We look for spectral type differential equations satisfied by the generalized Jacobi polynomials, which are orthogonal on the interval [-1,1] with respect to a weight function consisting of the classical Jacobi weight function together with two point masses at the endpoints of the interval of orthogonality.
We show that such a differential equation is uniquely determined and we give explicit representations for the coefficients.
In case of nonzero mass points the order of this differential equation is infinite, except for nonnegative integer values of (one of) the parameters. Otherwise, the finite order is explictly given in terms of the parameters.
We study the bispectrality of Jacobi type polynomials, which are eigenfunctions of higher-order differential operators and can be defined by taking suitable linear combinations of a fixed number of consecutive Jacobi polynomials. Jacobi type polynomials include, as particular cases, the Krall-Jacobi polynomials. As the main results we prove that the Jacobi type polynomials always satisfy higher-order recurrence relations (i.e., they are bispectral). We also prove that the Krall-Jacobi families are the only Jacobi type polynomials which are orthogonal with respect to a measure on the real line.
Some weighted inequalities for the maximal operator with respect to the discrete diffusion semigroups associated with exceptional Jacobi and Dunkl-Jacobi polynomials are given. This setup allows to extend the corresponding results obtained for discrete heat semigroup recently to richer class of differential-difference operators.
A limit formula from q-Racah polynomials to big q-Jacobi polynomials is given which can be considered as a limit formula for orthogonal polynomials. This is extended to a multi-parameter limit with 3 parameters, also involving (q-)Hahn polynomials, little q-Jacobi polynomials and Jacobi polynomials. Also the limits from Askey-Wilson to Wilson polynomials and from q-Racah to Racah polynomials are given in a more conceptual way.
We introduce multiple Wilson polynomials, which give a new example of multiple orthogonal polynomials (Hermite-Pade polynomials) of type II. These polynomials can be written as a Jacobi-Pineiro transform, which is a generalization of the Jacobi transform for Wilson polynomials, found by T.H. Koornwinder. Here we need to introduce Jacobi and Jacobi-Pineiro polynomials with complex parameters. Some explicit formulas are provided for both Jacobi-Pineiro and multiple Wilson polynomials, one of them in terms of Kampe de Feriet series. Finally we look at some limiting relations and construct a part …
A hierarchy of matrix-valued polynomials which generalize the Jacobi polynomials is found. Defined by a Rodrigues formula, they are also products of a sequence of differential operators. Each class of polynomials is complete, satisfies a two-step recurrence relation, integral inter-relations, and quasi-orthogonality relations.
Orthogonal polynomials on the real line always satisfy a three-term recurrence relation. The recurrence coefficients determine a tridiagonal semi-infinite matrix (Jacobi matrix) which uniquely characterizes the orthogonal polynomials. We investigate new orthogonal polynomials by adding to the Jacobi matrix $r$ new rows and columns, so that the original Jacobi matrix is shifted downward. The $r$ new rows and columns contain $2r$ new parameters and the newly obtained orthogonal polynomials thus correspond to an upward extension of the Jacobi matrix. We give an explicit expression of the new orth…
Is is shown in this paper that there is a connection between the Riemann zeta-function $\zf$ and the classical Jacobi's polynomials, i.e. the Legendre polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials of the first and the second kind,...
Jacobi polynomials are mapped onto the continuous Hahn polynomials by the Fourier transform and the orthogonality relations for the continuous Hahn polynomials then follow from the orthogonality relations for the Jacobi polynomials and the Parseval formula. In a special case this relation dates back to work by Bateman in 1933 and we follow a part of the historical development for these polynomials. Some applications of this relation are given.
We study special values for the continuous $q$-Jacobi polynomials and present applications of these special values which arise from bilinear generating functions, and in particular the Poisson kernel for these polynomials.
This is a tutorial introduction to the representation theory of SU(2) with emphasis on the occurrence of Jacobi polynomials in the matrix elements of the irreducible representations. The last section traces the history of the insight that Jacobi polynomials occur in the representation theory of SU(2).
We study a new family of "classical" orthogonal polynomials, here called big -1 Jacobi polynomials, which satisfy (apart from a 3-term recurrence relation) an eigenvalue problem with differential operators of Dunkl-type. These polynomials can be obtained from the big $q$-Jacobi polynomials in the limit $q \to -1$. An explicit expression of these polynomials in terms of Gauss' hypergeometric functions is found. The big -1 Jacobi polynomials are orthogonal on the union of two symmetric intervals of the real axis. We show that the big -1 Jacobi polynomials can be obtained from the Bannai-Ito poly…
In this paper we generalize and specialize generating functions for classical orthogonal polynomials, namely Jacobi, Gegenbauer, Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials. We derive a generalization of the generating function for Gegenbauer polynomials through extension a two element sequence of generating functions for Jacobi polynomials. Specializations of generating functions are accomplished through the re-expression of Gauss hypergeometric functions in terms of less general functions. Definite integrals which correspond to the presented orthogonal polynomial series expansions are also given.
Let the Sobolev-type inner product <f,g> = \int fg d mu_0+ int f' g' d mu_1 with mu_0 = w + M delta_c, mu_1= N delta_c where w is the Jacobi weight, c is either 1 or -1 and M, N >= 0. We obtain estimates and asymptotic properties on [-1,1] for the polynomials orthonormal with respect to <.,.> and their kernels. We also compare these polynomials with Jacobi orthonormal polynomials.
We introduce two kinds of multiple little q-Jacobi polynomials by imposing orthogonality conditions with respect to r discrete little q-Jacobi measures on the exponential lattice q^k (k=0,1,2,3,...), where 0 < q < 1. We show that these multiple little q-Jacobi polynomials have useful q-difference properties, such as a Rodrigues formula (consisting of a product of r difference operators). Some properties of the zeros of these polynomials and some asymptotic properties will be given as well.
This is an extended abstract of a lecture held at the Conference ``Fourier and Radon transformations on symmetric spaces'' in honor of Professor S. Helgason's 65th birthday, Roskilde, Denmark, Sept. 10--12, 1992.
We recast Byerly's formula for integrals of products of Legendre polynomials. Then we adopt the idea to the case of Jacobi polynomials. After that, we use the formula to derive an asymptotic formula for integrals of products of Jacobi polynomials. The asymptotic formula is similar to an analogous one recently obtained by the first author and Jeff Geronimo for a different case. Thus, it suggests that such an asymptotic behavior is rather generic for integrals of products of orthogonal polynomials.
Generalized Jacobi polynomials are orthogonal polynomials related to a weight function which is smooth and positive on the whole interval of orthogonality up to a finite number of points, where algebraic singularities occur. The influence of these singular points on the asymptotic behaviour of the recurrence coefficients is investigated.
Hahn polynomials of several variables can be defined by using the Jacobi polynomials on the simplex as a generating function. Starting from this connection, a number of properties for these two families of orthogonal polynomials are derived. It is shown that the Hahn polynomials appear as connecting coefficients between several families of orthogonal polynomials on the simplex. Closed-form formulas are derived for the reproducing kernels of the Hahn polynomials and Krawtchouck polynomials. As an application, the Poisson kernels for the Hahn polynomials and the Krawtchouck polynomials are shown…
We study a family of orthogonal polynomials which satisfy (apart from a 3-term recurrence relation) an eigenvalue equation involving a third order differential operator of Dunkl-type. The orthogonality measure of these polynomials consists in the continuous measure of the little -1 Jacobi polynomials to which is added an arbitrary mass located at the point $x=0$, the middle of the orthogonality interval. This provides the first nontrivial example of Krall-type polynomials with a point mass inside the orthogonality interval. These polynomials can be obtained by a Geronimus transform of the litt…
Matrix-valued analogues of the little q-Jacobi polynomials are introduced and studied. For the 2x2-matrix-valued little q-Jacobi polynomials explicit expressions for the orthogonality relations, Rodrigues formula, three-term recurrence relation and their relation to matrix-valued q-hypergeometric series and the scalar-valued little q-Jacobi polynomials are presented. The study is based on a matrix-valued q-difference operator, which is a q-analogue of Tirao's matrix-valued hypergeometric differential operator.
In this paper we present a systematic way to describe exceptional Jacobi polynomials via two partitions. We give the construction of these polynomials and restate the known aspects of these polynomials in terms of their partitions. The aim is to show that the use of partitions is an elegant way to label these polynomials. Moreover, we prove asymptotic results according to the regular and exceptional zeros of these polynomials.
The aim of this paper is to study differential properties of orthogonal polynomials with respect to a discrete Jacobi-Sobolev bilinear form with mass point at $-1$ and/or $+1$. In particular, we construct the orthogonal polynomials using certain Casorati determinants. Using this construction, we prove that when the Jacobi parameters $α$ and $β$ are nonnegative integers the Jacobi-Sobolev orthogonal polynomials are eigenfunctions of a differential operator of finite order (which will be explicitly constructed). Moreover, the order of this differential operator is explicitly computed in terms of…
Asymptotic approximations of Jacobi polynomials are given for large values of the $β$-parameter and of their zeros. The expansions are given in terms of Laguerre polynomials and of their zeros. The levels of accuracy of the approximations are verified by numerical examples.
We revisit the ladder operators for orthogonal polynomials and re-interpret two supplementary conditions as compatibility conditions of two linear over-determined systems; one involves the variation of the polynomials with respect to the variable z (spectral parameter) and the other a recurrence relation in n (the lattice variable). For the Jacobi weight w(x) = (1-x)^a(1+x)^b, x in [-1,1],we show how to use the compatibility conditions to explicitly determine the recurrence coefficients of the monic Jacobi polynomials.
We look for differential equations satisfied by the generalized Jacobi polynomials which are orthogonal on the interval [-1,1] with respect to a weight function consisting of the classical Jacobi weight function together with point masses at the endpoints of the interval of orthogonality. In order to find explicit formulas for the coefficients of these differential equations we have to solve systems of equations involving derivatives of the classical Jacobi polynomials. We show that these systems of equations have a unique solution which is given explicitly. This is a consequence of the Jacobi…
We study the monotonic behaviour of the zeros of the multiple Jacobi-Angelesco orthogonal polynomials, in the diagonal case, with respect to the parameters $α,β$ and $γ$. We prove that the zeros are monotonic functions of $α$ and $γ$ and consider some special cases of how the zeros depend on $β$, especially in the presence of symmetry. As a consequence we obtain results about monotonicity of zeros of Jacobi-Laguerre and Laguerre-Hermite multiple orthogonal polynomials too.
Asymptotic approximations of Jacobi polynomials are given in terms of elementary functions for large degree $n$ and parameters $α$ and $β$. From these new results, asymptotic expansions of the zeros are derived and methods are given to obtain the coefficients in the expansions. These approximations can be used as initial values in iterative methods for computing the nodes of Gauss--Jacobi quadrature for large degree and parameters. The performance of the asymptotic approximations for computing the nodes and weights of these Gaussian quadratures is illustrated with numerical examples.
We give the asymptotic distribution of the zeros of Jacobi-Piñeiro polynomials and multiple Laguerre polynomials of the first kind. We use the nearest neighbor recurrence relations for these polynomials and a recent result on the ratio asymptotics of multiple orthogonal polynomials. We show how these asymptotic zero distributions are related to the Fuss-Catalan distribution.
Below the normalized weighted reciprocal of the Christoffel function with respect to exceptional Jacobi polynomials is investigated. It is proved that it tends to the equilibrium measure of the interval of orthogonality in weak-star sense. The main tool of this study is the multiplication operator and examination of behavior of zeros of the corresponding average characteristic polynomial. Finally, as an application of multiplication operator, location of zeros of certain self-inversive polynomials are examined.
The aim of this paper is to apply generalized operators of fractional integration and differentiation involving Appell's function $F_{3}(:)$ due to Marichev-Saigo-Maeda (MSM), to the Jacobi type orthogonal polynomials. The results are expressed in terms of generalized hypergeometric function. Some of the interesting special cases of the main results also established.
The $X_1$-Jacobi and the $X_1$-Laguerre exceptional orthogonal polynomials have been introduced and studied by Gómez-Ullate, Kamran and Milson in a series of papers. In this note, we establish some properties, such as interlacing, monotonicity with respect to the parameters and order, about the so-called \textit{regular} and \textit{exceptional} zeros of these two classes of polynomials.
We present results on co-recursive associated Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials which are of interest for the solution of the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations of some birth and death processes with or without absorption. Explicit forms, generating functions, and absolutely continuous part of the spectral measures are given. We derive fourth-order differential equations satisfied by the polynomials with a special attention to some simple limiting cases.
We show asymptotic expansions of the eigenfunctions of certain perturbations of the Jacobi operator in a bounded interval, deducing equiconvergence results between expansions with respect to the associated orthonormal basis and expansions with respect to the cosine basis. Several results for pointwise convergence then follow.
We construct new examples of exceptional Hahn and Jacobi polynomials. Exceptional polynomials are orthogonal polynomials with respect to a measure which are also eigenfunctions of a second order difference or differential operator. The most apparent difference between classical or classical discrete orthogonal polynomials and their exceptional counterparts is that the exceptional families have gaps in their degrees, in the sense that not all degrees are present in the sequence of polynomials. The new examples have the novelty that they depend on an arbitrary number of continuous parameters.
Szmytkowski derived a certain integral with Gegenbauer polynomials. A natural generalization is to derive lookalike integrals with Jacobi polynomials. Six methods are treated to derive the first integral. The first method should be enough to prove the first integral, but by the other methods there arises remarkable formula such as par example a zero-balanced F3 Appell function which can be converted into a 2F1 hypergeometric function. Another three integrals complete the paper.
We investigate the differential equation for the Jacobi-type polynomials which are orthogonal on the interval $[-1,1]$ with respect to the classical Jacobi measure and an additional point mass at one endpoint. This scale of higher-order equations was introduced by J. and R. Koekoek in 1999 essentially by using special function methods. In this paper, a completely elementary representation of the Jacobi-type differential operator of any even order is given. This enables us to trace the orthogonality relation of the Jacobi-type polynomials back to their differential equation. Moreover, we establ…
We construct noncomplete orthogonal systems on the ray $[0,\infty)$ that look like Jacobi polynomials $P_n(x)$ after a shift of degree $n\mapsto n+a$, where $a$ is a real constant. These systems are solutions of some exotic Sturm-Liouville problem for hypergeometric differential operators. We obtain the explicit spectral decomposition for these problems.
Persymmetric Jacobi matrices are invariant under reflection with respect to the anti-diagonal. The associated orthogonal polynomials have distinctive properties that are discussed. They are found in particular to be also orthogonal on the restrictions either to the odd or to the even points of the complete orthogonality lattice. This is exploited to design very efficient inverse problem algorithms for the reconstruction of persymmetric Jacobi matrices from spectral points. Isospectral deformations of such matrices are also considered. Expressions for the associated polynomials and their weight…
In this manuscript we study algebraic and analytic properties of the sequence of monic polynomials orthogonal with respect to a Jacobi differential operator. A fluid dynamics model for source points location of a flow of an incompressible fluid with preassigned stagnation points is also considered.
This note supplements the work of Gomez-Ullate, Kamran and Milson on the X_(1)-Jacobi polynomials which are orthogonal in a weighted Hilbert function space on the the interval (-1,+1) of the real line. These polynomials are generated by a second-order ordinary linear differential equation with a spectral parameter. Some additional information on the Sturm-Liouville form of this equation is given in this note, together with details of the singular differential operators generated in the weighted Hilbert function space. In particular, structured boundary conditions are given to determine the spe…
Computing asymptotics of the recurrence coefficients of X1-Jacobi polynomials we investigate the limit of Christoffel function. We also study the relation between the normalized counting measure based on the zeros of the modified average characteristic polynomial and the Christoffel function in limit. The proofs of corresponding theorems with respect to ordinary orthogonal polynomials are based on the three-term recurrence relation. The main point is that exceptional orthogonal polynomials possess at least five-term formulae and so the Christoffel-Darboux formula also fails. It seems that thes…
We consider matrix orthogonal polynomials related to Jacobi type matrices of weights that can be defined in terms of a given matrix Pearson equation. Stating a Riemann-Hilbert problem we can derive first and second order differential relations that these matrix orthogonal polynomials and the second kind functions associated to them verify. For the corresponding matrix recurrence coefficients, non-Abelian extensions of a family of discrete Painlevé d-PIV equations are obtained for the three term recurrence relation coefficients.
We will examine the electrostatic properties of exceptional and regular zeros of $X_m$-Laguerre and $X_m$-Jacobi polynomials. Since there is a close connection between the electrostatic properties of the zeros and the stability of interpolation on the system of zeros, we can deduce an Egerváry-Tur\' an type result as well. The limit of the energy on the regular zeros are also investigated.
Orthogonality of the Jacobi and of Laguerre polynomials, P_n^(a,b) and L_n^(a), is established for a,b complex (a,b not negative integers and a+b different from -2,-3,...) using the Hadamard finite part of the integral which gives their orthogonality in the classical cases. Riemann-Hilbert problems that these polynomials satisfy are found. The results are formally similar to the ones in the classical case (when the real parts of a,b are greater than -1)
Using Casorati determinants of Hahn polynomials $(h_n^{α,β,N})_n$, we construct for each pair $\F=(F_1,F_2)$ of finite sets of positive integers polynomials $h_n^{α,β,N;\F}$, $n\in σ_\F$, which are eigenfunctions of a second order difference operator, where $σ_\F$ is certain set of nonnegative integers, $σ_\F \varsubsetneq \NN$. When $N\in \NN$ and $α$, $β$, $N$ and $\F$ satisfy a suitable admissibility condition, we prove that the polynomials $h_n^{α,β,N;\F}$ are also orthogonal and complete with respect to a positive measure (exceptional Hahn polynomials). By passing to the limit, we transfo…
By applying the Euler--Rayleigh methods to a specific representation of the Jacobi polynomials as hypergeometric functions, we obtain new bounds for their largest zeros. In particular, we derive upper and lower bound for $1-x_{nn}^2(λ)$, with $x_{nn}(λ)$ being the largest zero of the $n$-th ultraspherical polynomial $P_n^{(λ)}$. For every fixed $λ>-1/2$, the limit of the ratio of our upper and lower bounds for $1-x_{nn}^2(λ)$ does not exceed $1.6$. This paper is a continuation of [1].
As is well known the kernel of the orthogonal projector onto the polynomials of degree $n$ in $L^2(w_{\a,\b}, [-1, 1])$ with $w_{\a,\b}(t) = (1-t)^\a(1+t)^\b$ can be written in terms of Jacobi polynomials. It is shown that if the coefficients in this kernel are smoothed out by sampling a $C^\infty$ function then the resulting function has almost exponential (faster than any polynomial) rate of decay away from the main diagonal. This result is used for the construction of tight polynomial frames for $L^2(w_{\a,\b})$ with elements having almost exponential localization.
In this contribution we deal with a varying discrete Sobolev inner product involving the Jacobi weight. Our aim is to study the asymptotic properties of the corresponding orthogonal polynomials and the behavior of their zeros. We are interested in Mehler-Heine type formulae because they describe the essential differences from the point of view of the asymptotic behavior between these Sobolev orthogonal polynomials and the Jacobi ones. Moreover, this asymptotic behavior provides an approximation of the zeros of the Sobolev polynomials in terms of the zeros of other well-known special functions.…
For a two-parameter family of lower triangular matrices with entries involving Jacobi polynomials an explicit inverse is given, with entries involving a sum of two Jacobi polynomials. The formula simplifies in the Gegenbauer case and then one choice of the parameter solves an open problem in a recent paper by Koelink, van Pruijssen & Roman. The two-parameter family is closely related to two two-parameter groups of lower triangular matrices, of which we also give the explicit generators. Another family of pairs of mutually inverse lower triangular matrices with entries involving Jacobi polynomi…
