Ying-Qing Wu
We generalize a theorem of Finkelstein and Moriah and show that if a link $L$ has a $2n$-plat projection satisfying certain conditions, then its complement contains some closed essential surfaces. In most cases these surfaces remain essential after any totally nontrivial surgery on $L$.
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We show that any closed incompressible surface in the complement of a positive knot is algebraically non-split from the knot, positive knots cannot bound non-free incompressible Seifert surfaces and that the splitability and the primeness of positive knots and links can be seen from their positive diagrams.
In this paper, we characterize closed incompressible surfaces of genus two in the complements of 3-bridge knots and links. This characterization includes that of essential 2-string tangle decompositions for 3-bridge knots and links.
When a Dehn filled link manifold contains a geometrically incompressible one-sided surface, it is shown there is a unique boundary incompressible position that the surface can take in the link space. The proof uses a version of the sweep-out technique from two-sided Heegaard splitting theory. When applied to one-sided Heegaard splittings, this result can be used to complete the classification of one-sided splittings of (2p, q) fillings of Figure 8 knot space: determining that fillings with |2p/q|<3 have two non-isotopic geometrically incompressible one-sided splitting surfaces.
Let $F$ be an incompressible, meridionally incompressible and not boundary-parallel surface with boundary in the complement of an algebraic tangle $(B,T)$. Then $F$ separates the strings of $T$ in $B$ and the boundary slope of $F$ is uniquely determined by $(B,T)$ and hence we can define the slope of the algebraic tangle. In addition to the Conway's tangle sum, we define a natural product of two tangles. The slopes and binary operation on algebraic tangles lead an algebraic structure which is isomorphic to the rational numbers. We introduce a new knot and link class, algebraically alternating …
Links on incompressible surfaces and volumes
本文研究弱广义交错链环和完全增广链环在不可压缩曲面上的体积上界，通过构造无限族反例，证明体积不以扭转数为上界，回答了Kalfagianni和Purcell的疑问。
In this paper, we study on knots and closed incompressible surfaces in the 3-sphere via Morse functions. We show that both of knots and closed incompressible surfaces can be isotoped into a "related Morse position" simultaneously. As an application, we have following results. *Smallness of Montesinos tangles with length two and Kinoshita's theta curve *Classification of closed incompressible and meridionally incompressible surfaces in 2-bridge theta-curve and handcuff graph complements and the complements of links which admit Hopf tangle decompositions.
We show that a knot in $S^3$ with an infinite number of distinct incompressible Seifert surfaces contains a closed incompressible surface in its complement.
We develop a word mechanism applied in knot and link diagrams for the illustration of a diagrammatic property. We also give a necessary condition for determining incompressible and pairwise incompressible surfaces, that are embedded in knot or link complements. Finally, we give a finiteness theorem and an upper bound on the Euler characteristic of such surfaces.
Monodromies of surfaces in 3-manifolds, right-veeringness, and primeness of links
本文推广开卷单值性至不可压缩曲面，建立素性判据，证明强拟正曲面右倾向，并证明交替链环的视觉素性，涵盖Cromwell猜想相关结果。
We prove that if $L$ is a non-trivial alternating link embedded (without crossings) in a closed surface $F\subset S^3$, then $F$ has a compressing disk whose boundary intersects $L$ in no more than two points. Moreover, whenever the surface is incompressible and $\partial$-incompressible in the link exterior, it can be isotoped to have a standard tube at some crossing of any reduced alternating diagram.
Various structural properties are developed for non-orientable surfaces in link spaces. The Möbius band tree is described to represent genus growth of one-sided surfaces in solid tori. The structure of the Tree allows various insights into the change of genus under boundary slope, which are not possible using the existing continued fractions algorithm. A restriction under which geometrically incompressible, boundary compressible one-sided surfaces have a unique boundary incompressible form away from the boundary is established.
Suppose a link K in a 3-manifold M is in bridge position with respect to two different bridge surfaces P and Q, both of which are c-weakly incompressible in the complement of K. Then either P and Q can be properly isotoped to intersect in a nonempty collection of curves that are essential (including non-meridional) on both surfaces, or K is a Conway product with respect to an incompressible Conway sphere that naturally decomposes both P and Q into bridge surfaces for the respective factor link(s).
Incompressible planar surfaces in hyperbolic link exteriors in the 3-sphere
对于每个整数N≥3，构造N分支双曲链的例子，其外部包含一个不可压缩的跨越平面曲面，该曲面在每个边界环面上具有非经向且非整数斜率，从而反驳了Eudave-Muñoz和Ozawa的猜想。
We give a description of all (1,2)-knots in S^3 which admit a closed meridionally incompressible surface of genus 2 in their complement. That is, we give several constructions of (1,2)-knots having a meridionally incompressible surface of genus 2, and then show that any such surface for a (1,2)-knot must come from one of the constructions. As an application, we show explicit examples of tunnel number one knots which are not (1,2)-knots.
Let L be a link in the 3-sphere that is in thin position but not in bridge position and let P be a thin level sphere. We generalize a result of Wu by giving a bound on the number of disjoint irreducible compressing disks that P can have, including identifying thin spheres with unique compressing disks. We also give conditions under which P must be incompressible on a particular side or be weakly incompressible. If P is strongly compressible we describe how a pair of compressing disks must lie relative to the link.
In this paper, we characterize all links in the 3-sphere with bridge number at least three that have a bridge sphere of distance two. We show that a link L has a bridge sphere of distance at most two then it falls into at least one of three categories: (1) The exterior of L contains an essential meridional sphere. (2) L can be decomposed as a tangle product of a Montesinos tangle with an essential tangle in a way that respects the bridge surface and either the Montesinos tangle is rational or the essential tangle contains an incompressible, boundary-incompressible annulus. (3) L is obtained by…
We show that every hyperbolic link complement contains closed quasi-Fuchsian surfaces. As a consequence, we obtain the result that on a hyperbolic link complement, if we remove from each cusp of the manifold a certain finite set of slopes, then all remaining Dehn fillings on the link complement yield manifolds with closed immersed incompressible surfaces.
Let M be $S^3$, $S^1\times S^2$, or a lens space L(p,q), and let k be a (1,1)-knot in M, i.e., a knot which is of 1-bridge with respect to a Heegaard torus. We show that if there is a closed meridionally incompressible surface in the complement of k, then the surface and the knot can be put in a special position, namely, the surface is the boundary of a regular neighborhood of a toroidal graph, and the knot is level with respect to that graph. As an application we show that for any such M there exist tunnel number one knots which are not (1,1)-knots.
Let $L$ be a prime alternating link with $n$ crossings. We show that for each fixed $g$, the number of genus $g$ incompressible surfaces in the complement of $L$ is bounded by a polynomial in $n$. Previous bounds were exponential in $n$.
Flat fully augmented links are determined by their complements
本文研究了平面完全增强链接由其补集确定的问题，通过分析测地面和凹口的交集行为，完成了对这类链接补集的分类，并揭示了非由链接自身对称性诱导的对称性。
We prove that in the complement of a highly twisted link, all closed, essential, meridionally incompressible surfaces must have high genus. The genus bound is proportional to the number of crossings per twist region. A similar result holds for surfaces with meridional boundary: such a surface either has large negative Euler characteristic, or is an n-punctured sphere visible in the diagram.
In this paper, we show that any non-arithmetic hyperbolic $2$-bridge link complement admits no hidden symmetries. As a corollary, we conclude that a hyperbolic $2$-bridge link complement cannot irregularly cover a hyperbolic $3$-manifold. By combining this corollary with the work of Boileau and Weidmann, we obtain a characterization of $3$-manifolds with non-trivial JSJ-decomposition and rank two fundamental groups. We also show that the only commensurable hyperbolic $2$-bridge link complements are the figure-eight knot complement and the $6_{2}^{2}$ link complement. Our work requires a carefu…
We compute bordered Floer homology CFDD of (2,2n)-torus link complement, and discuss assorted examples and type-DD structure homotopy equivalence.
Using techniques from the theory of Kirby calculus we give an explicit construction of a four dimensional hyperbolic link complement in a 4-manifold that is diffeomorphic to the standard 4-sphere.
Suppose $K$ is a knot in a closed 3-manifold $M$ such that $\bar{M-N(K)}$ is irreducible. We show that for any positive integer $b$ there exists a triangulation of $\bar{M-N(K)}$ such that any weakly incompressible bridge surface for $K$ of $b$ bridges or fewer is isotopic to an almost normal bridge surface.
An alternative method is described for determining the hyperbolic structure on a link complement, and some of its elementary consequences are examined. The method is particularly suited to alternating links.
We study the fibration of augmented link complements. Given the diagram of an augmented link we associate a spanning surface and a graph. We then show that this surface is a fiber for the link complement if and only if the associated graph is a tree. We further show that fibration is preserved under Dehn filling on certain components of these links. This last result is then used to prove that within a very large class of links, called locally alternating augmented links, every link is fibered.
Checkerboard surfaces in alternating link complements are used frequently to determine information about the link. However, when many crossings are added to a single twist region of a link diagram, the geometry of the link complement stabilizes (approaches a geometric limit), but a corresponding checkerboard surface increases in complexity with crossing number. In this paper, we generalize checkerboard surfaces to certain immersed surfaces, called twisted checkerboard surfaces, whose geometry better reflects that of the alternating link in many cases. We describe the surfaces, show that they a…
The first examples of totally geodesic Seifert surfaces are constructed for hyperbolic knots and links, including both free and totally knotted surfaces. Then it is proved that two bridge knot complements cannot contain totally geodesic orientable surfaces.
Using techniques from the theory of Kirby calculus we give an explicit construction of a four dimensional hyperbolic link complement in a 4-manifold that is diffeomorphic to a standard $S^2 \times S^2$.
We show that, for any integers, $g \geq 3$ and $n \geq 2$, there exists a link in $S^3$ such that its complement has a genus $g$ Heegaard splitting with distance $n$.
Link-homotopy and self Delta-equivalence are equivalence relations on links. It was shown by J. Milnor (resp. the last author) that Milnor invariants determine whether or not a link is link-homotopic (resp. self Delta-equivalent) to a trivial link. We study link-homotopy and self Delta-equivalence on a certain component of a link with fixing the rest components, in other words, homotopy and Delta-equivalence of knots in the complement of a certain link. We show that Milnor invariants determine whether a knot in the complement of a trivial link is null-homotopic, and give a sufficient condition…
This paper examines number theoretic and topological properties of fully augmented pretzel link complements. In particular, we determine exactly when these link complements are arithmetic and exactly which are commensurable with one another. We show these link complements realize infinitely many CM-fields as invariant trace fields, which we explicitly compute. Further, we construct two infinite families of non-arithmetic fully augmented link complements: one that has no hidden symmetries and the other where the number of hidden symmetries grows linearly with volume. This second family realizes…
We show that if M is a complete, finite-volume, hyperbolic 3-manifold having exactly one cusp, and if H_1(M;Z_2) has dimension at least 6, then M has volume greater than 5.06. We also show that if M is a closed, orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold such that H_1(M;Z_2) has dimension at least 4, and if the image of the cup product map in H^2(M;Z_2) has dimension at most 1, then M has volume greater than 3.08. The proofs of these geometric results involve new topological results relating the Heegaard genus of a closed Haken manifold M to the Euler characteristic of the kishkes (i.e guts) of the comp…
We give upper bounds of the Matveev complexities of two-bridge link complements by constructing their spines explicitly. In particular, we determine the complexities for an infinite sequence of two-bridge links corresponding to the continued fractions of the form [2,1,...,1,2]. We also give upper bounds for the 3-manifolds obtained as meridian-cyclic branched coverings of the 3-sphere along two-bridge links.
This paper investigates the strength of the trace field as a commensurability invariant of hyperbolic 3-manifolds. We construct an infinite family of two-component hyperbolic link complements which are pairwise incommensurable and have the same trace field, and infinitely many 1-cusped finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds with the same property. We also show that the two-component link complements above have integral traces, but each has a mutant with a nonintegral trace.
The canonical components of SL_2-character varieties of arithmetic two bridge link groups are determined.
We show that all two-bridge knot and link complements are virtually fibered. We also show that spherical Montesinos knot and link complements are virtually fibered. This is accomplished by showing that such knot complements are finitely covered by great circle link complements.
A diagonal surface in a link exterior M is a properly embedded, incompressible, boundary incompressible surface which furthermore has the same number of boundary components and same slope on each component of the boundary of M. We derive a formula for the boundary slope of a diagonal surface in the exterior of a 2-bridge link which is analogous to the formula for the boundary slope of a 2-bridge knot found by Hatcher and Thurston. Using this formula we show that the diameter of a 2-bridge link, that is, the difference between the smallest and largest finite slopes of diagonal surfaces, is equa…
We prove the hyperbolization theorem for punctured torus bundles and two-bridge link complements by decomposing them into ideal tetrahedra which are then given hyperbolic structures, following Rivin's volume maximization principle.
On the complexity of 2-bridge link complements
研究2桥链接补集的复杂性，通过映射类描述的交替4弦辫构造，重新证明必要条件，并构造角度结构，计算体积估计的乘法和加法下界。
Totally geodesic hyperbolic 3-manifolds in hyperbolic link complements of tori in $S^4$
该研究针对四维球面中二维环面的双曲链环补空间，证明其内部不存在闭的嵌入全测地双曲3-流形，为高维双曲流形的几何结构研究提供了新结论。
A finite-volume hyperbolic 3-manifold geometrically bounds if it is the geodesic boundary of a finite-volume hyperbolic 4-manifold. We construct here an example of non-compact, finite-volume hyperbolic 3-manifold that geometrically bounds. The 3-manifold is the complement of a link with eight components, and its volume is roughly equal to 29.311.
Generalizing previous constructions, we present a dual pair of decompositions of the complement of a link L into bipyramids, given any multi-crossing projection of L. When L is hyperbolic, this gives new upper bounds on the volume of L given its multi-crossing projection. These bounds are realized by three closely related infinite tiling weaves.
This paper illustrates a computational approach to Culler-Morgan-Shalen theory using ideal triangulations, spun-normal surfaces and tropical geometry. Certain affine algebraic sets associated to the Whitehead link complement as well as their logarithmic limit sets are computed. The projective solution space of spun-normal surface theory is related to the space of incompressible surfaces and to the unit ball of the Thurston norm. It is shown that all boundary curves of the Whitehead link complement are strongly detected by its character variety. The specific results obtained can be used to stud…
We apply a spherical CR Dehn surgery theorem in order to obtain infinitely many Dehn surgeries of the Whitehead link complement that carry spherical CR structures. We consider as starting point the spherical CR uniformization of the Whitehead link complement constructed by Parker and Will, using a Ford domain in the complex hyperbolic plane $\mathbb{H}^2_{\mathbb{C}}$. We deform the Ford domain of Parker and Will in $\mathbb{H}^2_{\mathbb{C}}$ in a one parameter family. On the one side, we obtain infinitely many spherical CR uniformizations on a particular Dehn surgery on one of the cusps of t…
Holomorphic polygons and the bordered Heegaard Floer homology of link complements
本文提出利用Heegaard多图中全纯多边形计数构造 $\mathcal{A}_\infty$ 多模，并证明其与链环补空间的A型边缘缝合不变量拟同构，为后续基于链环Floer同调计算该不变量奠定基础。
In a recent work "Arc-presentation of links: Monotonic simplification" Ivan Dynnikov showed that each rectangular diagram of the unknot, composite link, or split link can be monotonically simplified into a trivial, composite, or split diagram, respectively. The following natural question arises: Is it always possible to simplify monotonically a rectangular diagram of a satellite knot or link into one where the satellite structure is seen? Here we give a negative answer to that question.
Augmented links, shadow links, and the TV volume conjecture: a geometric perspective
本文从几何角度证明八面体型完全增广链环与基本影子链环补集等距，并借扭结理论计算彩色 Jones 多项式，从而以更几何的方式验证无半扭转情形的 Turaev–Viro 体积猜想。
If L_1 and L_2 are two Brunnian links with all pairwise linking numbers 0, then we show that L_1 and L_2 are equivalent if and only if they have homeomorphic complements. In particular, this holds for all Brunnian links with at least three components. If L_1 is a Brunnian link with all pairwise linking numbers 0, and the complement of L_2 is homeomorphic to the complement of L_1, then we show that L_2 may be obtained from L_1 by a sequence of twists around unknotted components. Finally, we show that for any positive integer n, an algorithm for detecting an n-component unlink leads immediately …
By regular tessellation, we mean any hyperbolic 3-manifold tessellated by ideal Platonic solids such that the symmetry group acts transitively on oriented flags. A regular tessellation has an invariant we call the cusp modulus. For small cusp modulus, we classify all regular tessellations. For large cusp modulus, we prove that a regular tessellations has to be infinite volume if its fundamental group is generated by peripheral curves only. This shows that there are at least 19 and at most 21 link complements that are regular tessellations (computer experiments suggest that at least one of the …
A new twist on modular links from an old perspective
本文从旧视角出发，揭示了算术模链环与增强链环补集的同胚关系，并展示了其作为白头链环补集的n-fold循环覆盖结构。
Let $\barγ$ be a link in a Seifert fibered space $M$ over a hyperbolic $2$-orbifolds $\mathcal O$ that projects injectively to a filling multicurve of closed geodesics $γ$ in $\mathcal O.$ We prove that the complement $M_{\barγ}$ of $\barγ$ in $M$ admits a hyperbolic structure of finite volume and give combinatorial bounds of its volume.
Let $M$ be a compact hyperbolic $3$-manifold with volume $V$. Let $L$ be a link such that $M\setminus L$ is hyperbolic. For any hyperbolic link $L$ in $M$, in this article, we establish an upper bound of the length of an $n^{th}$ shortest closed geodesic as a logarithmic function of $V$ in $M\setminus L$. Our works complement the work of Lakeland and Leininger \cite{Christopher} on the upper bound of systole length.
We generalize the results of [AS], finding large classes of totally geodesic Seifert surfaces in hyperbolic knot and link complements, each the lift of a rigid 2-orbifold embedded in some hyperbolic 3-orbifold. In addition, we provide a uniqueness theorem and demonstrate that many knots cannot possess totally geodesic Seifert surfaces by giving bounds on the width invariant in the presence of such a surface. Finally, we utilize these examples to demonstrate that the Six Theorem is sharp for knot complements in the 3-sphere.
We show that $|MS(L_1 # L_2)|=|MS(L_1)|\times|MS(L_2)|\times\mathbb{R}$ when $L_1$ and $L_2$ are any non-split and non-fibred links. Here $MS(L)$ denotes the Kakimizu complex of a link $L$, which records the taut Seifert surfaces for $L$. We also show that the analogous result holds if we study incompressible Seifert surfaces instead of taut ones.
The hyperbolic volume of a link complement is known to be unchanged when a half-twist is added to a link diagram, and a suitable 3-punctured sphere is present in the complement. We generalize this to the simplicial volume of link complements by analyzing the corresponding toroidal decompositions. We then use it to prove a refined upper bound for the volume in terms of twists of various lengths for links.
Wu has shown that if a link or a knot $L$ in $S^3$ in thin position has thin spheres, then the thin sphere of lowest width is an essential surface in the link complement. In this paper we show that if we further assume that $L \subset S^3$ is prime, then the thin sphere of lowest width also does not have any vertical cut-disks. We also prove the result for a specific kind of tangles in $S^2 \times [-1,1]$.
Let $M$ be a compact hyperbolic $3$-manifold with volume $V$. Let $L$ be a link such that $M\setminus L$ is hyperbolic. For any hyperbolic link $L$ in $M$, in this article, we try to establish an upper bound of the length of $n^{th}$ shortest closed geodesic of $M\setminus L$ in terms of $V$.
One-cusped Dehn fillings of the sisters of the Whitehead and $6^2_2$ link complements
研究（-2,3,8）-椒盐卷饼链补空间和伯格流形单尖点德恩填充的算术性，通过特定技术表明其尖点域等重合，伯格流形无算术性，（-2,3,8）-椒盐卷饼链补空间唯一算术填充是八字结补空间姐妹空间，且相关纽结补无隐藏对称性。
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