Francois Gueritaud, David Futer
We prove the hyperbolization theorem for punctured torus bundles and two-bridge link complements by decomposing them into ideal tetrahedra which are then given hyperbolic structures, following Rivin's volume maximization principle.
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We study the ideal triangulation graph $T(S)$ of a punctured surface $S$ of finite type. We show that if $S$ is not the sphere with at most three punctures or the torus with one puncture, then the natural map from the extended mapping class group of $S$ into the simplicial automorphism group of $T(S)$ is an isomorphism. We also show that under the same conditions on $S$, the graph $T(S)$ equipped with its natural simplicial metric is not Gromov hyperbolic. Thus, from the point of view of Gromov hyperbolicity, the situation of $T(S)$ is different from that of the curve complex of $S$.
We compute the number of systoles, the shortest simple closed geodesics and 2-systoles, the second shortest simple closed geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces homeomorphic to once-punctured torus and four-punctured sphere.
Ideal Triangulations and Once-Punctured Surface Bundles
本文证明了在具有单个环面边界分量的无环面无柱面不可约紧致3-流形中，存在使纤维旋转正规化的理想三角剖分，并给出了构造该三角剖分的算法。
We generalize Dynnikov coordinate system previosly defined on the standard punctured disk to an orientable surface of genus-1 with n punctures and one boundary component.
Gang, Kim and Yoon have recently proposed a conjecture on a vanishing identity of adjoint Reidemeister torsions of hyperbolic 3-manifolds with torus boundary, from the viewpoint of wrapped M5-branes. In this paper, we provide infinitely many new supporting examples to this conjecture. These examples come from hyperbolic once-punctured torus bundles. We show that the vanishing identity holds for all hyperbolic once-punctured torus bundles with tunnel number one. We also show the vanishing identity does not hold for any torus knot exteriors.
In this paper we give a necessary and sufficient condition in which a sequence of Kleinian punctured torus groups converges. This result tells us that every exotically convergent sequence of Kleinian punctured torus groups is obtained by the method due to Anderson and Canary. Thus we obtain a complete description of the set of points at which the space of Kleinian punctured torus groups self-bumps. We also discuss geometric limits of sequences of Bers slices.
Let M be a hyperbolic manifold of finite volume which fibers over the circle with fiber a once punctured torus, and let S be an arbitrary incompressible surface in M. We determine the characteristic JSJ-subpair of M-S and show, in particular, that the guts of (M,S) is empty.
Agol cycles of pseudo-Anosov maps on the 2-punctured torus and 5-punctured sphere
本文研究了2-穿孔环面和5-穿孔球面上一族伪Anosov映射的Agol环，给出了测度轨道并计算其Agol环，提出了映射共轭的条件，并发现了伸缩因子的新公式。
A generalized torsion in a group, an non-trivial element such that some products of its conjugates is the identity. This is an obstruction for a group being bi-orderable. Though it is known that there is a non bi-orderable group without generalized torsions, it is conjectured that 3-manifold groups without generalized torsions are bi-orderable. In this paper, we find generalized torsions in the fundamental groups of once punctured torus bundles which are not bi-orderable. Our result contains a generalized torsion in a tunnel number two hyperbolic once punctured torus bundle.
Unlike in hyperbolic geometry, the monodromy ideal triangulation of a hyperbolic once-punctured torus bundle $M_f$ has no natural geometric realisation in Cauchy-Riemann (CR) space. By introducing a new type of $3$--cell, we construct a different cell decomposition $\mathcal{D}_f$ of $M_f$ that is always realisable in CR space. As a consequence, we show that every hyperbolic once-punctured torus bundle admits a branched CR structure, whose branch locus is the set of edges of $\mathcal{D}_f$. Furthermore, we explicitly compute the ramification order around each component of the branch locus and…
A triangulation of a surface with fixed topological type is called irreducible if no edge can be contracted to a vertex while remaining in the category of simplicial complexes and preserving the topology of the surface. A complete list of combinatorial structures of irreducible triangulations is made by hand for the once-punctured torus, consisting of exactly 297 non-isomorphic triangulations.
We classify right-veering homeomorphisms of the once-punctured torus using the Burau representation of the 3-strand braid group. We show that reducible and periodic mapping classes in B_3 can be identified as right-veering by consideration of the reduced version of the Burau representation. Given any element beta in B_3, we give a method to quickly determine its action on the generators of the fundamental group of the 3-times punctured disk. This action which determines whether beta is right-veering, left-veering, or neither.
In this paper, we determine the canonical polyhedral decomposition of every hyperbolic once-punctured torus bundle over the circle. In fact, we show that the only ideal polyhedral decomposition that is straight in the hyperbolic structure and that is invariant under a certain involution is the ideal triangulation defined by Floyd and Hatcher. Unlike previous work on this problem, the techniques we use are not geometric. Instead, they involve angled polyhedral decompositions, thin position and a version of almost normal surface theory.
In this paper, $S$ denotes a surface homeomorphic to a punctured torus or a pair of pants. Our interest is the study of \emph{\textbf{combinatorial $k$-systoles}} that is closed curves with self-intersection numbers greater than $k$ and with least combinatorial length. We show that the maximal intersection number $I^c_k$ of combinatorial $k$-systoles of $S$ grows like $k$ and $\underset{k\rightarrow+\infty}{\limsup}(I^c_k-k)=+\infty$. This result, in case of a pair of pants and a punctured torus, is a positive response to the combinatorial version of the Erlandsson - Parlier conjecture, origin…
We classify incompressible, boundary-incompressible, nonorientable surfaces in punctured-torus bundles over $S^1$. We use the ideas of Floyd, Hatcher, and Thurston. The main tool is to put our surface in the "Morse position" with respect to the projection of the bundle into the basis S^1.
On the Asymptotics of Convex Core Volumes of Once-Punctured Torus Groups
研究一次穿孔环面上与伪阿诺索夫映射类$\psi$相关的拟富克斯流形序列的凸核体积渐近行为，证明其凸核体积与$\psi$映射环面体积的$2n$倍相差至多一个有界常数。
We investigate the structure of the tri-pants graph, a simplicial graph introduced by Maloni and Palesi, whose vertices correspond to particular collections of homotopy classes of simple closed curves of the twice-punctured torus, called tri-pants, and whose edges connect two vertices whenever the corresponding pants differ by suitable elementary moves. In particular, by examining the relationship between the tri-pants graph and the dual of the Farey complex, we prove that the tri-pants graph is connected and has infinite diameter.
We show that associating the Euclidean cell decomposition due to Cooper and Long to each point of the moduli space of framed strictly convex real projective structures of finite volume on the once-punctured torus gives this moduli space a natural cell decomposition. The proof makes use of coordinates due to Fock and Goncharov, the action of the mapping class group as well as algorithmic real algebraic geometry. We also show that the decorated moduli space of framed strictly convex real projective structures of finite volume on the thrice-punctured sphere has a natural cell decomposition.
In this paper we study the typical speed of a generic earthquake trajectory leaving compact sets in the moduli space of the once-punctured torus. Mirzakhani showed that the earthquake flow is measurably equivalent to the horocyclic flow, which has been studied extensively. Our main result shows that the earthquake flow and the horocyclic flow behave very differently in cusp excursions. In particular, we prove a relation between the systole function and continued fractions and discuss the cusp excursions of earthquake trajectories.
We prove that any two finite-area non-compact hyperbolic Riemann surfaces S and T have finite covers that are arbitrarily close in the normalized Weil-Petersson metric, where we normalize by dividing the square of the metric by the area of the surface. In the case where T is the modular surface this reduces to showing that S has a finite cover with a proper ideal triangulation where most of the shear coordinates are small; we will construct such a cover out of a random collection of immersed ideal triangles in S.
We develop an algebraic representation for (1,1)-knots using the mapping class group of the twice punctured torus MCG(T,2). We prove that every (1,1)-knot in a lens space L(p,q) can be represented by the composition of an element of a certain rank two free subgroup of MCG(T,2) with a standard element only depending on the ambient space. As a notable examples, we obtain a representation of this type for all torus knots and for all two-bridge knots. Moreover, we give explicit cyclic presentations for the fundamental groups of the cyclic branched coverings of torus knots of type (k,ck+2).
A triangulation of a punctured or pinched surface is irreducible if no edge can be shrunk without producing multiple edges or changing the topological type of the surface. The finiteness of the set of (non-isomorphic) irreducible triangulations of any punctured surface is established. Complete lists of irreducible triangulations are determined for the Möbius band (6 in number) and the pinched torus (2 in number). All the non-isomorphic combinatorial types (20 in number) of triangulations of the projective plane with up to 8 vertices are determined.
We study earthquake deformations on Teichmüller space associated with simple closed curves of the once-punctured torus. We describe two methods to get an explicit form of the earthquake deformation for any simple closed curve. The first method is rooted in linear recurrence relations, the second in hyperbolic geometry. The two methods align, providing both an algebraic and geometric interpretation of the earthquake deformations. We convert the expressions to other coordinate systems for Teichmüller space to examine earthquake deformations further. Two families of curves are used as examples. E…
We describe a class $\mathcal{C}$ of punctured torus bundles such that, for each $M \in \mathcal{C}$, all but finitely many Dehn fillings on $M$ are virtually Haken. We show that $\mathcal{C}$ contains infinitely many commensurability classes, and we give evidence that $\mathcal{C}$ includes representatives of ``most'' commensurability classes of punctured torus bundles. In particular, we define an integer-valued complexity function on monodromies $f$ (essentially the length of the LR-factorization of $f_*$ in $PSL_2(\mathbb{Z})$), and use a computer to show that if the monodromy of $M$ has co…
We consider complex Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates on the quasi-Fuchsian space of punctured tori. These coordinates arise from a generalisation of Kra's plumbing construction and are related to earthquakes on Teichmueller space. They also allow us to interpolate between two coordinate systems on Teichmueller space, namely the classical Fuchsian space with Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates and the Maskit embedding. We also show how they relate to the pleating coordinates of Keen and Series.
Culler and Shalen, and later Yoshida, give ways to construct incompressible surfaces in 3-manifolds from ideal points of the character and deformation varieties, respectively. We work in the case of hyperbolic punctured torus bundles, for which the incompressible surfaces were classified by Floyd and Hatcher. We convert non fiber incompressible surfaces from their form to the form output by Yoshida's construction, and run his construction backwards to give (for non semi-fibers, which we identify) the data needed to construct ideal points of the deformation variety corresponding to those surfac…
We show that the space of Kleinian punctured torus groups is not locally connected.
The main results of the paper is that we give a characteristics for an annulus sum and a once-punctured torus sum of two handlebodies to be a handlebody as follows: 1. The annulus sum $H=H_1\cup_A H_2$ of two handlebodies $H_1$ and $H_2$ is a handlebody if and only if the core curve of $A$ is a longitude for either $H_1$ or $H_2$. 2. Let $H=H_1\cup_T H_2$ be a surface sum of two handlebodies $H_1$ and $H_2$ along a once-punctured torus $T$. Suppose that $T$ is incompressible in both $H_1$ and $H_2$. Then $H$ is a handlebody if and only if the there exists a collection $\{δ, σ\}$ of simple clos…
We prove Thurston's bending measure conjecture for quasifuchsian once punctured torus groups. The conjecture states that the bending measures of the two components of the convex hull boundary uniquely determine the group.
We show that the interior of the convex core of a quasifuchsian punctured-torus group admits an ideal decomposition (usually an infinite triangulation) which is canonical in two different senses: in a combinatorial sense via the pleating invariants, and in a geometric sense via an Epstein-Penner convex hull construction in Minkowski space. The result extends to certain non-quasifuchsian punctured-torus groups, and in fact to all of them if a strong version of the Pleating Lamination Conjecture is true.
Thurston's ending lamination conjecture proposes that a finitely generated Kleinian group is uniquely determined (up to isometry) by the topology of its quotient and a list of invariants that describe the asymptotic geometry of its ends. We present a proof of this conjecture for punctured-torus groups. These are free two-generator Kleinian groups with parabolic commutator, which should be thought of as representations of the fundamental group of a punctured torus. As a consequence we verify the conjectural topological description of the deformation space of punctured-torus groups (including Be…
We show how to construct an ideal triangulation of a mapping torus of a pseudo-Anosov map punctured along the singular fibers. This gives rise to a new conjugacy invariant of mapping classes, and a new proof of a theorem of Farb-Leininger-Margalit. The approach in this paper is based on ideas of Hamenstadt.
Previous work of the authors studies minimal triangulations of closed 3-manifolds using a characterisation of low degree edges, embedded layered solid torus subcomplexes and 1-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_2$-cohomology. The underlying blueprint is now used in the study of minimal ideal triangulations. As an application, it is shown that the monodromy ideal triangulations of the hyperbolic once-punctured torus bundles are minimal.
On the topology of character varieties of once-punctured torus bundles
本文研究了一次 punctured torus 系列的特征品种拓扑，通过分析纤维上的特征并构建分支覆盖映射，扩展了 Boyer 等人的成果，并展示了无限家族的超几何 bundles 的 canonical curves 特征具有无界 genus。
Single self-intersection words on the once-punctured torus and their counting
研究单孔环面上单自交闭曲线，从组合角度分类，借此确定给定单词长度且自交数为零、一及任意数的闭曲线数量。
In this paper we give a complete description of the space $ \QF $ of quasifuchsian punctured torus groups in terms of what we call {\em pleating invariants}. These are natural invariants of the boundary $\bch$ of the convex core of the associated hyperbolic 3-manifold $M$ and give coordinates for the non-Fuchsian groups $\QF - \F$. The pleating invariants of a component of $\bch$ consist of the projective class of its bending measure, together with the lamination length of a fixed choice of transverse measure in this class. Our description complements that of Minsky in \cite{MinskyPT}, in whic…
The Maskit embedding M of a surface Σis the space of geometrically finite groups on the boundary of quasifuchsian space for which the `top' end is homeomorphic to Σ, while the `bottom' end consists of two triply punctured spheres, the remains of Σwhen two fixed disjoint curves have been pinched. As such representations vary in the character variety, the conformal structure on the top side varies over the Teichmüller space T(Σ). We investigate M when Σis a twice punctured torus, using the method of pleating rays. Fix a projective measure class [μ] supported on closed curves on Σ. The pleating r…
The minimum number of self-intersection points for members of a free homotopy class of curves on the punctured torus is bounded above in terms of the number L of letters required for a minimal description of the class in terms of the generators of the fundamental group and their inverses: it is less than or equal to (L-2)^2/4 if L is even, and (L-1)(L-3)/4 if L is odd. The classes attaining this bound are explicitly described in terms of the generators; there are (L-2)^2 + 4 of them if L is even, and 2(L-1)(L-3) + 8 if L is odd; similar descriptions and totals are given for classes with self-i…
We obtain new variations of the original McShane identity for those SL(2,C)-representations of the once punctured torus group which satisfy the Bowditch conditions, and also for those fixed up to conjugacy by an Anosov mapping class of the torus and satisfying the relative Bowditch conditions.
Exact curve counting of given word length on the once-punctured torus
针对带一个孔的环面，研究人员得出映射类群轨道内给定字长曲线数的精确公式，解决了Cha在2016年提出的相关猜想。
We describe a strategy for constructing reduced Khovanov homology for links in lens spaces by generalizing a symplectic interpretation of reduced Khovanov homology for links in $S^3$ due to Hedden, Herald, Hogancamp, and Kirk. The strategy relies on a partly conjectural description of the Fukaya category of the traceless $SU(2)$ character variety of the 2-torus with two punctures. From a diagram of a 1-tangle in a solid torus, we construct a corresponding object $(X,δ)$ in the $A_\infty$ category of twisted complexes over this Fukaya category. The homotopy type of $(X,δ)$ is an isotopy invaria…
Projective Rigidity of Once-Punctured Torus Bundles via the Twisted Alexander Polynomial
本文通过扭曲Alexander多项式验证双曲单穿孔环面丛的射影刚性，并将其与字符簇切空间上的诱导作用及谱序列中的群论作用联系起来。
$\rm{PGL}_2$ skein algebras of small surfaces
本文研究小曲面（闭环面与一次穿孔环面）的$\rm{PGL}_2$ skein代数，给出显式有限表示、显式基及其乘法结构，并计算自然映射的核与代数中心，结果依赖于量子参数$q$。
We determine the non-null homologous knots in lens spaces whose exteriors contain properly embedded once-punctured tori. All such knots arise as surgeries on the Whitehead link and are grid number 1 in their lens spaces. As a corollary, we classify once-punctured torus bundles that admit a lens space filling.
We determine the PSL_2(C) and SL_2(C) character varieties of the once-punctured torus bundles with tunnel number one, i.e. the once-punctured torus bundles that arise from filling one boundary component of the Whitehead link exterior. In particular, we determine `natural' models for these algebraic sets, identify them up to birational equivalence with smooth models, and compute the genera of the canonical components. This enables us to compare dilatations of the monodromies of these bundles with these genera. We also determine the minimal polynomials for the trace fields of these manifolds. Ad…
Non-standard bi-orders on punctured torus bundles
本文研究穿孔环面丛群的非标准双向序，证明其最大及次大真凸子群与标准双向序一致，并确认这些群确实存在非标准双向序。
Recent work of Chinburg, Reid, and Stover has shown that certain arithmetic and algebro-geometric properties of the character variety of a hyperbolic knot complement in the 3-sphere $M=S^3\setminus K$ yields topological and number theoretic information about Dehn fillings of M. Specifically, they show how the study of a certain extension problem for quaternion Azumaya algebras is related to topological invariants associated to these fillings. In this paper, we extend their work to the setting of hyperbolic once punctured torus bundles. Along the way, we exhibit new phenomenon in the relevant e…
We construct new coordinates for the Teichmüller space Teich of a punctured torus into $\bold{R} \times\bold{R}^+$. The coordinates depend on the representation of Teich as a space of marked Kleinian groups $G_μ$ that depend holomorphically on a parameter $μ$ varying in a simply connected domain in $\bold{C}$. They describe the geometry of the hyperbolic manifold $\bold{H}^3/G_μ$; they reflect exactly the visual patterns one sees in the limit sets of the groups $G_μ$; and they are directly computable from the generators of $G_μ$.
This document is a practical guide to computations using an automatic structure for the mapping class group of a once-punctured, oriented surface $S$. We describe a quadratic time algorithm for the word problem in this group, which can be implemented efficiently with pencil and paper. The input of the algorithm is a word, consisting of ``chord diagrams'' of ideal triangulations and elementary moves, which represents an element of the mapping class group. The output is a word called a ``normal form'' that uniquely represents the same group element.
To each once-punctured-torus bundle, $T_ϕ$, over the circle with pseudo-Anosov monodromy $ϕ$, there are associated two tessellations of the complex plane: one, $Δ(ϕ)$, is (the projection from $\infty$ of) the triangulation of a horosphere at $\infty$ induced by the canonical decomposition into ideal tetrahedra, and the other, $CW(ϕ)$, is a fractal tessellation given by the Cannon-Thurston map of the fiber group switching back and forth between gray and white each time it passes through $\infty$. In this paper, we study the relation between $Δ(ϕ)$ and $CW(ϕ)$.
We propose a method to compute complex volume of 2-bridge link complements. Our construction sheds light on a relationship between cluster variables with coefficients and canonical decompositions of link complements.
We construct a certain cross product of two copies of the braided dual $\tilde H$ of a quasitriangular Hopf algebra $H$, which we call the elliptic double $E_H$, and which we use to construct representations of the punctured elliptic braid group extending the well-known representations of the planar braid group attached to $H$. We show that the elliptic double is the universal source of such representations. We recover the representations of the punctured torus braid group obtained in arXiv:0805.2766, and hence construct a homomorphism to the Heisenberg double $D_H$, which is an isomorphism if…
Torus knots as loop-edges in three-sphere triangulations
提出一种从互素整数对构造三维球面单顶点三角剖分的方法，使对应环面纽结成为一条边，其大小在最坏情况下线性，可小至交叉数的对数，可作为交叉数的替代组织原则。
In this paper we study exceptional Dehn fillings on hyperbolic knot manifolds which contain an essential once-punctured torus. Let $M$ be such a knot manifold and let $β$ be the boundary slope of such an essential once-punctured torus. We prove that if Dehn filling $M$ with slope $α$ produces a Seifert fibred manifold, then $Δ(α,β)\leq 5$. Furthermore we classify the triples $(M; α,β)$ when $\D(α,β)\geq 4$. More precisely, when $\D(α,β)=5$, then $M$ is the (unique) manifold $Wh(-3/2)$ obtained by Dehn filling one boundary component of the Whitehead link exterior with slope -3/2, and $(α, β)$ i…
If M is a hyperbolic once-punctured torus bundle over the circle, then the trace field of M has no real places.
Spectrum of SL(2,R)-characters: the once-punctured torus case
研究SL(2,R)表示的谱，特别是一次 punctured torus 的情况，证明通用表示的谱是康托尔集，并描述其与区间交换变换相关局部常数上同调的动力学。
A triangulation of a connected closed surface is called weakly regular if the action of its automorphism group on its vertices is transitive. A triangulation of a connected closed surface is called degree-regular if each of its vertices have the same degree. Clearly, a weakly regular triangulation is degree-regular. In 1999, Lutz has classified all the weakly regular triangulations on at most 15 vertices. In 2001, Datta and Nilakantan have classified all the degree-regular triangulations of closed surfaces on at most 11 vertices. In this article, we have proved that any degree-regular triangul…
Strong positivity for the skein algebras of the $4$-punctured sphere and of the $1$-punctured torus
本文借助复三次曲面的高亏格Gromov–Witten镜像对称构造刻画4穿孔球面skein代数，并证明其与1穿孔环面bracelets基结构常数的强正性。
We prove that the deformation space of geodesic triangulations of a flat torus is homotopy equivalent to a torus. This solves an open problem proposed by Connelly et al. in 1983, in the case of flat tori. A key tool of the proof is a generalization of Tutte's embedding theorem for flat tori. When this paper is under preparation, Erickson and Lin proved a similar result, which works for all convex drawings.
Let $Γ$ be a 3-dimensional Kleinian punctured torus group with ccidental parabolic transformations. The deformation space of $Γ$ in the group of Möbius transformations on the 2-sphere is well-known as the Maskit slice of punctured torus groups. In this paper, we study deformations $Γ'$ of $Γ$ in the group of Möbius transformations on the 3-sphere such that $Γ'$ does not contain screw parabolic transformations. We will show that the space of the deformations is realized as a domain of 3-space $\mathbb{R}^3$, which contains the Maskit slice of punctured torus groups as a slice through a plane. F…
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