In the present work, we introduce a linear connection (preserving the almost product structure and the Riemannian metric) on Riemannian almost product manifolds. This connection, called P-connection, is an analogue of the first canonical connection of Lichnerowicz in the Hermitian geometry and the B-connection in the geometry of the almost complex manifolds with Norden metric. Particularly, we consider the P-connection on a the class of manifolds with nonintegrable almost product structure.
In the present paper we prove Liouville-type theorems: non-existence theorems for some complete Riemannian almost product manifolds and special mappings of complete Riemannian manifolds which generalize similar results for compact manifolds.
A Lie group as a 4-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold is considered. This manifold is equipped with an almost product structure and a Killing metric in two ways. In the first case Riemannian almost product manifold with nonintegrable structure is obtained, and in the second case - a pseudo-Riemannian one. Each belongs to a 4-parametric family of manifolds, which are characterized geometrically.
A Sasaki-like almost contact complex Riemannian manifold is defined as an almost contact complex Riemannian manifold which complex cone is a holomorphic complex Riemannian manifold. Explicit compact and non-compact examples are given. A canonical construction producing a Sasaki-like almost contact complex Riemannian manifold from a holomorphic complex Riemannian manifold is presented and called an $S^1$-solvable extension.
For a Riemannian $G$-structure, we compute the divergence of the vector field induced by the intrinsic torsion. Applying the Stokes theorem, we obtain the integral formula on a closed oriented Riemannian manifold, which we interpret in certain cases. We focus on almost harmitian and almost contact metric structures.
The authors define a SNS (semi-nearly-sub)-Riemannian connection on nearly sub-Riemannian manifolds and study the geometric properties of such a connection, and obtain the natures of horizontal curvature tensors between horizontal sub-Riemannian connection and SNS-Riemannian connection. The authors further investigate the geometric characteristics of the projective SNS-Riemannian connection, and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a nearly sub-Riemannian manifold being projectively flat.
Almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds of the lowest dimension 3 are considered. Such structures are constructed on a family of Lie groups and the obtained manifolds are studied. Curvature properties of these manifolds are investigated. An example is commented as support of obtained results.
The authors first in this paper define a semi-symmetric metric non-holonomic connection (called in briefly a semi-sub-Riemannian connection) on sub-Riemannian manifolds, and study the relations between sub-Riemannian connections and semi-sub-Riemannian connections. An invariant under a connection transformation $\nabla\rightarrow D$ is obtained. The authors then further deduce a sufficient and necessary condition that a sub-Riemannian manifold associated with a semi-sub-Riemannian connection is flat, and derive that a sub-Riemannian manifold with vanishing curvature with respect to semi-sub-Ri…
Almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds of the lowest dimension are studied. Such structures are constructed on hyperspheres in 4-dimensional spaces, Euclidean and pseudo-Euclidean, respectively. The obtained manifolds are studied and characterised in terms of the classification used and their geometric properties.
The canonical connection on a Riemannian almost product manifold is an analogue to the Hermitian connection on an almost Hermitian manifold. In this paper we consider the canonical connection on a class of Riemannian almost product manifolds with non-integrable almost product structure. We construct and characterize an example by a Lie group.
As a generalization of slant Riemannian maps (Sahin), semi-slant Riemannian maps (Park), almost h-slant submersions (Park 2012), and almost h-semi-slant submersions (Park 2011), we introduce the notion of almost h-semi-slant Riemannian maps from almost quaternionic Hermitian manifolds to Riemannian manifolds. We investigate the integrability of distributions, the harmonicity of such maps, the geometry of fibers, etc. We also deal with the condition for such maps to be totally geodesic and study some decomposition theorems. Moreover, we give some examples.
The class of the Riemannian almost product manifolds with nonintegrable structure is considered. Some identities for curvature tensor as certain invariant tensors and quantities are obtained.
Lie groups considered as three-dimensional almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian manifolds are investigated. In each basic class of the classification used for the manifolds under consideration, a correspondence is established between the Lie algebra and the explicit matrix representation of its Lie group.
An almost-Riemannian structure on a surface is a generalized Riemannian structure whose local orthonormal frames are given by Lie bracket generating pairs of vector fields that can become collinear. The distribution generated locally by orthonormal frames has maximal rank at almost every point of the surface, but in general it has rank 1 on a nonempty set which is generically a smooth curve. In this paper we provide a short introduction to 2-dimensional almost-Riemannian geometry highlighting its novelties with respect to Riemannian geometry. We present some results that investigate topologica…
We obtain the natural diagonal almost product and locally product structures on the total space of the cotangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold. We find the Riemannian almost product (locally product) and the (almost) para-Hermitian cotangent bundles of natural diagonal lift type. We prove the characterization theorem for the natural diagonal (almost) para-Kählerian structures on the total spaces of the cotangent bundle.
In this paper we study geodesics of left-invariant sub-Riemannian metrics on SO(3) and almost-Riemannian metrics on $S^2$. These structures are connected with each other, and it is possible to use information about one of them to obtain results about another one. We give an explicit parameterization of sub-Riemannian geodesics on SO(3) and use it to get a parameterization of almost-Riemannian geodesics on $S^2$. We use symmetries of the exponential map to obtain some necessary optimality conditions. We present some upper bounds on the cut time in both cases and describe periodic geodesics on S…
Notions of compatible and almost compatible pseudo-Riemannian metrics, which are motivated by the theory of compatible (local and nonlocal) Poisson structures of hydrodynamic type and generalize the notion of flat pencil of metrics, are introduced and studied.
We give some fundamental properties of the induced structures on submanifolds immersed in almost product or locally product Riemannian manifolds. We study the induced structure by the composition of two isometric immersions on submanifolds in an almost product Riemannian manifold. We give an effective construction for some induced structures on submanifolds of codimension 1 or 2 in Euclidean space.
We show that pseudo-Riemannian almost quaternionic homogeneous spaces with index 4 and an H-irreducible isotropy group are locally isometric to a pseudo-Riemannian quaternionic Kähler symmetric space if the dimension is at least 16. In dimension 12 we give a non-symmetric example.
Non-trivial examples of Riemannian almost product structures are constructed on the product bundle of the positive and negative twistor spaces of an oriented Riemannian four-manifold. The Gil-Medrano and Naveira types of these structures are determined and a geometric interpretation of the corresponding classes is given.
A Riemannian almost product manifold with integrable almost product structure is called a Riemannian product manifold. In the present paper the natural connections on such manifolds are studied, i.e. the linear connections preserving the almost product structure and the Riemannian metric.
We classify homogeneous pseudo-Riemannian manifolds of index 4 which admit an invariant almost hyper-Hermitian structure and an H-irreducible isotropy group. The main result is that all these spaces are flat except in dimension 12.
As a generalization of anti-invariant Riemannian submersions, we introduce anti-invariant Riemannian maps from almost Hermitian manifolds to Riemannian manifolds. We give examples and investigate the geometry of foliations which are arisen from the definition of an anti-Riemannian map. Then we give a decomposition theorem for the source manifold of such maps. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions for anti-invariant Riemannian maps to be totally geodesic and show that every pluriharmonic Lagrangian Riemannian map, which is a special anti-invariant Riemannian map, from a Kähler manifo…
We construct a canonically defined affine connection in sub-Riemannian contact geometry. Our method mimics that of the Levi-Civita connection in Riemannian geometry. We compare it with the Tanaka-Webster connection in the three-dimensional case.
We discuss the integrability of orthogonal almost complex structures on Riemannian products of even-dimensional round spheres and give a partial answer to the question raised by E. Calabi concerning the existence of complex structures on a product manifold of a round 2-sphere and a round 4-sphere.
In this paper we study almost complex and almost para-complex Cayley structures on six-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian spheres in the space of purely imaginary octaves of the split Cayley algebra $\mathbf{Ca}'$. It is shown that the Cayley structures are non-integrable, their basic geometric characteristics are calculated. In contrast to the usual Riemann sphere $\mathbb{S}^6$, there exist (integrable) complex structures and para-complex structures on the pseudospheres under consideration.
Let M be a smooth compact manifold without boundary. We consider two smooth Sub-Semi-Riemannian metrics on M. Under suitable conditions, we show that they are almost conformally isometric in an Lp sense. Assume also that M carries a Riemannian metric with parallel Ricci curvature. Then an equation of Ricci type, is in some sense solvable, without assuming any closeness near a special metric.
In this paper we obtain the structure equation of a contact-complex Riemannian submersion and give some applications of this equation in the study of almost cosymplectic manifolds with Kaehler fibres.
There are considered 4-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian spaces with inner products of signature (3,1) and (2,2). The objects of investigation are space-like and time-like hyperspheres in the respective cases. These hypersurfaces are equipped with almost contact B-metric structures. The constructed manifolds are characterized geometrically.
We build an analogue for the Levi-Civita connection on Riemannian manifolds for sub-Riemannian manfiolds modeled on the Heisenberg group. We demonstrate some geometric properties of this connection to justify our choice and show that this connection is unique in having these properties.
We consider a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold V with a metric g and an affinor structure q. The local coordinates of these tensors are circulant matrices. In V we define an almost conformal transformation. Using that definition we construct an infinite series of circulant metrics which are successively almost conformaly related. In this case we get some properties.
We show that the unit tangent bundle of S^4 and a real cohomology CP^3 admit Riemannian metrics with positive sectional curvature almost everywhere. These are the only examples so far with positive curvature almost everywhere that are not also known to admit positive curvature.
Some invariant tensors in two Naveira classes of Riemannian product manifolds are considered. These tensors are related with natural connections, i.e. linear connections preserving the Riemannian metric and the product structure.
A natural connection with torsion is defined and it is called the first natural connection on Riemannian $Π$-manifold. Relations between the introduced connection and the Levi-Civita connection are obtained, as well as relations between their respective curvature tensors, torsion tensors, Ricci tensors, and scalar curvatures in the main classes of a classification of Riemannian $Π$-manifolds are presented. An explicit example of dimension 5 is provided.
We studied rules of transformations of Christoffel symbols under third type almost geodesic mappings in this paper. From this research, we obtained some new invariants of these mappings. These invariants are analogies of Thomas projective parameter and Weyl projective tensor.
There are introduced and studied a pair of associated Schouten-van Kampen affine connections adapted to the paracontact distribution and an almost paracontact almost paracomplex Riemannian structure generated by the pair of associated metrics and their Levi-Civita connections. By means of the constructed non-symmetric connections, the basic classes of the manifolds with the considered structure are characterized. Curvature properties of the studied connections are obtained. A family of examples on a Lie group is constructed.
A 4-dimensional Riemannian manifold equipped with a circulant structure, which is an isometry with respect to the metric and its fourth power is the identity, is considered. The almost product manifold associated with the considered manifold is studied. The relation between the covariant derivatives of the almost product structure and the circulant structure is obtained. The conditions for the covariant derivative of the circulant structure, which imply that an almost product manifold belongs to each of the basic classes of the Staikova-Gribachev classification, are given.
Gradient almost para-Ricci-like solitons on para-Sasaki-like Riemannian $Π$-manifolds are studied. It is proved that these objects have constant soliton coefficients. For the soliton under study is shown that the corresponding scalar curvatures of the considered both metrics are equal and constant and its Ricci tensor is a constant multiple of the vertical component. Explicit example of a 3-dimensional para-Sasaki-like Riemannian $Π$-manifold is provided in support of the proved assertions.
The largest class of Riemannian almost product manifolds, which is closed with respect to the group of the conformal transformations of the Riemannian metric, is the class of the conformal Riemannian P-manifolds. This class is an analogue of the class of the conformal Kähler manifolds in almost Hermitian geometry. The main aim of this work is to obtain properties of manifolds of this class with connections, whose curvature tensors have similar properties as the Kähler tensors in Hermitian geometry.
We consider a pair of smooth manifolds, which are the counterparts in the even-dimensional and odd-dimensional cases. They are separately an almost complex manifold with Norden metric and an almost contact manifolds with B-metric, respectively. They can be combined as the so-called almost contact complex Riemannian manifold. This paper is a survey with additions of results on differential geometry of canonical-type connections (i.e. metric connections with torsion satisfying a certain algebraic identity) on the considered manifolds.
An almost Golden Riemannian structure $(φ,g)$ on a manifold is given by a tensor field $φ$ of type (1,1) satisfying the Golden section relation $φ^{2}=φ+1$, and a pure Riemannian metric $g$, i.e., a metric satisfying $g(φX,Y)=g(X,φY)$. We study connections adapted to such a structure, finding two of them, the first canonical and the well adapted, which measure the integrability of $φ$ and the integrability of the $G$-structure corresponding to $(φ,g)$.
A natural connection, determined by a property of its torsion tensor, is defined and it is called the second natural connection on Riemannian $Π$-manifold, i.e. the uniqueness of this connection is proved and a necessary and sufficient condition for coincidence with the first natural connection on the considered manifolds is found. The form of the torsion tensor of the second natural connection is obtained in the classes of the Riemannian $Π$-manifolds in which it differs from the first natural connection. An explicit example of dimension 5 is given in support of the proven assertions.
We study two types of isotropic planes: weakly isotropic and strongly isotropic planes. We prove that a Riemannian manifold of indefinite metric is conformally flat if and only if its curvature tensor vanishes on all the strongly isotropic planes. We specialize the plane axiom for Riemannian manifolds of indefinite metrics. We show that manifolds satisfying plane axiom of weakly (strongly) isotropic planes are of constant sectional curvature (conformaly flat). Further we study analogous problems on almost Hermitian manifolds of indefinite metrics.
The class W_1 of conformal Riemannian P-manifolds is the largest class of Riemannian almost product manifolds, which is closed with respect to the group of the conformal transformations of the Riemannian metric. This class is an analogue of the class of conformal Kaehler manifolds in almost Hermitian geometry. In the present work we study the natural connections on the manifolds (M, P, g) from the class W_1, i.e. the linear connections preserving the almost product structure P and the Riemannian metric g. We find necessary and sufficient conditions the curvature tensor of such a connection to …
We introduce holomorphic Riemannian maps between almost Hermitian manifolds as a generalization of holomorphic submanifolds and holomorphic submersions, give examples and obtain a geometric characterization of harmonic holomorphic Riemannian maps from almost Hermitian manifolds to Kaehler manifolds.
Ambrose and Singer characterized connected, simply-connected and complete homogeneous Riemannian manifolds as Riemannian manifolds admitting a metric connection such that its curvature and torsion are parallel. The aim of this paper is to extend Ambrose-Singer Theorem to the general framework of locally homogeneous pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. In addition we study under which conditions a locally homogeneous pseudo-Riemannian manifold can be recovered from the curvature and their covariant derivatives at some point up to finite order. The same problem is tackled in the presence of a geometric …
For a subRiemannian manifold and a given Riemannian extension of the metric, we define a canonical global connection. This connection coincides with both the Levi-Civita connection on Riemannian manifolds and the Tanaka-Webster connection on strictly pseudoconvex CR manifolds. We define a notion of normality generalizing Tanaka's notion for CR manifolds to the subRiemannian case. Under the assumption of normality, we construct local frames that simplify computations in a manner analogous to Riemannian normal coordinates. We then use these frames to establish Bianchi Identities and symmetries f…
Non-split almost complex supermanifolds and non-split Riemannian supermanifolds are studied. The first obstacle for a splitting is parametrized by group orbits on an infinite dimensional vector space. Further it is shown that non-split structures appear in the first case as deformations of a split reduction and in the second case as the deformation of an underlying metric. In contrast to non-split deformations of complex supermanifolds, these deformations can be restricted by cut-off functions to local deformations. A class of examples of nowhere split structures constructed from almost comple…
We introduce a new approach for computing curvature of sub-Riemannian manifolds. Curvature is here meant as symplectic invariants of Jacobi curves of geodesics, as introduced by Zelenko and Li. We describe how they can be expressed using a compatible affine connection and induced tensors, without any restriction on our sub-Riemannian manifold or the choice of connection. In particular, we obtain a universal Bonnet-Myers theorem of Riemannian type. We also give universal formulas for the canonical horizontal frame along each geodesic and an algorithm for computing the curvature in general. Seve…
Let $FM,\mathcal{M}_M$ be the bundles of linear frames and Riemannian metrics of a manifold $M$, respectively. The existence of a unique $\mathrm{Diff}M$-invariant connection form on $J^1\mathcal{M}_M\times_MFM\to J^1\mathcal{M}_M$, which is Riemannian with respect to the universal metric on $J^1\mathcal{M}_M\times_MTM$, is proved. Aplications to the construction of universal Pontryagin and Euler forms, are given.
Almost paracontact manifolds of an odd dimension having an almost paracomplex structure on the paracontact distribution are studied. The components of the fundamental (0,3)-tensor, derived by the covariant derivative of the structure endomorphism and the metric on the considered manifolds in each of the basic classes, are obtained. Then, the case of the lowest dimension 3 of these manifolds is considered. An associated tensor of the Nijenhuis tensor is introduced and the studied manifolds are characterized with respect to this pair of tensors. Moreover, cases of paracontact and para-Sasakian t…
We introduce semi-invariant Riemannian submersions from almost Hermitian manifolds onto Riemannian manifolds. We give examples, investigate the geometry of foliations which are arisen from the definition of a Riemannian submersion and find necessary-sufficient conditions for total manifold to be locally product Riemannian manifold. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions for a semi-invariant submersion to be totally geodesic. Moreover, we obtain a classification for semi-invariant submersions with totally umbilical fibers and show that such submersions put some restrictions on total m…
A Riemannian manifold endowed with $k\ge2$ complementary pairwise orthogonal distributions is called a Riemannian almost $k$-product manifold. In the article, for the first time, we study the following problem: find a relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic invariants of a Riemannian almost $k$-product manifold isometrically immersed in another Riemannian manifold. For such immersions, we establish an optimal inequality that includes the mixed scalar curvature and the square of the mean curvature. Although Riemannian curvature tensor belongs to intrinsic geometry, a special part called th…
The object of study is almost paracomplex pseudo-Riemannian manifolds with a pair of metrics associated each other by the almost paracomplex structure. A torsion-free connection and tensors with geometric interpretation are found which are invariant under the twin interchange, i.e. the swap of the counterparts of the pair of associated metrics and the corresponding Levi-Civita connections. A Lie group depending on two real parameters is constructed as an example of a 4-dimensional manifold of the studied type and the mentioned invariant objects are found in an explicit form.
