9th Intern. Conf. Topological Algebras and Their Applications (ICTAA-2015), May 18-22, 2015 in Holon, Israel; in memory of A. Mallios; Academic Services Proc. in Pure and Appl. Mathematics (2020), 159-164
We study a relation between the Hecke groups and the index of subfactors in a von Neumann algebra. Such a problem was raised by V. F. R. Jones. We solve the problem using the notion of a cluster C*-algebra.
A. Ocneanu has observed that a mysterious orbifold phenomenon occurs in the system of the M_infinity-M_infinity bimodules of the asymptotic inclusion, a subfactor analogue of the quantum double, of the Jones subfactor of type A_2n+1. We show that this is a general phenomenon and identify some of his orbifolds with the ones in our sense as subfactors given as simultaneous fixed point algebras by working on the Hecke algebra subfactors of type A of Wenzl. That is, we work on their asymptotic inclusions and show that the M_infinity-M_infinity bimodules are described by certain orbifolds (with gho…
We construct approximately inner actions of discrete amenable groups on strongly amenable subfactors of type II_1 with given invariants, and obtain classification results under some conditions. We also study the lifting of the relative χgroup.
We construct irreducible hyperfinite subfactors of index 6 with a prescribed fundamental group from a large family containing all countable and many uncountable subgroups of R_+. We also prove that there are unclassifiably many irreducible hyperfinite group-type subfactors of index 6 that all have the same standard invariant. More precisely, we associate such a subfactor to every ergodic measure preserving automorphism of the interval [0,1] and prove that the resulting subfactors are isomorphic if and only if the automorphisms are conjugate.
We obtain an estimate of Voiculescu's (modified) free entropy dimension for generators of a ${II}_1$-factor $\mc{M}$ with a subfactor $\mc{N}$ containing an abelian subalgebra $\mc{A}$ of finite multiplicity. It implies in particular that the interpolated free group subfactors of finite Jones index do not have abelian subalgebras of finite multiplicity or Cartan subalgebras.
We consider the infinite symmetric group and its infinite index subgroup given as the stabilizer subgroup of one element under the natural action on a countable set. This inclusion of discrete groups induces a hyperfinite subfactor for each finite factorial representation of the larger group. We compute subfactor invariants of this construction in terms of the Thoma parameter.
We provide a family of group measure space II_1 factors for which all finite index subfactors can be explicitly listed. In particular, the set of all indices of irreducible subfactors can be computed. Concrete examples show that this index set can be any set of natural numbers that is closed under taking divisors.
If $G$ is a countable, discrete group generated by two finite subgroups $H$ and $K$ and $P$ is a II$_1$ factor with an outer G-action, one can construct the group-type subfactor $P^H \subset P \rtimes K$ introduced in \cite{BH}. This construction was used in \cite{BH} to obtain numerous examples of infinite depth subfactors whose standard invariant has exotic growth properties. We compute the planar algebra (in the sense of Jones \cite{J2}) of this subfactor and prove that any subfactor with an abstract planar algebra of "group type" arises from such a subfactor. The action of Jones' planar op…
In this announcement we explain how to extend the von Neumann algebra definition of fusion to the case of twisted loop groups. This project completes research started by my student Robert Verrill in his 2001 Cambridge Ph.D. thesis.
A hyperfinite $II_1$ subfactor may be obtained from a symmetric commuting square via iteration of the basic construction. For certain commuting squares constructed from Hadamard matrices, we describe this subfactor as a group-type inclusion $R^H \subset R \rtimes K$, where $H$ and $K$ are finite groups with outer actions on the hyperfinite $II_1$ factor $R$. We find the group of outer automorphisms generated by $H$ and $K$, and use the method of Bisch and Haagerup to determine the principal and dual principal graphs. In some cases a complete classification is obtained by examining the element …
We calssify actions of discrete abelian groups on some inclusions of von Neumann algebras, up to cocycle conjugacy. As an application, we classify actions of compact abelian groups on the inclusions of AFD factors of type II_1 with index less than 4, up to stable conjugacy.
We use the free entropy defined by D. Voiculescu to prove that the free group factors can not be decomposed as closed linear spans of noncommutative monomials in elements of nonprime subfactors or abelian $*$-subalgebras, if the degrees of monomials have an upper bound depending on the number of generators. The resulting estimates for the hyperfinite and abelian dimensions of free group factors settle in the affirmative a conjecture of L. Ge and S. Popa (for infinitely many generators).
We describe the tube algebra and its representations in the cases of diagonal and Bisch-Haagerup subfactors possibly with a scalar 3-cocycle obstruction. We show that these categories are additively equivalent to the direct product over conjugacy classes of representation category of a centralizer subgroup (corresponding to the conjugacy class) twisted by a scalar 2-cocycle obtained from the 3-cocycle obstruction.
We determine the subfactors $N\subset R$ of the hyperfinite $II_1$-factor R with finite index for which the $C^*$-tensor category of the associated $(N,N)$-bimodules is equivalent to the $C^*$-tensor category $\C{U}_G$ of all unitary finite dimensional representations of a given finite group G.
Using the continuous decomposition, we classify strongly free actions of discrete amenable groups on strongly amenable subfactors of type III$_λ, 0 < λ< 1$. Winsløw's fundamental homomorphism is a complete invariant. This removes the extra assumptions in the classification theorems of Loi and Winsløw and gives a complete classification up to cocycle conjugacy.
Surprisingly Richard Thompson's groups have recently appeared in Jones' subfactor theory. Vaughan Jones is famous for linking theories that are a priori completely disconnected; for instance, his celebrated polynomial for links emanating from subfactor theory. This note is about a new beautiful story in mathematics which results from a fortunate accident in the land of quantum field theory.
Most known examples of subfactors occur in families, coming from algebraic objects such as groups, quantum groups and rational conformal field theories. The Haagerup subfactor is the smallest index finite-depth subfactor which does not occur in one of these families. In this paper we construct the planar algebra associated to the Haagerup subfactor, which provides a new proof of the existence of the Haagerup subfactor. Our technique is to find the Haagerup planar algebra as a singly generated subfactor planar algebra, contained inside of a graph planar algebra.
Kazhdan's property (T) has been studied for several discrete group-like structures, including standard invariants of Jones' subfactors and discrete quantum groups. We prove a Zuk-type spectral gap criterion for property (T) in this setting. This allows us to construct a family of property (T) discrete quantum groups, as well as subfactor standard invariants, given by generators and a triangle presentation. These are the first examples of property (T) discrete quantum groups that are not directly related to a discrete group with property (T).
We compute the group of Morita auto-equivalences of the even parts of the $ADE$ subfactors, and Galois conjugates. To achieve this we study the braided auto-equivalences of the Drinfeld centres of these categories. We give planar algebra presentations for each of these Drinfeld centres, which we leverage to obtain information about the braided auto-equivalences of the corresponding categories. We also perform the same calculations for the fusion categories constructed from the full $ADE$ subfactors. Of particular interest, the even part of the $D_{10}$ subfactor is shown to have Brauer-Picard …
For a finite-index $\mathrm{II}_1$ subfactor $N \subset M$, we prove the existence of a universal Hopf $\ast$-algebra (or, a discrete quantum group in the analytic language) acting on $M$ in a trace-preserving fashion and fixing $N$ pointwise. We call this Hopf $\ast$-algebra the quantum Galois group for the subfactor and compute it in some examples of interest, notably for arbitrary irreducible finite-index depth-two subfactors. Along the way, we prove the existence of universal acting Hopf algebras for more general structures (tensors in enriched categories), in the spirit of recent work by …
We associate Popa systems (= standard invariants of subfactors) to the finite dimensional representations of compact quantum groups. We characterise the systems arising in this way: these are the ones which can be ``represented'' on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. This is proved by an universal construction. We explicitely compute (in terms of some free products) the operation of going from representations of compact quantum groups to Popa systems and then back via the universal construction. We prove a Kesten type result for the co-amenability of compact quantum groups, which allows us to …
This paper introduces the cyclic subfactors, generalizing the cyclic groups as the subfactors generalize the groups, and generalizing the natural numbers as the maximal subfactors generalize the prime numbers. On one hand, a theorem of O. Ore states that a finite group is cyclic if and only if its subgroups lattice is distributive, and on the other hand, every subgroup of a cyclic group is normal. Then, a subfactor planar algebra is called cyclic if all the biprojections are normal and form a distributive lattice. The main result shows in what sense a cyclic subfactor is singly generated, by g…
We construct analogs of the embedding of orthogonal and symplectic groups into unitary groups in the context of fusion categories. At least some of the resulting module categories also appear in boundary conformal field theory. We determine when these categories are unitarizable, and explicitly calculate the index and principal graph of the resulting subfactors.
By utilizing an irreducible inclusion of type III$_{q^{2}} $ factors coming from a free-product type action of the quantum group $ SU_{q}(2) $, we show that the free group factor $ L(\mathbb {F}_{\infty}) $ possesses irreducible subfactors of arbitrary index $ >4 $. Combined with earlier results of Radulescu, this shows that $ L(\mathbb {F}_{\infty}) $ has irreducible subfactors with any index value in $ \{4\cos ^{2}(π/n):n\geq 3\}\cup [4,+\infty) $.
We construct inclusions of the form $(B_0\otimes P)^G\subset (B_1\otimes P)^G$, where $G$ is a compact quantum group of Kac type acting on an inclusion of finite dimensional $\c^*$-algebras $B_0\subset B_1$ and on a $II_1$ factor $P$. Under suitable assumptions on the actions of $G$, this is a subfactor, whose Jones to er and standard invariant can be computed by using techniques of A. Wassermann. The subfactors associated to subgroups of compact groups, to projective representations of compact groups, to finite quantum groups, to finitely generated discrete groups, to vertex models and to spi…
We study actions of locally compact groups on von Neumann factors and the associated crossed-product von Neumann algebras. In the setting of totally disconnected groups we provide sufficient conditions on an action $G\curvearrowright Q$ ensuring that the inclusion $Q \subset Q \rtimes G$ is irreducible and that every intermediate subfactor is of the form $Q \rtimes H$ for a closed subgroup $H<G$. This partially generalizes a result of Izumi-Longo-Popa [ILP98] and Choda [Ch78]. We moreover show that one can not hope to use their strategy for non-discrete groups.
Let H and K be two finite groups with a properly outer action on the II_1 factor M. We prove that the group type inclusions $M^H \subset M \rtimes K$, studied earlier by Bisch and Haagerup, have property T in the sense of Popa if and only if the group generated by H and K in the outer automorphism group of M has Kazhdan's property T. This construction yields irreducible, infinite depth subfactors with small Jones indices and property T standard invariant.
Let $M_0 \subset M_1$ be a finite-index infinite-depth hyperfinite $II_1$ subfactor and $ω$ a free ultrafilter of the natural numbers. We show that if this subfactor is constructed from a commuting square then the central sequence inclusion $M_0^ω \cap M_1' \subset (M_0)_ω$ has infinite Pimnser-Popa index. We will also demonstrate this result for certain infinite-depth hyperfinite subfactors coming from groups.
In this paper we discuss a conjecture on intermediate subfactors which is a generalization of Wall's conjecture from the theory of finite groups. We explore special cases of this conjecture and present supporting evidence. In particular we prove special cases of this conjecture related to some finite dimensional Kac Algebras of Izumi-Kosaki type which include relative version of Wall's conjecture for solvable groups.
A subfactor is an inclusion $N \subset M$ of von Neumann algebras with trivial centers. The simplest example comes from the fixed points of a group action $M^G \subset M$, and subfactors can be thought of as fixed points of more general group-like algebraic structures. These algebraic structures are closely related to tensor categories and have played important roles in knot theory, quantum groups, statistical mechanics, and topological quantum field theory. There's a measure of size of a subfactor, called the index. Remarkably the values of the index below 4 are quantized, which suggests that…
We study the problem of realising modular invariants by braided subfactors and the related problem of classifying nimreps. We develop the fusion rule structure of these modular invariants. This structure is useful tool in the analysis of modular data from quantum double subfactors, particularly those of the double of cyclic groups, the symmetric group on 3 letters and the double of the subfactors with principal graph the extended Dynkin diagram D_5^(1). In particular for the double of S_3, 14 of the 48 modular modular invariants are nimless, and only 28 of the remaining 34 nimble invariants ca…
We associate a rigid C*-tensor category $C$ to a totally disconnected locally compact group $G$ and a compact open subgroup $K < G$. We characterize when $C$ has the Haagerup property or property (T), and when $C$ is weakly amenable. When $G$ is compactly generated, we prove that $C$ is essentially equivalent to the planar algebra associated by Jones and Burstein to a group acting on a locally finite bipartite graph. We then concretely realize $C$ as the category of bimodules generated by a hyperfinite subfactor.
Bisch and Jones proposed the classification of planar algebras by simple generators and relations. In this paper, we study the generating problem for a family of group-subgroup subfactors associated with the Kneser graphs, namely, to determine the generators with minimal size. In particular, we prove that this family of subfactors are generated by $2$-boxes and this provides an affirmative answer to a question of Vaughan Jones. This generator problem is also related to the theory of quantum permutation groups, and the main theorem also provides an infinite family of strongly regular graphs wit…
For any abstract subfactor planar algebra $P$, there exists a finite index extremal subfactor $M_0 \subset M_1$ with $P$ as its standard invariant. In this paper, we classify the automorphism group of a bipartite graph planar algebra, and obtain subfactor planar subalgebras by taking fixed points under groups of automorphisms. This construction provides both new examples of subfactors and new descriptions of the planar algebras of previously known examples.
Given a subfactor planar algebra P, Guionnet, Jones and Shlyakhtenko give a diagrammatic construction of a II_{1} subfactor whose planar algebra is P. They showed if P is finite-depth, then the factors are interpolated free group factors, and they identified the parameters. We prove if P is infinite-depth, then the factors are isomorphic to L(F\infty}$.
The Galois group of the minimal polymonal of a Jones index value gives a new type of obstruction to a principal graph, thanks to a recent result of P.Etingof, D.Nikshych, and V.Ostrik. We show that the sequence of the graphs given by Haagerup as candidates of principal graphs of subfactors, are not realized as principal graphs for 7<n <= 27 using GAP program. We further utilize Mathematica to extend the statement to 27 <n <= 55. We conjecture that none of the graphs are principal graphs for all n>7, and give an evidence using Mathematica for smaller graphs among them for n>55. The problem for …
The classification of subfactors of small index revealed several new subfactors. The first subfactor above index 4, the Haagerup subfactor, is increasingly well understood and appears to lie in a (discrete) infinite family of subfactors where the Z/3Z symmetry is replaced by other finite Abelian groups. The goal of this paper is to give a similarly good description of the Asaeda-Haagerup subfactor which emerged from our study of its Brauer-Picard groupoid. More specifically, we construct a new subfactor S which is a Z/4Z x Z/2Z analogue of the Haagerup subfactor and we show that the even parts…
To a weighted graph can be associated a bipartite graph planar algebra P. We construct and study the symmetric enveloping inclusion of P. We show that this construction is equivariant with respect to the automorphism group of P. The automorphism group of the weighted graph acts on P. We consider subgroups G of the automorphism group of the weighted graph such that the G-fixed point space P^G is a subfactor planar algebra. As an application we show that if G is amenable, then P^G is amenable as a subfactor planar algebra. We define the notions of a cocycle action of a Hecke pair on a tracial vo…
By a construction of Vaughan Jones, the bipartite graph $Γ(A)$ associated with the natural inclusion of $\mathbb C$ inside a finite-dimensional $C^*$-algebra $A$ gives rise to a planar algebra $\mathcal P^{Γ(A)}$. We prove that every subfactor planar subalgebra of $\mathcal P^{Γ(A)}$ is the fixed point planar algebra of a uniquely determined action of a compact quantum group $\mathbb G$ on $A$. We use this result to introduce a conceptual framework for the free wreath product operation on compact quantum groups in the language of planar algebras/standard invariants of subfactors. Our approach …
We prove existence of subfactors of finite depth of the hyperfinite II_1 factor with indices (5+sqrt{13})/2= 4.302... and (5+sqrt{17})/2=4.561.... The existence of the former was announced by the second named author in 1993 and that of the latter has been conjectured since then. These are the only known subfactors with finite depth which do not arise from classical groups, quantum groups or rational conformal field theory.
We classify fusion categories which are Morita equivalent to even parts of subfactors with index $3+\sqrt{5} $, and module categories over these fusion categories. For the fusion category $\mathcal{C} $ which is the even part of the self-dual $3^{\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} } $ subfactor, we show that there are $30$ simple module categories over $ \mathcal{C}$; there are no other fusion categories in the Morita equivalence class; and the order of the Brauer-Picard group is $360$. The proof proceeds indirectly by first describing the Brauer-Picard groupoid of a $ \mathb…
We analyse the Guionnet-Jones-Shlyakhtenko construction for the planar algebra associated to a finite-dimensional Kac algebra and identify the factors that arise as finite interpolated free group factors.
Let $(Γ,μ)$ be a bipartite graph together with a weight on its vertices. Assume that $μ$ is an eigenvector for the adjacency matrix of $Γ$. Let Aut$(Γ, μ)$ be the automorphism group of the bipartite graph $Γ$ that scales the weight $μ$. It is a locally compact totally disconnected group that acts on the bipartite graph planar algebra $P$ associated to $(Γ,μ)$. Consider a subgroup G < Aut$(Γ, μ)$ and the set of fixed points $P^G \subset P$ that we assume to be a subfactor planar algebra. If the closure of G inside Aut$(Γ, μ)$ satisfies an approximation property such as amenability, the Haagerup…
There is a natural construction which associates to a finitely generated, countable, discrete group $G$ and a 3-cocycle $ω$ of $G$ an inclusion of II$_1$ factors, the so-called diagonal subfactors (with cocycle). In the case when the cocycle is trivial these subfactors are well studied and their standard invariant (or planar algebra) is known. We give a description of the planar algebra of these subfactors when a cocycle is present. The action of Jones' planar operad involves the 3-cocycle $ω$ explicitly and some interesting identities for 3-cocycles appear when naturality of the action is ver…
Vaughan Jones discovered unexpected connections between Richard Thompson's group and subfactor theory while attempting to construct conformal field theories (in short CFT). Among other this founded Jones' technology: a powerful new method for constructing actions of fraction groups which had numerous applications in mathematical physics, operator algebras, group theory and more surprisingly in knot theory and noncommutative probability theory. We propose and outline a program in the vein of Jones' work but where the Thompson group is replaced by a family of groups that we name forest-skein gro…
We extend the Euler's totient function (from arithmetic) to any irreducible subfactor planar algebra, using the Mobius function of its biprojection lattice, as Hall did for the finite groups. We prove that if it is nonzero then there is a minimal 2-box projection generating the identity biprojection. We explain a relation with a problem of K.S. Brown. As an application, we define the dual Euler totient of a finite group and we show that if it is nonzero then the group admits a faithful irreducible complex representation. We also get an analogous result at depth 2, involving the central biproje…
Progress on classifying small index subfactors has revealed an almost empty landscape. In this paper we give some evidence that this desert continues up to index 3+\sqrt{5}. There are two known quantum-group subfactors with index in this interval, and we show that these subfactors are the only way to realize the corresponding principal graphs. One of these subfactors is 1-supertransitive, and we demonstrate that it is the only 1-supertransitive subfactor with index between 5 and 3+\sqrt{5}. Computer evidence shows that any other subfactor in this interval would need to have rank at least 38. W…
We give a subfactor construction for a $II_{1}$ factor M which is not anti-isomorphic to itself. The $II_{1}$ factor we consider is essentially the same as the example previously given by Connes. However, our construction uses the recently developed theory of free group factors. We show that there exists an inclusion of $II_{1}$ factors $A\subset B$ which by iteration of the Jones basic construction produces $M$ as the enveloping algebra. Here A is a free group factor and B is isomorphic to the crossed product of A by an action of a finite group. By using a Connes' argument involving the invar…
We prove that the very simple lattices which consist of a largest, a smallest and $2n$ pairwise incomparable elements where $n$ is a positive integer can be realized as the lattices of intermediate subfactors of finite index and finite depth. Using the same techniques, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for subfactors coming from Loop groups of type $A$ at generic levels to be maximal.
Ore proved that a finite group is cyclic if and only if its subgroup lattice is distributive. Now, since every subgroup of a cyclic group is normal, we call a subfactor planar algebra cyclic if all its biprojections are normal and form a distributive lattice. The main result generalizes one side of Ore's theorem and shows that a cyclic subfactor is singly generated in the sense that there is a minimal 2-box projection generating the identity biprojection. We conjecture that this result holds without assuming the biprojections to be normal, and we show that it is true for small lattices. We fin…
Classical Hecke operators on Maass forms are unitarely equivalent, up to a commuting phase, to completely positive maps on II$_1$ factors, associated to a pair of isomorphic subfactors, and an intertwining unitary. This representation is obtained through a quantized representation of the Hecke operators. in this representation, the Hecke operators act on the Berezin's quantization, deformation algebra of the fundamental domain of $\PSL(2,\Z)$ in the upper halfplane. The Hecke operators are inheriting from the ambient, non-commutative algebra on which they act, a rich structure of matrix inequa…
We consider inclusions of type $(P\otimes A)^G\subset(P\otimes B)^G$, where $G$ is a compact quantum group of Kac type acting on a ${\rm II}_1$ factor $P$, and on a Markov inclusion of finite dimensional $C^*$-algebras $A\subset B$. In the case $[A,B]=0$, which basically covers all known examples, we show that the planar algebra of such a subfactor is of the form $P(A\subset B)^G$, with $G$ acting in some natural sense on the bipartite graph algebra $P(A\subset B)$.
To a proper inclusion N\subset M of II_1 factors of finite Jones index [M:N], we associate an ergodic C*-action of the quantum group S_μU(2). The deformation parameter is determined by -1<μ<0 and [M:N]=|μ+μ^{-1}|. The higher relative commutants can be identified with the spectral spaces of the tensor powers of the defining representation of the quantum group. This ergodic action may be thought of as a virtual subgroup of S_μU(2) in the sense of Mackey arising from the tensor category generated by M regarded as a bimodule over N. μis negative as M is a real bimodule.
In this paper we construct two new fusion categories and many new subfactors related to the exceptional Extended Haagerup subfactor. The Extended Haagerup subfactor has two even parts EH1 and EH2. These fusion categories are mysterious and are the only known fusion categories which appear to be unrelated to finite groups, quantum groups, or Izumi quadratic categories. One key technique which has previously revealed hidden structure in fusion categories is to study all other fusion categories in the Morita equivalence class, and hope that one of the others is easier to understand. In this paper…
Braiding structures on categorical multi-Interval Jones-Wassermann subfactor
Yau Mathematical Sciences Center and Department of Mathematics, Tsinghua University(清华大学丘成桐数学科学中心及数学系);Yanqi Lake Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications(北京怀柔数学院)
Given a group action on a finite set, we define the group-action model which consists of tensor network diagrams which are invariant under the group symmetry. In particular, group-action models can be realized as the even part of group-subgroup subfactor planar algebras. Moreover, all group-subgroup subfactor planar algebras arise in this way from transitive actions. In this paper, we provide a universal skein theory for those planar algebras. With the help of this skein theory, we give a positive answer to a question asked by Vaughan Jones in the late nineties.
We give a characterization of extremal irreducible discrete subfactors $(N\subseteq M, E)$ where $N$ is type ${\rm II}_1$ in terms of connected W*-algebra objects in rigid C*-tensor categories. We prove an equivalence of categories where the morphisms for discrete inclusions are normal $N-N$ bilinear ucp maps which preserve the state $τ\circ E$, and the morphisms for W*-algebra objects are categorical ucp morphisms. As an application, we get a well-behaved notion of the standard invariant of an extremal irreducible discrete subfactor, together with a subfactor reconstruction theorem. Thus our …