet_{\operatorname{CE}}(A,\mathcal{#1}\poly)}$Kontsevich's formality theorem states that there exists an $L_\infty$ quasi-isomorphism from the dgla $T\poly(M)$ of polyvector fields on a smooth manifold $M$ to the dgla $D\poly(M)$ of polydifferential operators on $M$, which extends the classical Hochschild--Kostant--Rosenberg map. In this paper, we ex…
In this paper, we provide a conceptual new construction of the algebraic structure on the pair of the Hochschild cohomology spectrum (cochain complex) and Hochschild homology spectrum, which is analogous to the structure of calculus on a manifold. This algebraic structure is encoded by a two-colored operad introduced by Kontsevich and Soibelman. We prove that for a stable idempotent-complete infinity-category, the pair of its Hochschild cohomology and homology spectra naturally admits the structure of algebra over the operad. Moreover, we prove a generalization to the equivariant context.
We study algebraic aspects of Kontsevich integrals as generating functions for intersection theory over moduli space and review the derivation of Virasoro and KdV constraints. 1. Intersection numbers 2. The Kontsevich integral 2.1. The main theorem 2.2 Expansion of Z on characters and Schur functions 2.3 Proof of the first part of the Theorem 3. From Grassmannians to KdV 4. Matrix Airy equation and Virasoro highest weight conditions 5. Genus expansion 6. Singular behaviour and Painlev'e equation. 7. Generalization to higher degree potentials
We determine the rational homology of the space of long knots in R^d for $d\geq4$. Our main result is that the Vassiliev spectral sequence computing this rational homology collapses at the E^1 page. As a corollary we get that the homology of long knots (modulo immersions) is the Hochschild homology of the Poisson algebras operad with a bracket of degree d-1, which can be obtained as the homology of an explicit graph complex and is in theory completely computable. Our proof is a combination of a relative version of Kontsevich's formality of the little d-disks operad and of Sinha's cosimplicial …
We analyze a functor from cyclic operads to chain complexes first considered by Getzler and Kapranov and also Markl. This functor is a generalization of the graph homology considered by Kontsevich, which was defined for the three operads Comm, Assoc, and Lie. More specifically we show that these chain complexes have a rich algebraic structure in the form of families of operations defined by fusion and fission. These operations fit together to form uncountably many Lie-infinity and co-Lie-infinity structures. In particular, the chain complexes have a bracket and cobracket which are compatible i…
We extend the formality theorem of Maxim Kontsevich from deformations of the structure sheaf on a manifold to deformations of gerbes on smooth and complex manifolds.
We introduce the notion of generalized bialgebra, which includes the classical notion of bialgebra (Hopf algebra) and many others. We prove that, under some mild conditions, a connected generalized bialgebra is completely determined by its primitive part. This structure theorem extends the classical Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt theorem and the Cartier-Milnor-Moore theorem, valid for cocommutative bialgebras, to a large class of generalized bialgebras. Technically we work in the theory of operads which permits us to give a conceptual proof of our main theorem. It unifies several results, generalizing…
The classical Hochschild--Kostant--Rosenberg (HKR) theorem computes the Hochschild homology and cohomology of smooth commutative algebras. In this paper, we generalise this result to other kinds of algebraic structures. Our main insight is that producing HKR isomorphisms for other types of algebras is directly related to computing quasi-free resolutions in the category of left modules over an operad; we establish that an HKR-type result follows as soon as this resolution is diagonally pure. As examples we obtain a permutative and a pre-Lie HKR theorem for smooth commutative and smooth brace al…
We apply Weyl $n$-algebras to prove formality theorems for higher Hochschild cohomology. We present two approaches: via propagators and via the factorization complex. It is shown that the second approach is equivalent to the first one taken with a new family of propagators we introduce.
We prove that the category of algebras over a cofibrant operad admits a closed model category structure. This leads to the notion of "virtual operad algebra" - the algebra over a cofibrant resolution of the given operad. In particular, virtual commutative algebras can serve to an algebraic description of homotopy p-tipes as in the recent preprint of Mandell (electronic Hopf topology archive, october '98, see http://www.hopf.math.purdue.edu. Our main result allows one to significally simplify the proof of Mandell's theorem.
The present article takes advantage of the properties of algebras in the category of S-modules (twisted algebras) to investigate further the fine algebraic structure of Hopf operads. We prove that any Hopf operad P carries naturally the structure of twisted Hopf P-algebra. Many properties of classical Hopf algebraic structures are then shown to be encapsulated in the twisted Hopf algebraic structure of the corresponding Hopf operad. In particular, various classical theorems of Lie theory relating Lie polynomials to words (i.e. elements of the tensor algebra) are lifted to arbitrary Hopf operad…
These are lecture notes for the course "Poisson geometry and deformation quantization" given by the author during the fall semester 2020 at the University of Zurich. The first chapter is an introduction to differential geometry, where we cover manifolds, tensor fields, integration on manifolds, Stokes' theorem, de Rham's theorem and Frobenius' theorem. The second chapter covers the most important notions of symplectic geometry such as Lagrangian submanifolds, Weinstein's tubular neighborhood theorem, Hamiltonian mechanics, moment maps and symplectic reduction. The third chapter gives an introd…
Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University（京都大学数学科学研究所）；Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences（德国马克斯·普朗克数理科学研究所）；Utrecht Geometry Center, Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学乌得勒支几何中心）
This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one is composed of recollections on operad theory, model categories, simplicial homotopy theory, rational homotopy theory, Maurer-Cartan spaces, and deformation theory. The second part deals with the theory of convolution algebras and some of their applications, as explained below. Suppose we are given a type of algebras, a type of coalgebras, and a relationship between those types of algebraic structures (encoded by an operad, a cooperad, and a twisting morphism respectively). Then, it is possible to endow the space of linear maps from a coalge…
We study a family of Lie algebras {hO} which are defined for cyclic operads O. Using his graph homology theory, Kontsevich identified the homology of two of these Lie algebras (corresponding to the Lie and associative operads) with the cohomology of outer automorphism groups of free groups and mapping class groups of punctured surfaces, respectively. In this paper we introduce a hairy graph homology theory for O. We show that the homology of hO embeds in hairy graph homology via a trace map which generalizes the trace map defined by S. Morita. For the Lie operad we use the trace map to find la…
We introduce the operad Moor, dual of the operad NAP and the notion of Moor-bialgebras. We warn the reader that the compatibility relation linking the Moor-operation with the Moor-cooperation is not distributive in the sense of Loday. Nevertheless, a rigidity theorem (à la Hopf-Borel) for the category of connected Moor-bialgebras is given. We show also that free permutative algebras can be equipped with a Moor-cooperation whose compatibility with the permutative product looks like the infinitesimal relation.
The Kontsevich-Soibelman solution of the cyclic version of Deligne's conjecture and the formality of the operad of little discs on a cylinder provide us with a natural homotopy calculus structure on the pair (C^*(A), C_*(A)) ``Hochschild cochains + Hochschild chains'' of an associative algebra A. We show that for an arbitrary smooth algebraic variety X with the structure sheaf O_X the sheaf (C^*(O_X), C_*(O_X)) of homotopy calculi is formal. This result was announced in paper [29] by the second and the third author.
We prove a relative version of Kontsevich's formality theorem. This theorem involves a manifold M and a submanifold C and reduces to Kontsevich's theorem if C=M. It states that the DGLA of multivector fields on an infinitesimal neighbourhood of C is L-infinity-quasiisomorphic to the DGLA of multidifferential operators acting on sections of the exterior algebra of the conormal bundle. Applications to the deformation quantisation of coisotropic submanifolds are given. The proof uses a duality transformation to reduce the theorem to a version of Kontsevich's theorem for supermanifolds, which we a…
Let $α$ be a quadratic Poisson bivector on a vector space $V$. Then one can also consider $α$ as a quadratic Poisson bivector on the vector space $V^*[1]$. Fixed a universal deformation quantization (prediction some weights to all Kontsevich graphs [K97]), we have deformation quantization of the both algebras $S(V^*)$ and $Λ(V)$. These are graded quadratic algebras, and therefore Koszul algebras. We prove that for some universal deformation quantization, independent on $α$, these two algebras are Koszul dual. We characterize some deformation quantizations for which this theorem is true in the …
The goal of this article is to make explicit a structured complex whose homology computes the cohomology of the p-profinite completion of the n-fold loop space of a sphere of dimension d=n-m<n. This complex is defined purely algebraically, in terms of characteristic structures of E_n-operads. Our construction involves: the free complete algebra in one variable associated to any E_n-operad; and an element in this free complete algebra, which is associated to a morphism from the operad of L-infinity algebras to an operadic suspension of our E_n-operad. We deduce our main theorem from: a connecti…
In this paper we show that a strongly homotopy commutative (or $C_\infty$-) algebra with an invariant inner product on its cohomology can be uniquely extended to a symplectic $C_\infty$-algebra (an $\infty$-generalisation of a commutative Frobenius algebra introduced by Kontsevich). This result relies on the algebraic Hodge decomposition of the cyclic Hochschild cohomology of a $\ci$-algebra and does not generalize to algebras over other operads.
We give a detailed proof of T. Willwacher's theorem arXiv:1009.1654 which links the cohomology of the full graph complex fGC to the cohomology of the deformation complex of the operad GER, governing Gerstenhaber algebras. We also present various prerequisites required for understanding the material of arXiv:1009.1654. In particular, we review operads, cooperads, and the cobar construction. We give a detailed exposition of the convolution Lie algebra and its properties. We prove a useful lifting property for maps from a dg operad obtained via the cobar construction. We describe in detail Willwa…
