The energy of a graph is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of the graph. In this paper, we present a new method to compare the energies of two $k$-subdivision bipartite graphs on some cut edges. As the applications of this new method, we determine the first $\lfloor\frac{n-7}{2}\rfloor$ largest energy trees of order $n$ for $n\ge 31$, and we also give a simplified proof of the conjecture on the fourth maximal energy tree.
In 1984, Dancis proved that any $d$-dimensional simplicial manifold is determined by its $(\lfloor d/2 \rfloor + 1)$-skeleton. This paper adapts his proof to the setting of cubical complexes that can be embedded into a cube of arbitrary dimension. Under some additional conditions (for example, if the cubical manifold is a sphere), the result can be tightened to the $\lceil d/2 \rceil$-skeleton when $d \geq 3$.
\noindent Azarpendar and Jafari in 2020 proved the following inequality $$χ\left( {\rm KG} ^r ({\cal F} , s) \right) \geq \left\lceil \frac{ {\rm ecd}^r \left( {\cal F} , \left\lfloor \frac{s}{2} \right\rfloor \right) }{r-1} \right\rceil ,$$ and noted that it is plausible that the above inequality remains true if one replaces $\left\lfloor \frac{s}{2} \right\rfloor$ with $s$. \noindent In this paper, considering the relation ${\rm ecd}^r \left( {\cal F} , x \right) \geq {\rm cd}^r \left( {\cal F} , x \right)$ which always holds, we show that even in the weaker inequality $$χ\left( {\rm KG} ^r …
The polynomial coefficient $\binom {n,q}{k}$ is defined to be the coefficient of $x^{k}$ in the expansion of $(1+x+x^2+... +x^{q-1})^n$. In this note we give an asymptotic estimate for $\binom {n,q}{cn}$ as $n$ tends to infinity, where $c$ is a positive integer. Based on experimental results, it was conjectured that for any $n$, $\binom {n,q}{cn}-\binom {n,q-1}{cn}$ is unimodal and its maximum value occurs $q=\lfloor\log_{1+\frac 1{c}}{n}\rfloor$ or $q=\lfloor\log_{1+\frac 1{c}}{n}\rfloor+1$. In particular, when $c=1$, its maximum value occurs for $q=\lfloor\log_2{n}\rfloor$ or $q=\lfloor\log_…
The concept of metric dimension has applications in a variety of fields, such as chemistry, robotic navigation, and combinatorial optimization. We show bounds for graphs with $n$ vertices and metric dimension $β$. For Hamiltonian outerplanar graphs, we have $β\leq \left\lceil\frac{n}2\right\rceil$; for outerplanar graphs in general, we have $β\leq \left\lfloor\frac{2n}{3}\right\rfloor$; for maximal planar graphs, we have $β\leq \left\lfloor\frac{3n}{4}\right\rfloor$. We also show that bipyramids have a metric dimension of $\left\lfloor\frac{2n}{5}\right\rfloor + 1$. It is conjectured that the …
A simple graph $G$ is an {\it 2-tree} if $G=K_3$, or $G$ has a vertex $v$ of degree 2, whose neighbors are adjacent, and $G-v$ is an 2-tree. Clearly, if $G$ is an 2-tree on $n$ vertices, then $|E(G)|=2n-3$. A non-increasing sequence $π=(d_1,\ldots,d_n)$ of nonnegative integers is a {\it graphic sequence} if it is realizable by a simple graph $G$ on $n$ vertices. Yin and Li (Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series, 25(2009)795--802) proved that if $k\ge 2$, $n\ge \frac{9}{2}k^2+\frac{19}{2}k$ and $π=(d_1,\ldots,d_n)$ is a graphic sequence with $\sum\limits_{i=1}^n d_i>(k-2)n$, then $π$ has a re…
DNA graph has important contribution in completing the computational step of DNA sequencing process. Using $(α,k)$-labeling, several families of digraphs have characterized as DNA graphs. Dicycles and dipaths are DNA graphs, rooted trees and self adjoint digraphs are DNA graphs if and only if their maximum degree is not greater than four, while the $m^{\text{th}}$ line digraph of dicycle with one chord is a DNA graph for all $m\in\mathbb{Z}^+$. In this paper we construct $(α,k)$-labeling to show that for all $m\in\mathbb{Z}^+$, the $m^{\text{th}}$ line digraph of dicycle $C_n$ with $\left\lflo…
Supersaturation for Eventown via Generator Switching
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学数学科学学院）；Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学合肥国家实验室）
Let $c\in (0, 1]$ be a real number and let $n$ be a sufficiently large integer. We prove that every $n$-vertex $c n$-regular graph $G$ contains a collection of $\lfloor 1/c \rfloor$ paths whose union covers all but at most $o(n)$ vertices of $G$. The constant $\lfloor 1/c \rfloor$ is best possible when $1/c\notin \mathbb{N}$ and off by $1$ otherwise. Moreover, if in addition $G$ is bipartite, then the number of paths can be reduced to $\lfloor 1/(2c) \rfloor$, which is best possible.
For an integer $r\geq 2$ and bipartite graphs $H_i$, where $1\leq i\leq r$, the bipartite Ramsey number $br(H_1,H_2,\ldots,H_r)$ is the minimum integer $N$ such that any $r$-edge coloring of the complete bipartite graph $K_{N,N}$ contains a monochromatic subgraph isomorphic to $H_i$ in color $i$ for some $i$, $1\leq i\leq r$. We show that for $α_1,α_2>0$, $br(C_{2\lfloor α_1 n\rfloor},C_{2\lfloor α_2 n\rfloor})=(α_1+α_2+o(1))n$. We also show that if $r\geq 3, α_1,α_2>0, α_{j+2}\geq [(j+2)!-1]\sum^{j+1}_{i=1} α_i$ for $j=1,2,\ldots,r-2$, then $br(C_{2\lfloor α_1 n\rfloor},C_{2\lfloor α_2 n\rflo…
In the 1950's, English painter Anthony Hill described drawings of complete graphs $K_n$ in the plane having precisely $$H(n) = \tfrac{1}{4}\lfloor \tfrac{n}{2}\rfloor \, \lfloor \tfrac{n-1}{2}\rfloor \, \lfloor \tfrac{n-2}{2}\rfloor \,\lfloor \tfrac{n-3}{2}\rfloor$$ crossings. It became a conjecture that this number is minimum possible and, despite serious efforts, the conjecture is still widely open. Another way of drawing $K_n$ with the same number of crossings was found by Blažek and Koman in 1963. In this note we provide, for the first time, a very general construction of drawings attainin…
Borrowing László Székely's lively expression, we show that Hill's conjecture is "asymptotically at least 98.5% true". This long-standing conjecture states that the crossing number cr($K_n$) of the complete graph $K_n$ is $H(n) := \frac{1}{4}\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor \lfloor \frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor \lfloor \frac{n-2}{2}\rfloor \lfloor\frac{n-3}{2}\rfloor$, for all $n\ge 3$. This has been verified only for $n\le 12$. Using flag algebras, Norin and Zwols obtained the best known asymptotic lower bound for the crossing number of complete bipartite graphs, from which it follows that for every sufficie…
In the area of forbidden subposet problems we look for the largest possible size $La(n,P)$ of a family $\mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^{[n]}$ that does not contain a forbidden inclusion pattern described by $P$. The main conjecture of the area states that for any finite poset $P$ there exists an integer $e(P)$ such that $La(n,P)=(e(P)+o(1))\binom{n}{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}$. In this paper, we formulate three strengthenings of this conjecture and prove them for some specific classes of posets. (The parameters $x(P)$ and $d(P)$ are defined in the paper.) $\bullet$ For any finite connected poset $P$ and $\va…
Given a non-trivial graph $G$, the minimum cardinality of a set of edges $F$ in $G$ such that $χ'(G \setminus F)<χ'(G)$ is called the chromatic edge stability index of $G$, denoted by $es_{χ'}(G)$, and such a (smallest) set $F$ is called a (minimum) mitigating set. While $1\le es_{χ'}(G)\le \lfloor n/2\rfloor$ holds for any graph $G$, we investigate the graphs with extremal and near-extremal values of $es_{χ'}(G)$. The graphs $G$ with $es_{χ'}(G)=\lfloor n/2\rfloor$ are classified, and the graphs $G$ with $es_{χ'}(G)=\lfloor n/2\rfloor-1$ and $χ'(G)=Δ(G)+1$ are characterized. We establish that…
For all integers $k$ with $k\geq 2$, if $G$ is a balanced $k$-partite graph on $n\geq 3$ vertices with minimum degree at least \[ \left\lceil\frac{n}{2}\right\rceil+\left\lfloor\frac{n+2}{2\lceil\frac{k+1}{2}\rceil}\right\rfloor-\frac{n}{k}=\begin{cases} \lceil\frac{n}{2}\rceil+\lfloor\frac{n+2}{k+1}\rfloor-\frac{n}{k} & : k \text{ odd }\\ \frac{n}{2}+\lfloor\frac{n+2}{k+2}\rfloor-\frac{n}{k} & : k \text{ even } \end{cases}, \] then $G$ has a Hamiltonian cycle unless $k=2$ and 4 divides $n$, or $k=\frac{n}{2}$ and 4 divides $n$. In the case where $k=2$ and 4 divides $n$, or $k=\frac{n}{2}$ and…
By making use of the multiplicate form of the extended Carlitz inverse series relations, we establish two general `dual' theorems of Jackson's summation formula for well--poised $_8ϕ_7$-series. Their duplicate forms under the partition pattern $n=\lfloor{\frac{n}2}\rfloor+\lfloor{\frac{n+1}2}\rfloor$ are explored and yield numerous $q$-series identities whose limiting cases as $q\to1$ result in classical $π$-related Ramanujan--like series of convergence rate ``$\frac1{16}$" including one for $1/π^2$ discovered by Guillera (2003). The triplicate dual formulae under the partition pattern $n=\lfl…
Hill's Conjecture states that the crossing number $\text{cr}(K_n)$ of the complete graph $K_n$ in the plane (equivalently, the sphere) is $\frac{1}{4}\lfloor\frac{n}{2}\rfloor\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\rfloor\lfloor\frac{n-2}{2}\rfloor\lfloor\frac{n-3}{2}\rfloor=n^4/64 + O(n^3)$. Moon proved that the expected number of crossings in a spherical drawing in which the points are randomly distributed and joined by geodesics is precisely $n^4/64+O(n^3)$, thus matching asymptotically the conjectured value of $\text{cr}(K_n)$. Let $\text{cr}_P(G)$ denote the crossing number of a graph $G$ in the projective …
The Harary--Hill conjecture, still open after more than 50 years, asserts that the crossing number of the complete graph $K_n$ is $ H(n) = \frac 1 4 \left\lfloor\frac{\mathstrut n}{\mathstrut 2}\right\rfloor \left\lfloor\frac{\mathstrut n-1}{\mathstrut 2}\right\rfloor \left\lfloor\frac{\mathstrut n-2}{\mathstrut 2}\right\rfloor \left\lfloor\frac{\mathstrut n-3}{\mathstrut 2}\right \rfloor$. Ábrego et al. introduced the notion of shellability of a drawing $D$ of $K_n$. They proved that if $D$ is $s$-shellable for some $s\geq\lfloor\frac{n}{2}\rfloor$, then $D$ has at least $H(n)$ crossings. Thi…
A star $k$-edge coloring is a proper edge coloring such that there are no bichromatic paths or cycles of length four. The smallest integer $k$ such that $G$ admits a star $k$-edge coloring is the star chromatic index of $G$. Deng \etal \cite{MR2933839}, and Bezegov{á} \etal \cite{MR3431294} independently proved that the star chromatic index of a tree is at most $\lfloor \frac{3Δ}{2} \rfloor$, and the bound is sharp. Han \etal \cite{MR3924408} strengthened the result to list version of star chromatic index, and proved that $\lfloor \frac{3Δ}{2} \rfloor$ is also the sharp upper bound for the lis…
Alspach [ Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl., 52 (2008), pp. 7-20] defined the maximal matching sequencibility of a graph $G$, denoted $ms(G)$, to be the largest integer $s$ for which there is an ordering of the edges of $G$ such that every $s$ consecutive edges form a matching. Alspach also proved that $ms(K_n) = \bigl\lfloor\frac{n-1}{2}\bigr\rfloor$. Brualdi et al. [ Australas. J. Combin., 53 (2012), pp. 245-256] extended the definition to cyclic matching sequencibility of a graph $G$, denoted $cms(G)$, which allows cyclical orderings and proved that $cms(K_n) = \bigl\lfloor\frac{n-2}{2}\bigr\rfloor…
In 1996, Tarjan and Matheson proved that if $G$ is a plane triangulated disc with $n$ vertices, $γ(G)\le n/3$, where $γ(G)$ denotes the domination number of $G$. Furthermore, they conjectured that the constant $1/3$ could be improved to $1/4$ for sufficiently large $n$. Their conjecture remains unsettled. In the present paper, it is proved that if $G$ is a hamiltonian plane triangulation with $|V(G)|=n$ vertices and minimum degree at least 4, then $γ(G)\le\max\{\lceil 2n/7\rceil, \lfloor 5n/16\rfloor\}$. It follows immediately that if $G$ is a 4-connected plane triangulation with $n$ vertices,…
Let $(a_n)_{n\geq 0}$ be an arbitrary sequence and $(a_{\lfloor n/k \rfloor})_{n\geq 0}$ its dual floor sequence. We study infinite series and finite generalized binomial sums involving $(a_{\lfloor n/k \rfloor})_{n\geq 0}$. As applications we prove a range of new closed form expressions for Fibonacci (Lucas) series and binomial sum identities as particular cases.
The $k$-deck of a graph is its multiset of induced subgraphs on $k$ vertices. We prove that $n$-vertex graphs with maximum degree $2$ have the same $k$-decks if each cycle has at least $k+1$ vertices, each path component has at least $k-1$ vertices, and the number of edges is the same. Using this for lower bounds, we obtain for each graph with maximum degree at most $2$ the least $k$ such that it is determined by its $k$-deck. For the $n$-vertex cycle this value is $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor$, and for the $n$-vertex path it is $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor+1$. Also, the least $k$ such that the $k$-deck of an…
A $d$-distinguishing vertex (arc) labeling of a digraph is a vertex (arc) labeling using $d$ labels that is not preserved by any nontrivial automorphism. Let $ρ(T)$ ($ρ'(T)$) be the minimum size of a label class in a 2-distinguishing vertex (arc) labeling of a tournament $T$. Gluck's Theorem implies that $ρ(T) \le \lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ for any tournament $T$ of order $n$. In this paper we construct a family of tournaments $\cal H$ such that $ρ(T) \ge \lfloor n/2 \rfloor$ for any order $n$ tournament in $\cal H$. Additionally, we prove that $ρ'(T) \le \lfloor 7n/36 \rfloor + 3$ for any tournamen…
The maximum number of vertices in a graph of maximum degree $Δ\ge 3$ and fixed diameter $k\ge 2$ is upper bounded by $(1+o(1))(Δ-1)^{k}$. If we restrict our graphs to certain classes, better upper bounds are known. For instance, for the class of trees there is an upper bound of $(2+o(1))(Δ-1)^{\lfloor k/2\rfloor}$ for a fixed $k$. The main result of this paper is that graphs embedded in surfaces of bounded Euler genus $g$ behave like trees, in the sense that, for large $Δ$, such graphs have orders bounded from above by \[begin{cases} c(g+1)(Δ-1)^{\lfloor k/2\rfloor} & \text{if $k$ is even} c(g…
In this paper, we study the Turán problem of signed graphs version. Suppose that $\dot{G}$ is a connected unbalanced signed graph of order $n$ with $e(\dot{G})$ edges and $e^-(\dot{G})$ negative edges, and let $ρ(\dot{G})$ be the spectral radius of $\dot{G}.$ The signed graph $\dot{G}^{s,t}$ ($s+t=n-2$) is obtained from an all-positive clique $(K_{n-2},+)$ with $V(K_{n-2})=\{u_1,\dots,u_s,v_1,\dots,v_t\}$ ($s,t\ge 1$) and two isolated vertices $u$ and $v$ by adding negative edge $uv$ and positive edges $uu_1,\dots,uu_s,vv_1,\dots,vv_t.$ Firstly, we prove that if $\dot{G}$ is $C_3^-$-free, then…
Consider two regions in the plane, bounded by an $n$-gon and an $m$-gon, respectively. At most how many connected components can there be in their intersection? This question was asked by Croft. We answer this asymptotically, proving the bounds $$\left\lfloor \frac{m}{2}\right\rfloor \cdot \left\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\right\rfloor\le f(n,m)\le \left\lfloor \frac{m}{2}\right\rfloor \cdot \frac{n}{2} + \frac{m}{2} $$ where $f(n,m)$ denotes the maximal number of components and $m\le n$. Furthermore, we give an exact answer to the related question of finding the maximal number of components if the $m$…
The well-known Chowla and Zassenhaus conjecture, proven by Cohen in 1990, states that for any $d\ge 2$ and any prime $p>(d^2-3d+4)^2$ there is no complete mapping polynomial in $\mathbb{F}_{p}[x]$ of degree $d$. For arbitrary finite fields $\mathbb{F}_{q}$, we give a similar result in terms of the Carlitz rank of a permutation polynomial rather than its degree. We prove that if $n<\lfloor q/2\rfloor$, then there is no complete mapping in $\mathbb{F}_{q}[x]$ of Carlitz rank $n$ of small linearity. We also determine how far permutation polynomials $f$ of Carlitz rank $n<\lfloor q/2\rfloor$ are f…
Let $G=(V,E)$ be a multigraph. The {\em cover index} $ξ(G)$ of $G$ is the greatest integer $k$ for which there is a coloring of $E$ with $k$ colors such that each vertex of $G$ is incident with at least one edge of each color. Let $δ(G)$ be the minimum degree of $G$ and let $Φ(G)$ be the {\em co-density} of $G$, defined by \[Φ(G)=\min \Big\{\frac{2|E^+(U)|}{|U|+1}:\,\, U \subseteq V, \,\, |U|\ge 3 \hskip 2mm {\rm and \hskip 2mm odd} \Big\},\] where $E^+(U)$ is the set of all edges of $G$ with at least one end in $U$. It is easy to see that $ξ(G) \le \min\{δ(G), \lfloor Φ(G) \rfloor\}$. In 1978…
On the maximum size of $B_3$-free and $D_s$-free families
HUN-REN Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics（匈牙利科学院阿尔弗雷德·雷尼数学研究所）；Department of Computer Science and Information Theory, Budapest University of Technology and Economics（布达佩斯技术与经济大学计算机科学与信息论系）
Let $f_r(n)$ represent the minimum number of complete $r$-partite $r$-graphs required to partition the edge set of the complete $r$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices. The Graham-Pollak theorem states that $f_2(n)=n-1$. An upper bound of $(1+o(1)){n \choose \lfloor{\frac{r}{2}}\rfloor}$ was known. Recently this was improved to $\frac{14}{15}(1+o(1)){n \choose \lfloor{\frac{r}{2}}\rfloor}$ for even $r \geq 4$. A bound of $\bigg[\frac{r}{2}(\frac{14}{15})^{\frac{r}{4}}+o(1)\bigg](1+o(1)){n \choose \lfloor{\frac{r}{2}}\rfloor}$ was also proved recently. The smallest odd $r$ for which $c_r < 1$ th…
For all integers $k,d$ such that $k \geq 3$ and $k/2\leq d \leq k-1$, let $n$ be a sufficiently large integer {\rm(}which may not be divisible by $k${\rm)} and let $s\le \lfloor n/k\rfloor-1$. We show that if $H$ is a $k$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices with $δ_{d}(H)>\binom{n-d}{k-d}-\binom{n-d-s+1}{k-d}$, then $H$ contains a matching of size $s$. This improves a recent result of Lu, Yu, and Yuan and also answers a question of Kühn, Osthus, and Townsend. In many cases, our result can be strengthened to $s\leq \lfloor n/k\rfloor$, which then covers the entire possible range of $s$. On the o…
研究嵌入曲面的图的度/直径问题，即给定曲面$Σ$和整数$Δ$和$k$，确定一个嵌入曲面$Σ$中的图的最大阶数$N(Δ,k,Σ)$，该图的度和直径$Δ$和直径$k$最大.我们介绍了一些建设，产生许多新的最大的已知平面和环形图。我们将所有这些图记录在已知最大图的可用表中。给定表面$Σ$欧拉亏格$g$和奇数直径$k$，$N(Δ,k,Σ)$的当前最佳渐近下界给出\[\sqrt{\frac{3}{8}g}Δ^{\lfloor k/2\rfloor}.\]我们的建设产生新的图的顺序\[\begin{cases}6Δ^{\lfloor k/2\rfloor}& \text{if $Σ$ is the Klein bottle}\\ \(\frac{7}{2}+\sqrt{6g+\frac{1}{4}}\)Δ^{\lfloor k/2\rfloor}& \text{otherwise,}\end{cases}\]，从而提高了前值的一个因素4。
Let $C_{d,k}$ be the largest number of vertices in a Cayley digraph of degree $d$ and diameter $k$, and let $BC_{d,k}$ be the largest order of a bipartite Cayley digraph for given $d$ and $k$. For every degree $d\geq2$ and for every odd $k$ we construct Cayley digraphs of order $2k\left(\lfloor\frac{d}{2}\rfloor\right)^k$ and diameter at most $k$, where $k\ge 3$, and bipartite Cayley digraphs of order $2(k-1)\left(\lfloor\frac{d}{2}\rfloor\right)^{k-1}$ and diameter at most $k$, where $k\ge 5$. These constructions yield the bounds $C_{d,k} \ge 2k\left(\lfloor\frac{d}{2}\rfloor\right)^k$ for od…
We show that for every sufficiently large $n$, the number of monotone subsequences of length four in a permutation on $n$ points is at least $\binom{\lfloor n/3 \rfloor}{4} + \binom{\lfloor(n+1)/3\rfloor}{4} + \binom{\lfloor (n+2)/3\rfloor}{4}$. Furthermore, we characterize all permutations on $[n]$ that attain this lower bound. The proof uses the flag algebra framework together with some additional stability arguments. This problem is equivalent to some specific type of edge colorings of complete graphs with two colors, where the number of monochromatic $K_4$'s is minimized. We show that all …
Let $n, d$ be integers with $1 \leq d \leq \left \lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \right \rfloor$, and set $h(n,d):={n-d \choose 2} + d^2$ and $e(n,d):= \max\{h(n,d),h(n, \left \lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \right \rfloor)\}$. Because $h(n,d)$ is quadratic in $d$, there exists a $d_0(n)=(n/6)+O(1)$ such that $e(n,1)> e(n, 2)> \dots >e(n,d_0)=e(n, d_0+1)=\dots = e(n,\left \lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \right \rfloor)$. A theorem by Erdős states that for $d\leq \left \lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \right \rfloor$, any $n$-vertex nonhamiltonian graph $G$ with minimum degree $δ(G) \geq d$ has at most $e(n,d)$ edges, and for $d > d_0…
The Hadwiger number of a graph $G$, denoted by $h(G)$, is the order of the largest complete minor of $G$. A graph is said to be self-complementary if it is isomorphic to its complement. We prove that for all $n\equiv 0,1 (\text{mod 4})$ and for all $ \lfloor \dfrac{n+1}{2} \rfloor \le h \le \lfloor \dfrac{3n}{5}\rfloor $, there exists a self-complementary graph $G$ with $n$ vertices whose Hadwiger number is $h$.
The result of Padrol asserts that for every $d\geq 4$, there exist $2^{Ω(n\log n)}$ distinct combinatorial types of $\lfloor d/2\rfloor$-neighborly simplicial $(d-1)$-spheres with $n$ vertices. We present a construction showing that for every $d\geq 5$, there are at least $2^{Ω(n^{\lfloor (d-1)/2\rfloor})}$ such types.
Let $G = (V,E)$ be a plane graph. A face $f$ of $G$ is guarded by an edge $vw \in E$ if at least one vertex from $\{v,w\}$ is on the boundary of $f$. For a planar graph class $\mathcal{G}$ we ask for the minimal number of edges needed to guard all faces of any $n$-vertex graph in $\mathcal{G}$. We prove that $\lfloor n/3 \rfloor$ edges are always sufficient for quadrangulations and give a construction where $\lfloor (n-2)/4 \rfloor$ edges are necessary. For $2$-degenerate quadrangulations we improve this to a tight upper bound of $\lfloor n/4 \rfloor$ edges. We further prove that $\lfloor 2n/7…
