Carbon ions offer significant advantages for deep-seated local tumors therapy due to their physical and biological properties. Secondary particles, especially neutrons caused by heavy ion reactions should be carefully considered in treatment process and radiation protection. For radiation protection purposes, the FLUKA Code was used in order to evaluate the radiation field at deep tumor therapy room of HIRFL in this paper. The neutron energy spectra, neutron dose and energy deposition of carbon ion and neutron in tissue-like media was studied for bombardment of solid water target by 430MeV/u C ions. It is found that the calculated neutron dose have a good agreement with the experimental date, and the secondary neutron dose may not exceed one in a thousand of the carbon ions dose at Bragg peak area in tissue-like media.
Mixed Ion Beams Enable Simultaneous Treatment and Real-Time Imaging in Carbon Ion Therapy
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung（GSI亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO)（国家肿瘤质子治疗中心）；Technische Universität Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）；University Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）
The Fast Dose Calculator (FDC), a track repeating algorithm Monte Carlo method was initially developed for proton therapy. The validation for proton therapy has been demonstrated in a previous work. This method can be expanded to ion applications. Our purpose of this paper is to validate the FDC for carbon therapy. We compare the 3D dose distributions and dose-volume-histograms (DVH) for carbon calculated by FDC with a full Monte Carlo method, GEANT 4. 19 patients in total will be discussed, including 3 patients of prostate, 5 of brain, 3 of head and neck, 4 of lung and 4 of spine. We use gamm…
Prompt Gamma Timing in Carbon Therapy: First Experimental Results with the TIARA Detector
Université Grenoble Alpes（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Grenoble INP（格勒诺布尔国立理工学院）；LPSC-IN2P3 UMR 5821（格勒诺布尔粒子物理与核物理实验室）；Aix-Marseille Univ（艾克斯-马赛大学）；CPPM（马赛粒子物理中心）；Centre Antoine Lacassagne (CAL)（安托万·拉卡萨涅中心）；Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO)（国家肿瘤重离子治疗中心）
Secondary radiation measurements for particle therapy applications: prompt photons produced by $^{4}$He, $^{12}$C and $^{16}$O ion beams in a PMMA target
We used the GEANT4 Monte Carlo MC Toolkit to simulate carbon ion beams incident on water, tissue, and bone, taking into account nuclear fragmentation reactions. Upon increasing the energy of the primary beam, the position of the Bragg-Peak transfers to a location deeper inside the phantom. For different materials, the peak is located at a shallower depth along the beam direction and becomes sharper with increasing electron density NZ. Subsequently, the generated depth dose of the Bragg curve is then benchmarked with experimental data from GSI in Germany. The results exhibit a reasonable correl…
Cancer therapy using protons and heavier ions such as carbon has demonstrated advantages over other radiotherapy treatments. To bring about the next generation of clinical facilities, the requirements are likely to reduce the footprint, obtain beam intensities above 1E10 particles per spill, and achieve faster extraction for more rapid, flexible treatment. This review follows the technical development of ion therapy, discussing how machine parameters have evolved, as well as trends emerging in technologies for novel treatments such as FLASH. To conclude, the future prospects of ion therapy acc…
Purpose: To investigate experimentally, if FLASH irradiation depletes oxygen within water for different radiation types such as photons, protons and carbon ions. Methods: This study presents measurements of the oxygen consumption in sealed, 3D printed water phantoms during irradiation with X-rays, protons and carbon ions at varying dose rates up to 340 Gy/s. The oxygen measurement was performed using an optical sensor allowing for non-invasive measurements. Results: Oxygen consumption in water only depends on dose, dose rate and linear energy transfer (LET) of the irradiation. The total amount…
Nanodosimetric investigation of the track structure of therapeutic carbon ion radiation. Part 2: Detailed radiation transport and track structure simulation
The radiation effects induced by Co60 serve as a reference system for the consideration of LET and RBE in normal and tumor tissue dose-effect relations are usually handled by the linear-quadratic model (LQ). This approximation excellently works up to the shoulder domain. In particle therapy we have strictly differ between RBE in the initial plateau and environment of the Bragg peak. Thus for protons LET and RBE of the initial plateau agree with Co60, whereas in the Bragg peak domain both properties are increased,, but RBE of SOBP only varies between 1.1 and 1.17. The RBE of carbon ions is incr…
Experimental studies of microdosimetry in therapeutic ion beams have been performed using several detectors. The differences among them lie on the shapes, the site sizes, and the material. Coin-shaped solid-state detectors made of silicon or diamond with thickness varying from 0.3 to 10 microns, as well as proportional counters with spherical and cylindrical sensitive volumes filled with tissue-equivalent gas are the microdosimeters used in therapeutic proton and carbon-ion beams. One goal of microdosimetry in the clinical environment is providing repeatable specification of the radiation qual…
Heavy ions have varying effects on the target. The most important factor in comparing this effect is Linear Energy Transfer (LET). Protons and carbons are heavy ions with high LET. Since these ions lose energy through collisions as they move through the tissue, their range is not long. This loss of energy increases along the way, and the maximum energy loss is reached at the end of the range. This whole process is represented by the Bragg curve. The input dose of the Bragg curve, full width at half maximum (FWHM) value, Bragg peak amplitude and position, and Penumbra thickness are important fa…
An AI dose engine for fast carbon ion treatment planning
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung（德国重离子研究中心）；Technische Universität Darmstadt（达姆施塔特工业大学）；Sapienza Università di Roma（罗马大学）；INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) section of Roma 1（意大利国家核物理研究所罗马第一分部）；Delft University of Technology（代尔夫特理工大学）；University Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the visibility and artifacts of commercially available fiducial markers in order to optimize their selection for image-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). From six different vendors, we selected 11 fiducials commonly used in image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT); the fiducials varied in material composition (gold, platinum, carbon), shape (cylindrical, notched/linear, coiled, ball-like, step), and size measured in terms of diameter (0.28-1.0 mm) and length (3.0-20.0 mm). Each fiducial was centered in 4-mm bolus within a 13…
Conventional cancer therapies include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and, more recently, immunotherapy. These modalities are often combined to improve the therapeutic index. The general concept of radiation therapy is to increase the therapeutic index by creating a physical dose differential between tumors and normal tissues through precision dose targeting, image guidance, and high radiation beams that deliver radiation dose with high conformality, e.g., protons and ions. However, treatment and cure are still limited by normal tissue radiation toxicity, with many patients experienc…
