The \textit{toughness} $t(G)$ of a graph $G$ is a measure of its connectivity that is closely related to Hamiltonicity. Brouwer proved the lower bound $t(G) > \ell / λ- 2$ on the toughness of any connected $\ell$-regular graph, where $ λ$ is the largest nontrivial eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix. He conjectured that this lower bound can be improved to $\ell / λ-1$ and this conjecture is still open. Brouwer also observed that many families of graphs (in particular, those achieving equality in the Hoffman ratio bound for the independence number) have toughness exactly $\ell / λ$. Cioabă and Wong confirmed Brouwer's observation for several families of graphs, including Kneser graphs $K(n,2)$ and their complements, with the exception of the Petersen graph $K(5,2)$. In this paper, we extend these results and determine the toughness of Kneser graphs $K(n,k)$ when $k\in \{3,4\}$ and $n\geq 2k+1$ as well as for $k\geq 5$ and sufficiently large $n$ (in terms of $k$). In all these cases, the toughness is attained by the complement of a maximum independent set and we conjecture that this is the case for any $k\geq 5$ and $n\geq 2k+1$.
In this short note, the purpose is to provide an upper bound for the b-chromatic number of Kneser graphs. Our bound improves the upper bound that was presented by Balakrishnan and Kavaskar in [b-coloring of Kneser graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. 160 (2012), 9-14].
In this paper among some other results and by using the existance of Steiner triple systems, we determine the total dominator chromatic number of the Kneser graph KG(n,2).
For integers $k\geq 1$ and $n\geq 2k+1$ the Kneser graph $K(n,k)$ has as vertices all $k$-element subsets of $[n]:=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ and an edge between any two vertices (=sets) that are disjoint. The bipartite Kneser graph $H(n,k)$ has as vertices all $k$-element and $(n-k)$-element subsets of $[n]$ and an edge between any two vertices where one is a subset of the other. It has long been conjectured that all Kneser graphs and bipartite Kneser graphs except the Petersen graph $K(5,2)$ have a Hamilton cycle. The main contribution of this paper is proving this conjecture for bipartite Kneser gra…
We show that there are $k$ simple graphs whose Kronecker covers are isomorphic to the bipartite Kneser graph $H(n,k)$, and that their chromatic numbers coincide with $χ(K(n,k)) = n - 2k + 2$. We also determine the automorphism groups of these graphs.
We determine the chromatic number of some graphs of flags in buildings of type $A_4$, namely of the Kneser graphs of flags of type $\{2,4\}$ in the vector spaces $GF(q)^5$ for $q\geq3$, and of the Kneser graph of flags of type $\{2,3\}$ in the vector spaces $GF(q)^5$ for large $q$.
A fall coloring of a graph G is a proper coloring of G with k colors such that each vertex sees all k colors on its closed neighborhood. In this short note, we characterize all fall colorings of Kneser graphs of type KG(n,2).
Rubei et. al., established results for the distance matrix of positive weighted Petersen graphs. Focusing on the properties of the distance matrix, we generalized positive weighted Petersen graphs results to Kneser graphs. We analyzed theorems established by Rubei et al. and used girth of the generalized Petersen graphs and Kneser graphs to conclude generalizations. Further, we examined the properties of positive weighted generalized Petersen graphs. We generalized the properties of distance matrices of positive weighted Petersen graphs to positive weighted generalized Petersen graphs.
In this note, we prove that for any integer $n\geq 3$ the b-chromatic number of the Kneser graph $KG(m,n)$ is greater than or equal to $2{\lfloor {m\over 2} \rfloor \choose n}$. This gives an affirmative answer to a conjecture of [6].
In this paper, we will introduce an special kind of graph homomorphisms namely semi-locally-surjective graph homomorphisms and show some relations between semi-locally-surjective graph homomorphisms and colorful colorings of graphs and then we prove that for each natural number $k$, the Kneser graph $KG(2k+1,k)$ is $b$-continuous. Finally, we introduce some special conditions for graphs to be $b$-continuous.
Treewidth is an important and well-known graph parameter that measures the complexity of a graph. The Kneser graph Kneser(n,k) is the graph with vertex set $\binom{[n]}{k}$, such that two vertices are adjacent if they are disjoint. We determine, for large values of n with respect to k, the exact treewidth of the Kneser graph. In the process of doing so, we also prove a strengthening of the Erdős-Ko-Rado Theorem (for large n with respect to k) when a number of disjoint pairs of k-sets are allowed.
Hadwiger's conjecture asserts that every graph with chromatic number $t$ contains a complete minor of order $t$. Given integers $n \ge 2k+1 \ge 5$, the Kneser graph $K(n, k)$ is the graph with vertices the $k$-subsets of an $n$-set such that two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding $k$-subsets are disjoint. We prove that Hadwiger's conjecture is true for the complements of Kneser graphs.
For integers $n\geq k\geq 1$, the Kneser graph $K(n,k)$ is the graph with vertex set $V=[n]^{(k)}$ and edge set $E=\{\{x,y\} \in V^{(2)}: x\cap y=\emptyset\}$. Chen proved that for $n\geq 3k$, Kneser graphs are Hamiltonian and later improved this to $n\geq 2.62k+1$. Furthermore, Chen and Füredi gave a short proof that if $k | n$, Kneser graphs are Hamiltonian for $n\geq 3k$. In this note, we present a short proof that does not need the divisibility condition, i.e., we give a short proof that $K(n,k)$ is Hamiltonian for $n\geq 4k$.
For $k,s\geq2$, the $s$-stable Kneser graphs are the graphs with vertex set the $k$-subsets $S$ of $\{1,\ldots,n\}$ such that the circular distance between any two elements in $S$ is at least $s$ and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding $k$-subset are disjoint. Braun showed that for $n\geq 2k+1$ the automorphism group of the $2$-stable Kneser graphs (Schrijver graphs) is isomorphic to the dihedral group of order $2n$. In this paper we generalize this result by proving that for $s\geq 2$ and $n\geq sk+1$ the automorphism group of the $s$-stable Kneser graphs also is isomor…
Schrijver identified a family of vertex critical subgraphs of the Kneser graphs called the stable Kneser graphs $SG_{n,k}$. Björner and de Longueville proved that the neighborhood complex of the stable Kneser graph $SG_{n,k}$ is homotopy equivalent to a $k-$sphere. In this article, we prove that the homotopy type of the neighborhood complex of the Kneser graph $KG_{2,k}$ is a wedge of $(k+4)(k+1)+1$ spheres of dimension $k$. We construct a maximal subgraph $S_{2,k}$ of $KG_{2,k}$, whose neighborhood complex is homotopy equivalent to the neighborhood complex of $SG_{2,k}$. Further, we prove tha…
A set of vertices $S$ is a \emph{determining set} of a graph $G$ if every automorphism of $G$ is uniquely determined by its action on $S$. The \emph{determining number} of $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a determining set of $G$. This paper studies determining sets of Kneser graphs from a hypergraph perspective. This new technique lets us compute the determining number of a wide range of Kneser graphs, concretely $K_{n:k}$ with $n\geq \frac{k(k+1)}{2}+1$. We also show its usefulness by giving shorter proofs of the characterization of all Kneser graphs with fixed determining number 2, 3 or 4,…
Let $n$, $k$ and $t$ be integers with $1\leq t< k \leq n$. The \emph{generalized Kneser graph} $K(n,k,t)$ is a graph whose vertices are the $k$-subsets of a fixed $n$-set, where two $k$-subsets $A$ and $B$ are adjacent if $|A\cap B|<t$. The graph $K(n,k,1)$ is the well-known \emph{Kneser graph}. In 2014, Harvey and Wood determined the exact treewidth of the Kneser graphs for large $n$ with respect to $k$. In this paper, we give the exact treewidth of the generalized Kneser graphs for $t\geq2$ and large $n$ with respect to $k$ and $t$. In the special case when $t=k-1$, the graph $K(n,k,k-1)$ us…
A graph $G$ is said to be {\em hom-idempotent} if there is a homomorphism from $G^2$ to $G$, and {\em weakly hom-idempotent} if for some $n \geq 1$ there is a homomorphism from $G^{n+1}$ to $G^n$. Larose et al. [{\em Eur. J. Comb. 19:867-881, 1998}] proved that Kneser graphs $\operatorname{KG}(n,k)$ are not weakly hom-idempotent for $n \geq 2k+1$, $k\geq 2$. For $s \geq 2$, we characterize all the shifts (i.e., automorphisms of the graph that map every vertex to one of its neighbors) of $s$-stable Kneser graphs $\operatorname{KG}(n,k)_{s-\operatorname{stab}}$ and we show that $2$-stable Kneser…
We suggest a new method on coloring generalized Kneser graphs based on hypergraphs with high discrepancy and small number of edges. The main result is providing a proper coloring of K(n, n/2-t, s) in (4 + o(1))(s + t)^2 colors, which is produced by Hadamard matrices. Also, we show that for colorings by independent set of a natural type, this result is the best possible up to a multiplicative constant. Our method extends to Kneser hypergraphs as well.
For $q>27$ we determine the independence number $α(Γ)$ of the Kneser graph $Γ$ on plane-solid flags in $PG(6,q)$. More precisely we describe all maximal independent sets of size at least $q^{11}$ and show that every other maximal example has cardinality at most a constant times $q^{10}$.
A family of sets is called star-shaped if all the members of the family have a point in common. The main aim of this paper is to provide a negative answer to the following question raised by James Aisenberg et al [Short proofs of the kneser-Lovasz coloring principle, Information and Computation, 261:296-310, 2018.], for the case k=2.
Using a $Z_q$-generalization of a theorem of Ky Fan, we extend to Kneser hypergraphs a theorem of Simonyi and Tardos that ensures the existence of multicolored complete bipartite graphs in any proper coloring of a Kneser graph. It allows to derive a lower bound for the local chromatic number of Kneser hypergraphs (using a natural definition of what can be the local chromatic number of a hypergraph).
A set $D$ of vertices of a graph $G$ is a dissociation set if each vertex of $D$ has at most one neighbor in $D$. The dissociation number of $G$, $diss(G)$, is the cardinality of a maximum dissociation set in a graph $G$. In this paper we study dissociation in the well-known class of Kneser graphs $K_{n,k}$. In particular, we establish that the dissociation number of Kneser graphs $K_{n,2}$ equals $\max{\{n-1,6\}}$. We show that for any $k \geq 2$, there exists $n_0 \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $diss(K_{n,k})=α(K_{n,k})$ for any $n \geq n_0$. We consider the case $k=3$ in more details and prove t…
Complete colorings have the property that any two color classes has at least an edge between them. Parameters such as the Grundy, achromatic and pseudoachromatic numbers comes from complete colorings, with some additional requirement. In this paper, we estimate these numbers in the Kneser graph $K(n,k)$ for some values of $n$ and $k$. We give the exact value of the achromatic number of $K(n,2)$.
In this article, we prove that the neighborhood complex of the Kneser graph $KG_{3,k}$ is of the same homotopy type as that of a wedge of $\frac{(k+1)(k+3)(k+4)(k+6)}{4}+1$ spheres of dimension $k$. We construct a maximal subgraph $S_{3,k}$ of $KG_{3,k}$, whose neighborhood complex deformation retracts onto the neighborhood complex of $SG_{3,k}$.
Investigating the equality of the chromatic number and the circular chromatic number of graphs has been an active stream of research for last decades. In this regard, Habolhassan and Zhu [Circular chromatic number of Kneser graphs, Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B, 2003] proved that if $n$ is sufficiently large with respect to $k$, then the Schrijver graph ${\rm SG}(n,k)$ has the same chromatic and circular chromatic number. Later, Meunier [A topological lower bound for the circular chromatic number of Schrijver graphs, Journal of Graph Theory, 2005] and independently, Simonyi and Tard…
A set of vertices $S$ in a graph $G$ is a {\em resolving set} for $G$ if, for any two vertices $u,v$, there exists $x\in S$ such that the distances $d(u,x) \neq d(v,x)$. In this paper, we consider the Johnson graphs $J(n,k)$ and Kneser graphs $K(n,k)$, and obtain various constructions of resolving sets for these graphs. As well as general constructions, we show that various interesting combinatorial objects can be used to obtain resolving sets in these graphs, including (for Johnson graphs) projective planes and symmetric designs, as well as (for Kneser graphs) partial geometries, Hadamard mat…
A vertex cut $S$ of a connected graph $G$ is a subset of vertices of $G$ whose deletion makes $G$ disconnected. A super vertex cut $S$ of a connected graph $G$ is a subset of vertices of $G$ whose deletion makes $G$ disconnected and there is no isolated vertex in each component of $G-S$. The super-connectivity of graph $G$ is the size of the minimum super vertex cut of $G$. Let $KG(n,k)$ be the Kneser graph whose vertices set are the $k$-subsets of $\{1,\cdots,n\}$, where $k$ is the number of labels of each vertex in $G$. We aim to show that the conjecture from Boruzanli and Gauci \cite{EG19} …
Let $G$ be a graph and $r\in\mathbb{N}$. The matching Kneser graph $\textsf{KG}(G, rK_2)$ is a graph whose vertex set is the set of $r$-matchings in $G$ and two vertices are adjacent if their corresponding matchings are edge-disjoint. In [Alishahi, M. and Hajiabolhassan, H., On the Chromatic Number of Matching Kneser Graphs, Combin. Probab. and Comput. 29 (2020), no. 1, 1--21.] it was conjectured that for any connected graph $G$ and positive integer $r\geq 2$, the chromatic number of $\textsf{KG}(G, rK_2)$ is equal to $|E(G)|-\textsf{ex}(G,rK_2)$, where $\textsf{ex}(G,rK_2)$ denotes the larges…
A vertex subset $S$ of a graph $G$ is a general position set of $G$ if no vertex of $S$ lies on a geodesic between two other vertices of $S$. The cardinality of a largest general position set of $G$ is the general position number (gp-number) ${\rm gp}(G)$ of $G$. The gp-number is determined for some families of Kneser graphs, in particular for $K(n,2)$ and $K(n,3)$. A sharp lower bound on the gp-number is proved for Cartesian products of graphs. The gp-number is also determined for joins of graphs, coronas over graphs, and line graphs of complete graphs.
We prove that for a large family of product graphs, and for Kneser graphs $K(n,αn)$ with fixed $α<1/2$, the following holds. Any set of vertices that spans a small proportion of the edges in the graph can be made independent by removing a small proportion of the vertices of the graph. This allows us to strengthen the results of [DinurFR06] and [DinurF09], and show that any independent set in these graphs is almost contained in an independent set which depends on few coordinates. Our proof is inspired by, and follows some of the main ideas of, Fox's proof of the graph removal lemma [Fox11].
We denote by SG_{n,k} the stable Kneser graph (Schrijver graph) of stable n-subsets of a set of cardinality 2n+k. For k congruent 3 (mod 4) and n\ge2 we show that there is a component of the χ-colouring graph of SG_{n,k} which is invariant under the action of the automorphism group of SG_{n,k}. We derive that there is a graph G with χ(G)=χ(SG_{n,k}) such that the complex Hom(SG_{n,k}, G) is non-empty and connected. In particular, for k congruent 3 (mod 4) and n\ge2 the graph SG_{n,k} is not a test graph.
Let $S$ be an $n$-dimensional vector space over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, where $q$ is necessarily a prime power. Denote $K_q(n,k)$ (resp. $J_q(n,k)$) to be the \emph{$q$-Kneser graph} (resp. \emph{Grassmann graph}) for $k\geq 1$ whose vertices are the $k$-dimensional subspaces of $S$ and two vertices $v_1$ and $v_2$ are adjacent if $\dim(v_1\cap v_2)=0$ (resp. $\dim(v_1\cap v_2)=k-1$). We consider the infection spreading in the $ q $-Kneser graphs and the Grassmann graphs: a vertex gets infected if it has at least two infected neighbors. In this paper, we compute the $ P_3 $-hull numbe…
In 2011, Meunier conjectured that for positive integers $n,k,r,s$ with $ k\geq 2$, $r\geq 2$, and $n\geq \max (\{r,s\})k$, the chromatic number of $s$ -stable $r$-uniform Kneser hypergraphs is equal to $\left\lceil \frac{n-\max (\{r,s\})(k-1)}{r-1}\right\rceil $. It is a strengthened version of the conjecture proposed by Ziegler (2002), and Alon, Drewnowski and Łuczak (2009). The problem about the chromatic number of almost $s$-stable $r$ -uniform Kneser hypergraphs has also been introduced by Meunier (2011). For the $r=2$ case of the Meunier conjecture, Jonsson (2012) provided a purely combin…
A proper edge coloring of a graph is strong if it creates no bichromatic path of length three. It is well known that for a strong edge coloring of a $k$-regular graph at least $2k-1$ colors are needed. We show that a $k$-regular graph admits a strong edge coloring with $2k-1$ colors if and only if it covers the Kneser graph $K(2k-1,k-1)$. In particular, a cubic graph is strongly $5$-edge-colorable whenever it covers the Petersen graph. One of the implications of this result is that a conjecture about strong edge colorings of subcubic graphs proposed by Faudree et al. [Ars Combin. 29 B (1990), …
In chomp on graphs, two players alternatingly pick an edge or a vertex from a graph. The player that cannot move any more loses. The questions one wants to answer for a given graph are: Which player has a winning strategy? Can a explicit strategy be devised? We answer these questions (and determine the Nim-value) for the class of generalized Kneser graphs and for several families of Johnson graphs. We also generalize some of these results to the clique complexes of these graphs. Furthermore, we determine which player has a winning strategy for some classes of threshold graphs.
We determine the chromatic number of the Kneser graph qΓ_{7,{3,4}} of flags of vectorial type {3, 4} of a rank 7 vector space over the finite field GF(q) for large q and describe the colorings that attain the bound. This result relies heavily, not only on the independence number, but also on the structure of all large independent sets. Furthermore, our proof is more general in the following sense: it provides the chromatic number of the Kneser graphs qΓ_{2d+1,{d,d+1}} of flags of vectorial type {d, d+1} of a rank 2d+1 vector space over GF(q) for large q as long as the large independent sets of…
The generalized Kneser graph $K(n,k,t)$ for integers $k>t>0$ and $n>2k-t$ is the graph whose vertices are the $k$-subsets of $\{1,\dots,n\}$ with two vertices adjacent if and only if they share less than $t$ elements. We determine the treewidth of the generalized Kneser graphs $K(n,k,t)$ when $t\ge 2$ and $n$ is sufficiently large compared to $k$. The imposed bound on $n$ is a significant improvement of a previously known bound. One consequence of our result is the following. For each integer $c\ge 1$ there exists a constant $K(c)\ge 2c$ such that $k\ge K(c)$ implies for $t=k-c$ that $$tw(K(n,…
Let $V$ be an $n$-dimensional vector space over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, where $q$ is a prime power. Define the \emph{generalized $q$-Kneser graph} $K_q(n,k,t)$ to be the graph whose vertices are the $k$-dimensional subspaces of $V$ and two vertices $F_1$ and $F_2$ are adjacent if $\dim(F_1\cap F_2)<t$. Then $K_q(n,k,1)$ is the well-known $q$-Kneser graph. In this paper, we determine the treewidth of $K_q(n,k,t)$ for $n\geq 2t(k-t+1)+k+1$ and $t\ge 1$ exactly. Note that $K_q(n,k,k-1)$ is the complement of the Grassmann graph $G_q(n,k)$. We give a more precise result for the treewidth of …
We show that every $k$-tree of toughness greater than $\frac{k}{3}$ is Hamilton-connected for $k \geq 3$. (In particular, chordal planar graphs of toughness greater than $1$ are Hamilton-connected.) This improves the result of Broersma et al. (2007) and generalizes the result of Böhme et al. (1999). On the other hand, we present graphs whose longest paths are short. Namely, we construct $1$-tough chordal planar graphs and $1$-tough planar $3$-trees, and we show that the shortness exponent of the class is $0$, at most $\log_{30}{22}$, respectively. Both improve the bound of Böhme et al. Further…
We obtain a new weak Hilton-Milner type result for intersecting families of $k$-spaces in $\mathbb{F}_q^{2k}$, which improves several known results. In particular the chromatic number of the $q$-Kneser graph $qK_{n:k}$ was previously known for $n > 2k$ (except for $n=2k+1$ and $q=2$) or $k < q \log q - q$. Our result determines the chromatic number of $qK_{2k:k}$ for $q \geq 5$, so that the only remaining open cases are $(n, k) = (2k, k)$ with $q \in \{ 2, 3, 4 \}$ and $(n, k) = (2k+1, k)$ with $q = 2$.
Recently, Kupavskii~[{\it On random subgraphs of {K}neser and {S}chrijver graphs. J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, {\rm 2016}.}] investigated the chromatic number of random Kneser graphs $\KG_{n,k}(ρ)$ and proved that, in many cases, the chromatic numbers of the random Kneser graph $\KG_{n,k}(ρ)$ and the Kneser graph $\KG_{n,k}$ are almost surely closed. He also marked the studying of the chromatic number of random Kneser hypergraphs $\KG^r_{n,k}(ρ)$ as a very interesting problem. With the help of $\Z_p$-Tucker lemma, a combinatorial generalization of the Borsuk-Ulam theorem, we generalize Kupavskii'…
In this article we investigate a problem in graph theory, which has an equivalent reformulation in extremal set theory similar to the problems researched in "A general 2-part Erdős-Ko-Rado theorem" by Gyula O.H. Katona, who proposed our problem as well. In the graph theoretic form we examine the clique number of the Xor product of two isomorphic $KG(N,k)$ Kneser graphs. Denote this number with $f(k,N)$. We give lower and upper bounds on $f(k,N)$, and we solve the problem up to a constant deviation depending only on $k$, and find the exact value for $f(2,N)$ if $N$ is large enough. We also comp…
The $\{K_2,C_n\}$-factor of a graph is a spanning subgraph whose each component is either $K_2$ or $C_n$. In this paper, a sufficient condition with regard to tight toughness, isolated toughness and binding number bounds to guarantee the existence of the $\{K_2,C_{2i+1}| i\geq 2 \}$-factor for any graph is obtained, which answers a problem due to Gao and Wang (J. Oper. Res. Soc. China (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s40305-021-00357-6).
Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis, Universidad Nacional de San Luis and CONICET（圣路易斯应用数学研究所，圣路易斯国立大学及阿根廷国家科学技术研究委员会）；Departamento de Matemática, Universidad Nacional de San Luis（圣路易斯国立大学数学系）；Université de Lorraine, LORIA（洛林大学，洛里亚实验室）
