We consider discrete one dimensional nonlinear equations and present the procedure of lifting them to Z-graded graphs. We identify conditions which allow one to lift one dimensional solutions to solutions on graphs. In particular, we prove the existence of solitons {for static potentials} on graded fractal graphs. We also show that even for a simple example of a topologically interesting graph the corresponding non-trivial Lax pairs and associated unitary transformations do not lift to a Lax pair on the Z-graded graph.
In this paper, we construct Lax matrices for certain relativistic open Toda chains endowed with a one-sided 1-parameter boundary interaction. Built upon the Lax representation of the dynamics, an algebraic solution algorithm is also exhibited. To our best knowledge, this particular 1-parameter subfamily of van Diejen--Toda chains has not been analyzed in earlier literature.
Based on the recent formulation of a general scheme to construct boundary Lax pairs,we develop this systematic construction for the $A_n^{(1)}$ affine Toda field theories (ATFT). We work out explicitly the first two models of the hierarchy, i.e. the sine-Gordon ($A_1^{(1)}$) and the $A_2^{(1)}$ models. The $A_2^{(1)}$ Toda theory is the first non-trivial example of the hierarchy that exhibits two distinct types of boundary conditions. We provide here novel expressions of boundary Lax pairs associated to both types of boundary conditions.
Recently, Lax operator algebras appeared as a new class of higher genus current type algebras. Based on I.Krichever's theory of Lax operators on algebraic curves they were introduced by I. Krichever and O. Sheinman. These algebras are almost-graded Lie algebras of currents on Riemann surfaces with marked points (in-points, out-points, and Tyurin points). In a previous joint article of the author with Sheinman the local cocycles and associated almost-graded central extensions are classified in the case of one in-point and one out-point. It was shown that the almost-graded extension is essential…
Lax operator algebras constitute a new class of infinite dimensional Lie algebras of geometric origin. More precisely, they are algebras of matrices whose entries are meromorphic functions on a compact Riemann surface. They generalize classical current algebras and current algebras of Krichever-Novikov type. Lax operators for $\gl(n)$, with the spectral parameter on a Riemann surface, were introduced by Krichever. In joint works of Krichever and Sheinman their algebraic structure was revealed and extended to more general groups. These algebras are almost-graded. In this article their definitio…
Calogero-Moser models and Toda models are well-known integrable multi-particle dynamical systems based on root systems associated with Lie algebras. The relation between these two types of integrable models is investigated at the levels of the Hamiltonians and the Lax pairs. The Lax pairs of Calogero-Moser models are specified by the representations of the reflection groups, which are not the same as those of the corresponding Lie algebras. The latter specify the Lax pairs of Toda models. The Hamiltonians of the elliptic Calogero-Moser models tend to those of Toda models as one of the periods …
Lax pair and Hamiltonian formulations of the N=4 supersymmetric Toda chain (KdV) hierarchy in N=4 superspace are proposed. The general formulae for the infinite tower of its bosonic flows in terms of the Lax operator in N=4 superspace are derived. A new N=4 superfield basis in which the flows are local is constructed and its embedding in the N=4 O(4) superconformal supercurrent is established. A proof that the flows possess five complex conjugations and aninfinite-dimensional group of discrete symmetries in N=4 superspace is presented. A relation between the two descriptions of the hierarchy i…
We recently introduced a class of ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ graded discrete Lax pairs and studied the associated discrete integrable systems (lattice equations). In this paper we introduce the corresponding Yang-Baxter maps. Many well known examples belong to this scheme for $N=2$, so, for $N\geq 3$, our systems may be regarded as generalisations of these. In particular, for each $N$ we introduce a generalisation of the map $H_{III}^B$ in the classification of scalar Yang-Baxter maps. For $N=3$ this is equivalent to the Yang-Baxter map associated with the discrete modified Boussinesq equation. For $N\g…
We introduce a class of ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ graded discrete Lax pairs, with $N\times N$ matrices, linear in the spectral parameter. We give a classification scheme for such Lax pairs and the associated discrete integrable systems. We present two potential forms and completely classify the generic case. Many well known examples belong to our scheme for $N=2$, so many of our systems may be regarded as generalisations of these. Even at $N=3$, several new integrable systems arise. Many of our equations are mutually compatible, so can be used together to form "coloured" lattices. We also present conti…
The n-particle periodic Toda chain is a well known example of an integrable but nonseparable Hamiltonian system in R^{2n}. We show that Sigma_k, the k-fold singularities of the Toda chain, ie points where there exist k independent linear relations amongst the gradients of the integrals of motion, coincide with points where there are k (doubly) degenerate eigenvalues of representatives L and Lbar of the two inequivalent classes of Lax matrices (corresponding to degenerate periodic or antiperiodic solutions of the associated second-order difference equation). The singularities are shown to be no…
By exhibiting the corresponding Lax pair representations we propose a wide class of integrable two-dimensional (2D) fermionic Toda lattice (TL) hierarchies which includes the 2D N=(2|2) and N=(0|2) supersymmetric TL hierarchies as particular cases. Performing their reduction to the one-dimensional case by imposing suitable constraints we derive the corresponding 1D fermionic TL hierarchies. We develop the generalized graded R-matrix formalism using the generalized graded bracket on the space of graded operators with an involution generalizing the graded commutator in superalgebras, which allow…
We show how to construct semi-invariants and integrals of the full symmetric sl(n) Toda lattice for all n. Using the Toda equations for the Lax eigenvector matrix we prove the existence of semi-invariants which are homogeneous coordinates in the corresponding projective spaces. Then we use these semi-invariants to construct the integrals. The existence of additional integrals which constitute a full set of independent non-involutive integrals was known but the chopping and Kostant procedures have crucial computational complexities already for low-rank Lax matrices and are practically not appli…
Toda equations associated with twisted loop groups are considered. Such equations are specified by Z-gradations of the corresponding twisted loop Lie algebras. The classification of Toda equations related to twisted loop Lie algebras with integrable Z-gradations is discussed.
In this paper, we give finite dimensional exponential solutions of the bigraded Toda Hierarchy(BTH). As an specific example of exponential solutions of the BTH, we consider a regular solution for the $(1,2)$-BTH with $3\times 3$-sized Lax matrix, and discuss some geometric structure of the solution from which the difference between $(1,2)$-BTH and original Toda hierarchy is shown. After this, we construct another kind of Lax representation of $(N,1)$-bigraded Toda hierarchy($(N,1)$-BTH) which does not use the fractional operator of Lax operator. Then we introduce lattice Miura transformation o…
By exhibiting the corresponding Lax pair representations we propose a wide class of integrable two-dimensional (2D) fermionic Toda lattice (TL) hierarchies which includes the 2D N=(2|2) and N=(0|2) supersymmetric TL hierarchies as particular cases. We develop the generalized graded R-matrix formalism using the generalized graded bracket on the space of graded operators with involution generalizing the graded commutator in superalgebras, which allows one to describe these hierarchies in the framework of the Hamiltonian formalism and construct their first two Hamiltonian structures. The first Ha…
We introduce a criterion that a given bihamiltonian structure allows a local coordinate system where both brackets have constant coefficients. This criterion is applied to the bihamiltonian open Toda lattice in a generic point, which is shown to be locally isomorphic to a Kronecker odd-dimensional pair of brackets with constant coefficients. This shows that the open Toda lattice cannot be locally represented as a product of two bihamiltonian structures. In a generic point the bihamiltonian periodic Toda lattice is shown to be isomorphic to a product of two open Toda lattices (one of which is a…
Nenciu and Simon found that the analogue of the Toda system in the context of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle is the defocusing Ablowitz-Ladik system. In this paper we use the CMV and extended CMV matrices, respectively, to construct Lax pair representations for this system in the periodic, finite, and infinite cases.
The tensorial form of the Lax pair equations are given in a compact and geometrically transparent form in the presence of Cartan's torsion tensor. Three-dimensional spacetimes admitting Lax tensors are analyzed in detail. Solutions to Lax tensor equations include interesting examples as separable coordinates and the Toda lattice.
We consider the full symmetric version of the Lax operator of the Toda lattice which is known as the full symmetric Toda lattice. The phase space of this system is the generic orbit of the coadjoint action of the Borel subgroup B^+(n) of SL(n,R). This system is integrable. We propose a new method of constructing semi-invariants and integrals of the full symmetric Toda lattice. Using only the Toda equations for the Lax eigenvector matrix we prove the existence of the semi-invariants which are Plucker coordinates in the corresponding projective spaces. Then we use these semi-invariants to constr…
We generalize the Toda lattice hierarchy by considering N+M dependent variables. We construct roots and logarithms of the Lax operator which are uniquely defined operators with coefficients that are $ε$-series of differential polynomials in the dependent variables, and we use them to provide a Lax pair definition of the extended bigraded Toda hierarchy. Using R-matrix theory we give the bihamiltonian formulation of this hierarchy and we prove the existence of a tau function for its solutions. Finally we study the dispersionless limit and its connection with a class of Frobenius manifolds on th…
Generalizing the graded commutator in superalgebras, we propose a new bracket operation on the space of graded operators with an involution. We study properties of this operation and show that the Lax representation of the two-dimensional N=(1|1) supersymmetric Toda lattice hierarchy can be realized via the generalized bracket operation; this is important in constructing the semiclassical (continuum) limit of this hierarchy. We construct the continuum limit of the N=(1|1) Toda lattice hierarchy, the dispersionless N=(1|1) Toda hierarchy. In this limit, we obtain the Lax representation, with th…
This paper is a short review of the connection between certain types of growth processes and the integrable systems theory, written from the viewpoint of the latter. Starting from the dispersionless Lax equations for the 2D Toda hierarchy, we interpret them as evolution equations for conformal maps in the plane. This provides a unified approach to evolution of smooth domains (such as Laplacian growth) and growth of slits. We show that the Löwner differential equation for a parametric family of conformal maps of slit domains arises as a consistency condition for reductions of the dispersionless…
Applying recent ideas of Carlet, Dubrovin and Zhang (to appear), who, following a suggestion of Eguchi and Yang (hep-th/9407134), study the logarithm of the Lax operator of the Toda lattice, we show that the equivariant Toda lattice introduced in math.AG/0207025 is a Hamiltonian integrable system.
Developing observation made in \cite{commut} we show that simple identity of the commutator type on an associative algebra is in one-to-one correspondence to 2D (infinite) Toda chain. We introduce representation of elements of associative algebra that, under some generic conditions, enables derivation of the Toda chain equation and its Lax pair from the given commutator identity.
In this paper, we propose a finite Toda lattice of CKP type (C-Toda) together with a Lax pair. Our motivation is based on the fact that the Camassa-Holm (CH) peakon dynamical system and the finite Toda lattice may be regarded as opposite flows in some sense. As an intriguing analogue to the CH equation, the Degasperis-Procesi (DP) equation also supports the presence of peakon solutions. Noticing that the peakon solution to the DP equation is expressed in terms of bimoment determinants related to the Cauchy kernel, we impose opposite time evolution on the moments and derive the corresponding bi…
The full Kostant--Toda hierarchy on a semisimple Lie algebra is a system of Lax equations, in which the flows are determined by the gradients of the Chevalley invariants.This paper is concerned with the full Kostant--Toda hierarchy on the even orthogonal Lie algebra. By using a Pfaffian of the Lax matrix as one of the Chevalley invariants, we construct an explicit form of the flow associated to this invariant. As a main result, we introduce an extension of the Schur's $Q$-functions in the time variables, and use them to give explicit formulas for the polynomial $τ$-functions of the hierarchy.
The $(N,M)$-bigraded Toda hierarchy is an extension of the original Toda lattice hierarchy. The pair of numbers $(N,M)$ represents the band structure of the Lax matrix which has $N$ upper and $M$ lower diagonals, and the original one is referred to as the $(1,1)$-bigraded Toda hierarchy. Because of this band structure, one can introduce $M+N-1$ commuting flows which give a parametrization of a small phase space for a topological field theory. In this paper, we first show that there exists a natural symmetry between the $(N,M)$- and $(M,N)$-bigraded Toda hierarchies. We then derive the Hirota b…
A generalized Toda Lattice equation is considered. The associated linear problem (Lax representation) is found. For simple case N=3 the $τ$-function Hirota form is presented that allows to construct an exast solutions of the equations of the 1DGTL. The corresponding hierarchy and its relations with the nonlinear Schrodinger equation and Hersenberg ferromagnetic equation are discussed.
Bi-Hamiltonian structure and Lax pair formulation with the spectral parameter of the generalized fermionic Toda lattice hierarchy as well as its bosonic and fermionic symmetries for different (including periodic) boundary conditions are described. Its two reductions --N=4 and N=2 supersymmetric Toda lattice hierarchies-- in different (including canonical) bases are investigated. Its r-matrix description, monodromy matrix, and spectral curves are discussed.
In this paper a list of $R$-matrices on a certain coupled Lie algebra is obtained. With one of these $R$-matrices, we construct infinitely many bi-Hamiltonian structures for each of the two-component BKP and the Toda lattice hierarchies. We also show that, when such two hierarchies are reduced to their subhierarchies, these bi-Hamiltonian structures are reduced correspondingly.
Integrable cut-off constraints for semidiscrete Toda lattice are studied in this paper. Lax presentation for semidiscrete analog of the $C$-series Toda lattice is obtained. Nonlocal variables that allow to express symmetries of the infinite semidiscrete lattice are introduced and cut-off constraints or a certain type compatible with symmetries of the infinite lattice are classified.
In this paper we define a family of systems which have similarities with the Toda lattice. We construct two Lax pair representations and the associate Poisson structures for these systems. These systems lie between the classical Toda lattice and the full Kostant-Toda lattice. A Hamiltonian and a bi-Hamiltonian structure for these systems is constructed and also master symmetries for some low dimensional cases are presented.
There is a recently discovered formulation of the multidimensional consistency integrability condition for lattice equations, called consistency-around-a-face-centered-cube(CAFCC), which is applicable to equations defined on a vertex and its four nearest neighbours on the square lattice. This paper introduces a method of deriving Lax matrices for the equations which satisfy CAFCC. This method gives novel Lax matrices for such equations, which include previously known equations of discrete Toda-, or Laplace-type, as well as newer equations which have only appeared in the context of CAFCC.
In our previous paper [Comm. Math. Phys. 330 (2014), 367-399] we described the asymptotic behaviour of trajectories of the full symmetric $\mathfrak{sl}_n$ Toda lattice in the case of distinct eigenvalues of the Lax matrix. It turned out that it is completely determined by the Bruhat order on the permutation group. In the present paper we extend this result to the case when some eigenvalues of the Lax matrix coincide. In that case the trajectories are described in terms of the projection to a partial flag space where the induced dynamical system verifies the same properties as before: we show …
The Pfaff lattice is an integrable system arising from the SR-group factorization in an analogous way to how the Toda lattice arises from the QR-group factorization. In our recent paper [{\it Intern. Math. Res. Notices}, (2007) rnm120], we studied the Pfaff lattice hierarchy for the case where the Lax matrix is defined to be a lower Hessenberg matrix. In this paper we deal with the case of a symplectic lower Hessenberg Lax matrix, this forces the Lax matrix to take a tridiagonal shape. We then show that the odd members of the Pfaff lattice hierarchy are trivial, while the even members are equi…
We define an integrable hamiltonian system of Toda type associated with the real Lie algebra $\so{p}{q}$. As usual there exists a periodic and a non-periodic version. We construct, using the root space, two Lax pair representations and the associated Poisson tensors. We prove Liouville integrability and examine the multi-hamiltonian structure. The system is a projection of a canonical $A_n$ type Toda lattice via a Flaschka type transformation. It is also obtained via a complex change of variables from the classical Toda lattice.
In this paper, one new integrable modified extended Toda hierarchy(METH) is constructed with the help of two logarithmic Lax operators. With this modification, the interpolated spatial flow is added to make all flows complete. To show more integrable properties of the METH, the bi-Hamiltonian structure and tau symmetry of the METH will be given. The additional symmetry flows of this new hierarchy are presented. These flows form an infinite dimensional Lie algebra of Block type.
For periodic Toda chains with a large number $N$ of particles we consider states which are $N^{-2}$-close to the equilibrium and constructed by discretizing arbitrary given $C^2-$functions with mesh size $N^{-1}.$ Our aim is to describe the spectrum of the Jacobi matrices $L\_N$ appearing in the Lax pair formulation of the dynamics of these states as $N \to \infty$. To this end we construct two Hill operators $H\_\pm$ -- such operators come up in the Lax pair formulation of the Korteweg-de Vries equation -- and prove by methods of semiclassical analysis that the asymptotics as $N \rightarrow \…
Multi-component generalizations of derivative nonlinear Schrodinger (DNLS) type of equations having quadratic bundle Lax pairs related to Z_2-graded Lie algebras and A.III symmetric spaces are studied. The Jost solutions and the minimal set of scattering data for the case of local and nonlocal reductions are constructed. The latter lead to multi-component integrable equations with CPT-symmetry. Furthermore, the fundamental analytic solutions (FAS) are constructed and the spectral properties of the associated Lax operators are briefly discussed. The Riemann-Hilbert problem (RHP) for the multi-c…
This paper mainly talks about the Cauchy two-matrix model and its corresponding integrable hi- erarchy with the help of orthogonal polynomials theory and Toda-type equations. Starting from the symmetric reduction of Cauchy biorthogonal polynomials, we derive the Toda equation of CKP type (or the C-Toda lattice) as well as its Lax pair by introducing time flows. Then, matrix integral solutions to the C-Toda lattice are extended to give solutions to the CKP hierarchy which reveals the time-dependent partition function of the Cauchy two-matrix model is nothing but the τ-function of the CKP hiearc…
Lax pairs are a useful tool in finding conserved quantities of some dynamical systems. In this expository article, we give a motivated introduction to the idea of a Lax pair of matrices $(L,A)$, first for mechanical systems such as the linear harmonic oscillator, Toda chain, Eulerian rigid body and the Rajeev-Ranken model. This is then extended to Lax operators for one-dimensional field theories such as the linear wave and KdV equations and reformulated as a zero curvature representation via a $(U,V)$ pair which is illustrated using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The key idea is that of r…
We consider solutions of the 2D Toda lattice hierarchy which are trigonometric functions of the ``zeroth'' time $t_0=x$. It is known that their poles move as particles of the trigonometric Ruijsenaars-Schneider model. We extend this correspondence to the level of hierarchies: the dynamics of poles with respect to the $m$-th hierarchical time $t_m$ (respectively, $\bar t_m$) of the 2D Toda lattice hierarchy is shown to be governed by the Hamiltonian which is proportional to the $m$-th Hamiltonian $\mbox{tr}\, L^m$ (respectively, $\mbox{tr}\, L^{-m}$) of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider model, where $L…
We prove that the field equations of supergravity for purely time-dependent backgrounds, which reduce to those of a one--dimensional sigma model, admit a Lax pair representation and are fully integrable. In the case where the effective sigma model is on a maximally split non--compact coset U/H (maximal supergravity or subsectors of lower supersymmetry supergravities) we are also able to construct a completely explicit analytic integration algorithm, adapting a method introduced by Kodama et al in a recent paper. The properties of the general integral are particularly suggestive. Initial data a…
This paper presents a study of the discrete Toda equation $(τ_n^t)^2+τ_{n-1}^tτ_{n+1}^t=τ_n^{t-1}τ_n^{t+1}$, that was introduced in 1977. In this paper, it has been proved that the algebraic solution of the discrete Toda equation, obtained via the Lax formalism, is naturally related to the dual Grothendieck polynomial, which is a $K$-theoretic generalization of the Schur polynomial. A tropical permanent solution to the ultradiscrete Toda equation has also been derived. The proposed method gives a tropical algebraic representation of static solitons. Lastly, a new cellular automaton realization…
We consider the open Toda chain with external forcing, and in the case when the forcing stretches the system, we derive the longtime behavior of solutions of the chain. Using an observation of Jürgen Moser, we then show that the system is completely integrable, in the sense that the $2N$-dimensional system has $N$ functionally independent Poisson commuting integrals, and also has a Lax-Pair formulation. In addition, we construct action-angle variables for the flow. In the case when the forcing compresses the system, the analysis of the flow remains open.
We study an integrable case of n-particle Toda lattice: open chain with boundary terms containing 4 parameters. For this model we construct a Bäcklund transformation and prove its basic properties: canonicity, commutativity and spectrality. The Bäcklund transformation can be also viewed as a discretized time dynamics. Two Lax matrices are used: of order 2 and of order 2n+2, which are mutually dual, sharing the same spectral curve.
We introduce a new integrable hierarchy of nonlinear differential-difference equations which we call constrained Toda hierarchy (C-Toda). It can be regarded as a certain subhierarchy of the 2D Toda lattice obtained by imposing the constraint $\bar {\cal L}={\cal L}^†$ on the two Lax operators (in the symmetric gauge). We prove the existence of the tau-function of the C-Toda hierarchy and show that it is the square root of the 2D Toda lattice tau-function. In this and some other respects the C-Toda is a Toda analogue of the CKP hierarchy. It is also shown that zeros of the tau-function of ellip…
We consider solutions of the 2D Toda lattice hierarchy which are elliptic functions of the zeroth time t_0=x. It is known that their poles as functions of t_1 move as particles of the elliptic Ruijsenaars-Schneider model. The goal of this paper is to extend this correspondence to the level of hierarchies. We show that the Hamiltonians which govern the dynamics of poles with respect to the m-th hierarchical times t_m and \bar t_m of the 2D Toda lattice hierarchy are obtained from expansion of the spectral curve for the Lax matrix of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider model at the marked points.
The Toda chain of nearest neighbour interacting particles on a line can be described both in terms of geodesic motion on a manifold with one extra dimension, the Eisenhart lift, or in terms of geodesic motion in a symmetric space with several extra dimensions. We examine the relationship between these two realisations and discover that the symmetric space is a generalised, multi-particle Eisenhart lift of the original problem, that reduces to the standard Eisenhart lift. Such generalised Eisenhart lift acts as an inverse Kaluza-Klein reduction, promoting coupling constants to momenta in higher…
We reconcile the Hamiltonian formalism and the zero curvature representation in the approach to integrable boundary conditions for a classical integrable system in 1+1 space-time dimensions. We start from an ultralocal Poisson algebra involving a Lax matrix and two (dynamical) boundary matrices. Sklyanin's formula for the double-row transfer matrix is used to derive Hamilton's equations of motion for both the Lax matrix {\bf and} the boundary matrices in the form of zero curvature equations. A key ingredient of the method is a boundary version of the Semenov-Tian-Shansky formula for the genera…
The tropical periodic Toda lattice (trop p-Toda) is a dynamical system attracting attentions in the area of the interplay of integrable systems and tropical geometry. We show that the Young diagrams associated with trop p-Toda given by two very different definitions are identical. The first definition is given by a Lax representation of the discrete periodic Toda lattice, and the second one is associated with a generalization of the Kerov-Kirillov-Reshetikhin bijection in the combinatorics of the Bethe ansatz. By means of this identification, it is shown for the first time that the Young diagr…
In this paper, we firstly construct a weakly coupled Toda lattices with indefinite metrics which consist of $2N$ different coupled Hamiltonian systems. Afterwards, we consider the iso-spectral manifolds of extended tridiagonal Hessenberg matrix with indefinite metrics what is an extension of a strict tridiagonal matrix with indefinite metrics. For the initial value problem of the extended symmetric Toda hierarchy with indefinite metrics, we introduce the inverse scattering procedure in terms of eigenvalues by using the Kodama's method. In this article, according to the orthogonalization proced…
We propose a novel semi-discrete Kadomtsev--Petviashvili equation with two discrete and one continuous independent variables, which is integrable in the sense of having the standard and adjoint Lax pairs, from the direct linearisation framework. By performing reductions on the semi-discrete Kadomtsev--Petviashvili equation, new semi-discrete versions of the Drinfel'd--Sokolov hierarchies associated with Kac--Moody Lie algebras $A_r^{(1)}$, $A_{2r}^{(2)}$, $C_r^{(1)}$ and $D_{r+1}^{(2)}$ are successfully constructed. A Lax pair involving the fraction of $\mathbb{Z}_\mathcal{N}$ graded matrices …
