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arXiv 1709.09649cond-mat.mtrl-scicond-mat.dis-nncond-mat.mes-hall
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外延生长相变材料Ge $_2$ Sb $_2$ Te $_5$亚表面原子结构的研究

Exploring the subsurface atomic structure of the epitaxially grown phase change material Ge$_2$Sb$_2$Te$_5$

J. Kellner, G. Bihlmayer, V. L. Deringer, M. Liebmann, C. Pauly, A. Giussani, J. E. Boschker, R. Calarco, R. Dronskowski, M. Morgenstern

摘要:

采用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和能谱(STS)结合密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,研究了分子束外延生长的相变材料Ge $_{2}$ Sb $_{2}$ Te $_{5}$亚稳相的表面和亚表面性质。(111)表面被完整的Te层覆盖,然而这允许检测由Ge和Sb原子构成的更无序的次表面层。中心,我们发现,亚稳态Ge $_{2}$ Sb $_{2}$ Te $_{5}$的次表层是显着更有序比预期的。首先,我们表明,空位几乎不存在的次表层内。其次,由价带起始的空间变化跟踪的电势波动明显小于对于原子和空位在次表面层中的随机分布的预期。涨落的强度与带电受主的电势分布相一致,而不受其它类型缺陷的影响。第三,DFT计算预测的部分四面体Ge键合内的无序次表面层,表现出清晰的指纹在局部态密度的峰值接近导带开始。在STS数据中不存在该峰,这意味着不存在四面体Ge,这可能是由于缺少较短四面体Ge键周围的结构弛豫所需的空位。最后,孤立的缺陷配置与低密度的$~10^{-4}$ /nm $^2$的STM和DFT数据的比较,证实了显着改善的顺序驱动的空位层的建立在外延膜。

英文摘要:

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to study the surface and subsurface properties of the metastable phase of the phase change material Ge$_{2}$Sb$_{2}$Te$_{5}$ as grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The (111) surface is covered by an intact Te layer, which nevertheless allows to detect the more disordered subsurface layer made of Ge and Sb atoms. Centrally, we find that the subsurface layer is significantly more ordered than expected for metastable Ge$_{2}$Sb$_{2}$Te$_{5}$. Firstly, we show that vacancies are nearly absent within the subsurface layer. Secondly, the potential fluctuation, tracked by the spatial variation of the valence band onset, is significantly less than expected for a random distribution of atoms and vacancies in the subsurface layer. The strength of the fluctuation is compatible with the potential distribution of charged acceptors without being influenced by other types of defects. Thirdly, DFT calculations predict a partially tetrahedral Ge bonding within a disordered subsurface layer, exhibiting a clear fingerprint in the local density of states as a peak close to the conduction band onset. This peak is absent in the STS data implying the absence of tetrahedral Ge, which is likely due to the missing vacancies required for structural relaxation around the shorter tetrahedral Ge bonds. Finally, isolated defect configurations with a low density of $~10^{-4}$/nm$^2$ are identified by comparison of STM and DFT data, which corroborates the significantly improved order in the epitaxial films driven by the build-up of vacancy layers.

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