Tom H. Koornwinder
This is an extended abstract of a lecture held at the Conference ``Fourier and Radon transformations on symmetric spaces'' in honor of Professor S. Helgason's 65th birthday, Roskilde, Denmark, Sept. 10--12, 1992.
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This paper surveys eight classes of polynomials associated with $A$-type and $BC$-type root systems: Jack, Jacobi, Macdonald and Koornwinder polynomials and interpolation (or shifted) Jack and Macdonald polynomials and their $BC$-type extensions. Among these the $BC$-type interpolation Jack polynomials were probably unobserved until now. Much emphasis is put on combinatorial formulas and binomial formulas for (most of) these polynomials. Possibly new results derived from these formulas are a limit from Koornwinder to Macdonald polynomials, an explicit formula for Koornwinder polynomials in two…
We obtain an asymptotic expansion for the sum \[S(a;w)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{e^{-an^2}}{n^{w}}\] as $a\rightarrow 0$ in $|\arg\,a|<π/2$ for arbitrary finite $w>0$. The result when $w=2m$, where $m$ is a positive integer, is the analogue of the well-known Poisson-Jacobi transformation for the sum with $m=0$. Numerical results are given to illustrate the accuracy of the expansion.
Approximation on the spherical cap is different from that on the sphere which requires us to construct new operators. This paper discusses the approximation on the spherical cap. That is, so called Jackson-type operator $\{J_{k,s}^m\}_{k=1}^{\infty}$ is constructed to approximate the function defined on the spherical cap $D(x_0,γ)$. We thus establish the direct and inverse inequalities and obtain saturation theorems for $\{J_{k,s}^m\}_{k=1}^{\infty}$ on the cap $D(x_0,γ)$. Using methods of $K$-functional and multiplier, we obtain the inequality \begin{eqnarray*} C_1\:\| J_{k,s}^m(f)-f\|_{D,p}\…
Four Jacobi settings are considered in the context of Hardy's inequality: the trigonometric polynomials and functions, and the corresponding symmetrized systems. In the polynomial cases sharp Hardy's inequality is proved for the type parameters $α,β\in(-1,\infty)^d$, whereas in the function systems for $α,β\in[-1/2,\infty)^d$. The ranges of these parameters are the widest in which the corresponding orthonormal bases are composed of bounded functions. Moreover, the sharp $L^1$-analogues of Hardy's inequality are obtained with the same restrictions on the parameters $α$ and $β$.
We present a unified approach to a couple of central limit theorems for radial random walks on hyperbolic spaces and time-homogeneous Markov chains on the positive half line whose transition probabilities are defined in terms of the Jacobi convolutions. The proofs of all results are based on limit results for the associated Jacobi functions. In particular, we consider the cases where the first parameter (i.e., the dimension of the hyperbolic space) tends to infinity as well as the cases $ϕ_{iρ-λ}^{(α,β)}(t)$ for small $λ$, and $ϕ_{iρ-nλ}^{(α,β)}(t/n)$ for $n\to\infty$. The proofs of all these …
We discuss some properties of the moduli of smoothness with Jacobi weights that we have recently introduced and that are defined as \[ ω_{k,r}^φ(f^{(r)},t)_{α,β,p} :=\sup_{0\leq h\leq t} \left\| {\mathcal{W}}_{kh}^{r/2+α,r/2+β}(\cdot) Δ_{hφ(\cdot)}^k (f^{(r)},\cdot)\right\|_p \] where $φ(x) = \sqrt{1-x^2}$, $Δ_h^k(f,x)$ is the $k$th symmetric difference of $f$ on $[-1,1]$, \[ {\mathcal{W}}_δ^{ξ,ζ} (x):= (1-x-δφ(x)/2)^ξ(1+x-δφ(x)/2)^ζ, \] and $α,β> -1/p$ if $0<p<\infty$, and $α,β\geq 0$ if $p=\infty$. We show, among other things, that for all $m, n\in N$, $0<p\le \infty$, polynomials $P_n$ of d…
This is the second part of the project `unified theory of classical orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable derived from the eigenvalue problems of hermitian matrices.' In a previous paper, orthogonal polynomials having Jackson integral measures were not included, since such measures cannot be obtained from single infinite dimensional hermitian matrices. Here we show that Jackson integral measures for the polynomials of the big $q$-Jacobi family are the consequence of the recovery of self-adjointness of the unbounded Jacobi matrices governing the difference equations of these polynomials…
Using a transference result, several inequalities of approximation by entire functions of exponential type in $\mathcal{C}(\mathbf{R})$, the class of bounded uniformly continuous functions defined on $\mathbf{R}:=\left( -\infty ,+\infty \right) $, are extended to the Lebesgue spaces $L^{p}\left( \mathbf{\varrho }dx\right) $ $1\leq p<\infty $ with Muckenhoupt weight $\mathbf{\varrho }$ ($1\leq p<\infty $). This gives us a different proof of Jackson type direct theorems and Bernstein-Timan type inverse estimates in $L^{p}\left( \mathbf{\varrho }dx\right) $. Results also cover the case $p=1$.
Spectral theory of Jacobi operators with increasing coefficients. The critical case
本文研究雅可比系数趋于无穷且比值极限为临界值|γ|=1时正交多项式的渐近行为与算子谱性质，揭示不同增长速率下谱的定性差异。
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce moduli of smoothness with Jacobi weights $(1-x)^α(1+x)^β$ for functions in the Jacobi weighted $L_p[-1,1]$, $0<p\le \infty$, spaces. These moduli are used to characterize the smoothness of (the derivatives of) functions in the weighted $L_p$ spaces. If $1\le p\le\infty$, then these moduli are equivalent to certain weighted $K$-functionals (and so they are equivalent to certain weighted Ditzian-Totik moduli of smoothness for these $p$), while for $0<p<1$ they are equivalent to certain "Realization functionals".
We construct noncomplete orthogonal systems on the ray $[0,\infty)$ that look like Jacobi polynomials $P_n(x)$ after a shift of degree $n\mapsto n+a$, where $a$ is a real constant. These systems are solutions of some exotic Sturm-Liouville problem for hypergeometric differential operators. We obtain the explicit spectral decomposition for these problems.
The classical A. Markov inequality establishes a relation between the maximum modulus or the $L^{\infty}\left([-1,1]\right)$ norm of a polynomial $Q_{n}$ and of its derivative: $\|Q'_{n}\|\leqslant M_{n} n^{2}\|Q_{n}\|$, where the constant $M_{n}=1$ is sharp. The limiting behavior of the sharp constants $M_{n}$ for this inequality, considered in the space $L^{2}\left([-1,1], w^{(α,β)}\right)$ with respect to the classical Jacobi weight $w^{(α,β)}(x):=(1-x)^α(x+1)^β$, is studied. We prove that, under the condition $|α- β| < 4 $, the limit is $\lim_{n \to \infty} M_{n} = 1/(2 j_ν)$ where $j_ν$ i…
The exceptional $X_{1}$-Jacobi differential expression is a second-order ordinary differential expression with rational coefficients; it was discovered by Gómez-Ullate, Kamran and Milson in 2009. In their work, they showed that there is a sequence of polynomial eigenfunctions $\left\{\widehat{P} _{n}^{(α,β)}\right\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ called the exceptional $X_{1}$-Jacobi polynomials. There is no exceptional $X_{1}$-Jacobi polynomial of degree zero. These polynomials form a complete orthogonal set in the weighted Hilbert space $L^{2}((-1,1);\widehat{w}_{α,β}),$ where $\widehat{w}_{α,β}$ is a posi…
We study potential operators (Riesz and Bessel potentials) associated with classical Jacobi and Fourier-Bessel expansions. We prove sharp estimates for the corresponding potential kernels. Then we characterize those $1 \le p,q \le \infty$, for which the potential operators are of strong type $(p,q)$, of weak type $(p,q)$ and of restricted weak type $(p,q)$. These results may be thought of as analogues of the celebrated Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev fractional integration theorem in the Jacobi and Fourier-Bessel settings. As an ingredient of our line of reasoning, we also obtain sharp estimates of t…
We study optimal lower and upper bounds for Widom factors $W_{\infty,n}(K,w)$ associated with Chebyshev polynomials for the weights $w(x)=\sqrt{1+x}$ and $w(x)=\sqrt{1-x}$ on compact subsets of $[-1,1]$. We show which sets saturate these bounds. We consider Widom factors $W_{2,n}(μ)$ for $L_2(μ)$ extremal polynomials for measures of the form $dμ(x)=(1-x)^α(1+x)^βdμ_K(x)$ where $α+β\geq 1$, $α,β\in\mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}$ and $μ_K$ is the equilibrium measure of a compact regular set $K$ in $[-1,1]$ with $\pm 1\in K$. We show that for such measures the improved lower bound $[W_{2,n}(μ)]^2\geq 2S(μ)…
As is well known the kernel of the orthogonal projector onto the polynomials of degree $n$ in $L^2(w_{\a,\b}, [-1, 1])$ with $w_{\a,\b}(t) = (1-t)^\a(1+t)^\b$ can be written in terms of Jacobi polynomials. It is shown that if the coefficients in this kernel are smoothed out by sampling a $C^\infty$ function then the resulting function has almost exponential (faster than any polynomial) rate of decay away from the main diagonal. This result is used for the construction of tight polynomial frames for $L^2(w_{\a,\b})$ with elements having almost exponential localization.
We consider the asymptotic expansion of the sum \[S_p(a;w)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty n^{-w}\e^{-an^p}\] as $a\rightarrow 0$ in $|\arg\,a|<π/2$ for arbitrary finite $p>$ and $w>0$. Our attention is concentrated mainly on the case when $p$ and $w$ are both even integers, where the expansion consists of a {\it finite} algebraic expansion together with a sequence of increasingly subdominant exponential expansions. This exponentially small component produces a transformation for $S_p(a;w)$ analogous to the well-known Poisson-Jacobi transformation for the sum with $p=2$ and $w=0$. Numerical results are give…
We prove that the zeros of ${}_2F_1(-n,\frac{n+1}{2};\frac{n+3}{2};z)$ asymptotically approach the section of the lemniscate $\{z: |z(1-z)^2|=4/27; \textrm{Re}(z)>1/3\}$ as $n\rightarrow \infty$. In recent papers (cf. \cite{KMF}, \cite{orive}), Martínez-Finkelshtein and Kuijlaars and their co-authors have used Riemann-Hilbert methods to derive the asymptotic zero distribution of Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(α_n,β_n)}$ when the limits $\ds A=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{α_n}{n}$ and $\ds B=\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty}\frac{β_n}{n}$ exist and lie in the interior of certain specified regions in the…
We find and discuss asymptotic formulas for orthonormal polynomials $P_{n}(z)$ with recurrence coefficients $a_{n}, b_{n}$. Our main goal is to consider the case where off-diagonal elements $a_{n}\to\infty$ as $n\to\infty$. Formulas obtained are essentially different for relatively small and large diagonal elements $b_{n}$. Our analysis is intimately linked with spectral theory of Jacobi operators $J$ with coefficients $a_{n}, b_{n}$ and a study of the corresponding second order difference equations. We introduce the Jost solutions $f_{n}(z)$, $n\geq -1$, of such equations by a condition for $…
Classical Jacobi polynomials $P_{n}^{(α,β)}$, with $α, β>-1$, have a number of well-known properties, in particular the location of their zeros in the open interval $(-1,1)$. This property is no longer valid for other values of the parameters; in general, zeros are complex. In this paper we study the strong asymptotics of Jacobi polynomials where the real parameters $α_n,β_n$ depend on $n$ in such a way that $$ \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{α_{n}}{n}=A, \quad \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{β_{n}}{n}=B, $$ with $A,B \in \mathbb{R}$. We restrict our attention to the case where the limits $A,B$ are not both pos…
The main goal is to interpret the Askey-Wilson function and the corresponding transform pair on the quantum SU(1,1) group. A weight on the C^*-algebra of continuous functions vanishing at infinity on the quantum SU(1,1) group is studied, which is left and right invariant in a weak sense with respect to a product defined using Wall functions. The Haar weight restricted to certain subalgebras are explicitly determined in terms of an infinitely supported Jackson integral and in terms of an infinitely supported Askey-Wilson type measure. For the evaluation the spectral analysis of explicit unbound…
Strong asymptotics on the whole complex plane of a sequence of monic Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(α_n, β_n)}$ is studied, assuming that $$ \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{α_n}{n}=A, \qquad \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{β_n}{n}=B, $$ with $A$ and $B$ satisfying $ A > -1$, $ B>-1$, $A+B < -1$. The asymptotic analysis is based on the non-Hermitian orthogonality of these polynomials, and uses the Deift/Zhou steepest descent analysis for matrix Riemann-Hilbert problems. As a corollary, asymptotic zero behavior is derived. We show that in a generic case the zeros distribute on the set of critical trajectories $Γ$ of…
In this paper, we study the strong asymptotic for the orthogonal polynomials and universality associated with singularly perturbed Pollaczek-Jacobi type weight $$w_{p_J2}(x,t)=e^{-\frac{t}{x(1-x)}}x^α(1-x)^β, $$ where $t \ge 0$, $α>0$, $β>0$ and $x \in [0,1].$ Our main results obtained here include two aspects: { I. Strong asymptotics:} We obtain the strong asymptotic expansions for the monic Pollaczek-Jacobi type orthogonal polynomials in different interval $(0,1)$ and outside of interval $\mathbb{C}\backslash (0,1)$, respectively; Due to the effect of $\frac{t}{x(1-x)}$ for varying $t$, diff…
Wigner- and Marchenko-Pastur-type limits for Jacobi processes
本文研究 BC 型根系驱动的 Jacobi 过程，利用随机微分方程推导出当粒子数趋于无穷时经验分布的 Wigner 半圆律和 Marchenko-Pastur 律的几乎必然极限，并推广了 Jacobi 系综及多项式零点的相关平稳极限结果。
On the extremal eigenvalues of Jacobi ensembles at zero temperature
本文研究了零温度下Jacobi族极值本征值的极限，通过Bessel函数推导了冻结情况下的协方差极限，对应于硬边分析和有限β的结果。
Dispersive Decay Estimates for periodic Jacobi operators on the half-line
该研究针对离散半直线上的周期Jacobi算子，推导了不同条件下的色散时间衰减速率，完善了相关算子的色散衰减理论。
Our goal is to find an asymptotic behavior as $n\to\infty$ of orthogonal polynomials $P_{n}(z)$ defined by the Jacobi recurrence coefficients $a_{n}, b_{n}$. We suppose that the off-diagonal coefficients $a_{n}$ grow so rapidly that the series $\sum a_{n}^{-1}$ converges, that is, the Carleman condition is violated. With respect to diagonal coefficients $b_{n}$ we assume that $-b_{n} (a_{n}a_{n-1})^{-1/2}\to 2β_{\infty}$ for some $β_{\infty}\neq \pm 1$. The asymptotic formulas obtained for $P_{n}(z)$ are quite different from the case $\sum a_{n}^{-1}=\infty$ when the Carleman condition is sati…
In this paper we study a generalization of the class of orthogonal polynomials on the real line. These polynomials satisfy the following relation: $(J_5 - λJ_3) \vec p(λ) = 0$, where $J_3$ is a Jacobi matrix and $J_5$ is a semi-infinite real symmetric five-diagonal matrix with positive numbers on the second subdiagonal, $\vec p(λ) = (p_0(λ), p_1(λ), p_2(λ),\cdots)^T$, the superscript $T$ means the transposition, with the initial conditions $p_0(λ) = 1$, $p_1(λ) = αλ+ β$, $α> 0$, $β\in\mathbb{R}$. Some orthonormality conditions for the polynomials $\{ p_n(λ) \}_{n=0}^\infty$ are obtained. An ex…
We apply the Pade technique to find rational approximations to % \[h^{\pm}(q_1,q_2)=\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{\q_1^k}{1\pm \q_2^k}, 0<q_1,q_2<1, q_1\in\mathbb{Q}, q_2=1/p_2, p_2\in\mathbb{N}\setminus\{1\}.\] % A separate section is dedicated to the special case $q_i=q^{r_i}, r_i\in\mathbb{N}, q=1/p, p\in\mathbb{N}\setminus\{1\}$. In this construction we make use of little $q$-Jacobi polynomials. Our rational approximations are good enough to prove the irrationality of $h^{\pm}(q_1,q_2)$ and give an upper bound for the irrationality measure.
Alternative Jacobi Polynomials and Orthogonal Exponentials
定义了区间[0,1]上替代雅可比多项式的正交多项式序列，并建立了其性质；提出了半轴[0,∞)上指数函数的(α,β)参数化正交多项式系统，并描述了两种子系统和正交指数多项式，同时引入了区间[0,1]上两个参数化的离散几乎正交函数系统。
Our goal is to find an asymptotic behavior as $n\to\infty$ of the orthogonal polynomials $P_{n}(z)$ defined by Jacobi recurrence coefficients $a_{n}$ (off-diagonal terms) and $ b_{n}$ (diagonal terms). We consider the case $a_{n}\to\infty$, $b_{n}\to\infty$ in such a way that $\sum a_{n}^{-1}<\infty$ $($that is, the Carleman condition is violated$)$ and $γ_{n}:=2^{-1}b_{n} (a_{n}a_{n-1})^{-1/2} \to γ$ as $n\to\infty$. In the case $|γ| \neq 1$ asymptotic formulas for $P_{n}(z)$ are known; they depend crucially on the sign of $| γ|-1$. We study the critical case $| γ|=1$. The formulas obtained a…
Hua-Pickrell diffusions and differential equations related with pseudo-Jacobi polynomials
本文研究了β-Hua-Pickrell扩散与伪Jacobi多项式相关的微分方程，探讨了其极限行为和与经验分布的关系。
We study semi-infinite Jacobi matrices $H=H_{0}+V$ corresponding to trace class perturbations $V$ of the "free" discrete Schrödinger operator $H_{0}$. Our goal is to construct various spectral quantities of the operator $H$, such as the weight function, eigenfunctions of its continuous spectrum, the wave operators for the pair $H_{0}$, $H$, the scattering matrix, the spectral shift function, etc. This allows us to find the asymptotic behavior of the orthonormal polynomials $P_{n}(z)$ associated to the Jacobi matrix $H $ as $n\to\infty$. In particular, we consider the case of $z$ inside the spe…
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