A fake projective plane is a smooth complex surface which is not the complex projective plane but has the same Betti numbers as the complex projective plane. The first example of such a surface was constructed by David Mumford in 1979 using p-adic uniformization. Two more examples were found by Ishida and Kato by related method. Keum has recently given an example which is possibly different from the three known earlier. It is an interesting problem in complex algebraic geometry to determine all fake projective planes. Using the arithmeticity of the fundamental group of fake projective planes, the formula for the covolume of principal arithmetic subgroups given by the first-named auhor, and some number theoretic estimates, we give a classification of fake projective planes in this paper. Twenty eight distinct classes are found. The construction given in the paper appears to be more direct and more natural. It does not use p-adic uniformization.
The addendum updates the results presented in the paper `Fake Projective Plane, Invent Math 168, 321-370 (2007)' and makes some additions and corrections. The fake projective planes are classified into twenty six classes. Together with a recent work of Donald Cartwright and Tim Steger, there is now a complete list of fake projective planes. There are precisely one hundred fake projective planes as complex surfaces classified up to biholomorphism.
We show that if n>5, PU(n-1,1) does not contain a cocompact arithmetic subgroup with the same Euler-Poincare characteristic (in the sense of C.T.C. Wall) as the complex projective space of dimension n-1, and show that if n=5, there are at least four such subgroups, which are in fact torsion-free. This, in particular, leads to examples of a fake projective space of dimension 4. Analogous results for arithmetic fake grassmannians Gr(m,n) with n>3 odd are also obtained.
We define fake weighted projective spaces as a generalisation of weighted projective spaces. We introduce the notions of fundamental group in codimension 1 and of universal covering in codimension 1. We prove that for every fake weighted projective space its universal cover in codimension 1 is a weighted projective space.
Fake projective planes are smooth complex surfaces of general type with Betti numbers equal to that of the usual projective plane. Recent explicit constructions of fake projective planes embed them via their bicanonical embedding in $\mathbb P^9$. In this paper, we study Keum's fake projective plane $(a=7, p=2, \{7\}, D_3 2_7)$ and use the equations of \cite{Borisov} to construct an embedding of fake projective plane in $\mathbb P^5$. We also simplify the 84 cubic equations defining the fake projective plane in $\mathbb P^9$.
The main purpose of the note is to exclude the existence of certain submaximal curves in fake projective planes. This will lead to lower bounds on multipoint Seshadri constants of `fake' $\mathcal{O}(1)$ on fake projective planes.
We prove that the fake projective planes constructed from the diadic discrete group discovered by Cartwright, Mantero, Steger, and Zappa are connected Shimura varieties associated to a certain unitary group. The necessary Shimura data, as well as the unitary group, are explicitly described. We also give a field of definition of these fake projective planes.
For every fake projective plane $X$ with automorphism group of order 21, we prove that $H^i(X, 2L)=0$ for all $i$ and for every ample line bundle $L$ with $L^2=1$. For every fake projective plane with automorphism group of order 9, we prove the same vanishing for every cubic root (and its twist by a 2-torsion) of the canonical bundle $K$. As an immediate consequence, there are exceptional sequences of length 3 on such fake projective planes.
Recently, Prasad and Yeung classified all possible fundamental groups of fake projective planes. According to their result, many fake projective planes admit a nontrivial group of automorphisms, and in that case it is isomorphic to $\bbZ/3\bbZ$, $\bbZ/7\bbZ$, $7:3$, or $(\bbZ/3\bbZ)^2$, where $7:3$ is the unique non-abelian group of order 21. Let $G$ be a group of automorphisms of a fake projective plane $X$. In this paper we classify all possible structures of the quotient surface $X/G$ and its minimal resolution.
Our goal is to study the syzygies of the projective embeddings defined by ample line bundles on a fake projective plane S. The syzygies are studied in terms of the property $N_p$. For various kinds of ample line bundles, we give explicit lower bounds for their powers above which the property $N_p$ is satisfied.
The purpose of the article is to explain a new method to establish the existence of an exceptional collection of length three for a fake projective plane M with non-trivial automorphism group, related to a conjecture of Galkin-Katzarkov-Mellit-Shinder in 2015. Our method shows that 30 fake projective planes support such a sequence, most of which are new. In particular, this provides many new H-phantom categories.
This is a revised version of a part of the author's preprint "On p-adic uniformization of fake projective planes" (preprint, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Mathematik, 1998 (121)). In this paper we construct explicitly a Shimura surface of PEL-type, associated to a certain unitary group, whose connected components are isomorphic to Mumford's fake projective plane. We also give the canonical model, Shimura field and number of connected components of this Shimura surface. As a consequence of the construction we prove that the Mumford's fake projective plane is an arithmetic complex unit-ball quotient,…
We characterise mutations between fake weighted projective spaces, and give explicit formulas for how the weights and multiplicity change under mutation. In particular, we prove that multiplicity-preserving mutations between fake weighted projective spaces are mutations over edges of the corresponding simplices. As an application, we analyse the canonical and terminal fake weighted projective spaces of maximal degree.
We give a criterion for a projective surface to become a quotient of a fake projective plane. We also give a detailed information on the elliptic fibration of a $(2,3)$-elliptic surface that is the minimal resolution of a quotient of a fake projective plane. As a consequence, we give a classification of ${\mathbb Q}$-homology projective planes with cusps only.
The purpose of the present paper is to explain the fake projective plane constructed by J.H. Keum from the point of view of arithmetic ball quotients. Beside the ball quotient associated with the fake projective plane, we also analize two further naturally related ball quotients whose minimal desingularizations lead to two elliptic surfaces, one already considered by J.H. Keum as well as the one constructed by M.N. Ishida in terms of p-adic uniformization.
Fake projective planes are smooth complex surfaces of general type with Betti numbers equal to those of the usual projective plane. They come in complex conjugate pairs and have been classified as quotients of the two-dimensional ball by explicitly written arithmetic subgroups. In this paper we find equations of a projective model of a conjugate pair of fake projective planes by studying the geometry of the quotient of such surface by an order seven automorphism.
A fake projective plane is a compact complex manifold of dimension 2 which has the same Betti numbers as the complex projective plane, but not isomorphic to the complex projective plane. As was shown by D. Mumford, there exists at least one such surface. In this paper we prove the existence of a fake projective plane which is birational to a cyclic cover of degree 7 of a Dolgachev surface.
We apply the recent results of Galkin et al. [GKMS15] to study some geometrical features of Keum's fake projective planes. Among other things, we show that the bicanonical map of Keum's fake projective planes is always an embedding. Moreover, we construct a nonstandard exceptional collection on the unique fake projective plane $X$ with $H_{1}(X; \mathbb{Z})=(\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})^{4}$.
We show that there exist exceptional collections of length 3 consisting of line bundles on the three fake projective planes that have a 2-adic uniformisation with torsion free covering group. We also compute the Hochschild cohomology of the right orthogonal of the subcategory of the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves generated by these exceptional collections.
We will give an upper bound for the $k$-normality of very ample lattice simplices, and then give an Eisenbud-Goto-type bound for some special classes of projective toric varieties.
A fake weighted projective space X is a Q-factorial toric variety with Picard number one. As with weighted projective space, X comes equipped with a set of weights (λ_0,...,λ_n). We see how the singularities of P(λ_0,...,λ_n) influence the singularities of X, and how the weights bound the number of possible fake weighted projective spaces for a fixed dimension. Finally, we present an upper bound on the ratios λ_j/\sumλ_i if we wish X to have only terminal (or canonical) singularities.
We give a sharp upper bound on the multiplicity of a fake weighted projective space with at worst canonical singularities. This is equivalent to giving a sharp upper bound on the index of the sublattice generated by the vertices of a lattice simplex containing only the origin as an interior lattice point. We also completely characterise when equality occurs and discuss related questions and conjectures.
The purpose of this paper is to explicitly compute the Seshadri constants of all ample line bundles on fake projective planes. The proof relies on the theory of the Toledo invariant, and more precisely on its characterization of $\C$-Fuchsian curves in complex hyperbolic spaces.
We discover a family of surfaces of general type with $K^2=3$ and $p=q=0$ as free $C_{13}$ quotients of special linear cuts of the octonionic projective plane $\mathbb O \mathbb P^2$. A special member of the family has $3$ singularities of type $A_2$, and is a quotient of a fake projective plane. We use the techniques of \cite{BF20} to define this fake projective plane by explicit equations in its bicanonical embedding.
On the projective plane there is a unique cubic root of the canonical bundle and this root is acyclic. On fake projective planes such root exists and is unique if there are no 3-torsion divisors (and usually exists, but not unique, otherwise). Earlier we conjectured that any such cubic root must be acyclic. In the present note we give two short proofs of this statement and show acyclicity of some other line bundles on the fake projective planes with at least $9$ automorphisms. Similarly to our earlier work we employ simple representation theory for non-abelian finite groups. The first proof is…
In previous work by Coates, Galkin, and the authors, the notion of mutation between lattice polytopes was introduced. Such a mutation gives rise to a deformation between the corresponding toric varieties. In this paper we study one-step mutations that correspond to deformations between weighted projective planes, giving a complete characterisation of such mutations in terms of T-singularities. We show also that the weights involved satisfy Diophantine equations, generalising results of Hacking-Prokhorov.
It has been shown by Hacking and Prokhorov that if the projective surface X with quotient singularities and self-intersection number 9 has a smoothing to the projective plane, then X is the general fiber of a Q-Gorenstein deformation of the weighted projective plane with weights giving solutions to the Markov equation. This result has been understood and generalized by combinatorial mutations of Fano triangles by Akhtar, Coates, Galkin, and Kasprzyk. In this note, we study this result by utilizing polarized T-varieties and describe the associated deformation explicitly in terms of certain Mink…
Let N a compact complex submanifold of a compact complex manifold M. We say N splits in M, if the holomorphic tangent bundle sequence splits holomorphically. By a result of Mok a splitting submanifold of a Kaehler Einstein manifold with a projective structure is totally geodesic. The classification of all splitting submanifolds of families of fake elliptic curves given here completes the case of threefolds M with a projective structure by a previous result of the authors.
This paper determines the inertia groups (isotropy groups) of the points of a toric Deligne-Mumford stack [Z/G] (considered over the category of smooth manifolds) that is realized from a quotient construction using a stacky fan or stacky polytope. The computation provides an explicit correspondence between certain geometric and combinatorial data. In particular, we obtain a computation of the connected component of the identity element $G_0 \subset G$ and the component group $G/G_0$ in terms of the underlying stacky fan, enabling us to characterize the toric DM stacks which are global quotient…
In Dubouloz and Mangolte (Fake real planes: exotic affine algebraic models of $\mathbb{R}^{2}$, arXiv:1507.01574, 2015) we define and partially classify fake real planes, that is, minimal complex surfaces with conjugation whose real locus is diffeomorphic to the euclidean real plane $\mathbb{R}^{2}$. Classification results are given up to biregular isomorphisms and up to birational diffeomorphisms. In this note, we describe in an elementary way numerous examples of fake real planes and we exhibit examples of such planes of every Kodaira dimension $κ\in \{-\infty,0,1,2\}$ which are birationally…
A fake quadric is a smooth projective surface that has the same rational cohomology as a smooth quadric surface but is not biholomorphic to one. We provide an explicit classification of all irreducible fake quadrics according to the commensurability class of their fundamental group. To accomplish this task, we develop a number of new techniques that explicitly bound the arithmetic invariants of a fake quadric and more generally of an arithmetic manifold of bounded volume arising from a form of SL_2 over a number field.
We study real rational models of the euclidean plane $\mathbb{R}^2$ up to isomorphisms and up to birational diffeomorphisms. The analogous study in the compact case, that is the classification of real rational models of the real projective plane $\mathbb{R}\mathbb{P}^2$ is well known: up to birational diffeomorphisms, there is only one model. A fake real plane is a nonsingular affine surface defined over the reals with homologically trivial complex locus and real locus diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^2$ but which is not isomorphic to the real affine plane. We prove that fake planes exist by givin…
We adapt the theory of non-Archimedean uniformization to construct a smooth surface from a lattice in PGL3(Q2) that has nontrivial torsion. It turns out to be a fake projective plane, commensurable with Mumford's fake plane yet distinct from it and the other fake planes that arise from 2-adic uniformization by torsion-free groups. As part of the proof, and of independent interest, we compute the homotopy type of the Berkovich space of our plane.
In the present article, we provide examples of fake quadrics, that is, minimal complex surfaces of general type with the same numerical invariants as the smooth quadric in $\PP ^3$ which are quotients of the bidisc by an irreducible lattice of automorphisms. Moreover, we list classes of arithmetic lattices over a real quadratic number field which define a fake quadric and give general results towards a classification of all such fake quadrics.
The purpose of this note is to show that $2K$ of any smooth compact complex two ball quotient is very ample, except possibly for four pairs of fake projective planes of minimal type, where $K$ is the canonical line bundle. For the four pairs of fake projective planes, sections of $2K_M$ give an embedding of $M$ except possibly for at most two points on $M$.
We discover a simple construction of a four-dimensional family of smooth surfaces of general type with $p_g(S)=q(S)=0$, $K^2_S=3$ with cyclic fundamental group $C_{14}$. We use a degeneration of the surfaces in this family to find (complicated) explicit equations of six new pairs of fake projective planes. Our methods for finding new fake projective planes involve nontrivial computer calculations which we hope will be applicable in other settings.
The paper is a generalization of a result of I. Dolgachev, M. Mendes Lopes, and R. Pardini. We prove that a smooth projective complex surface $X$, not necessarily minimal, contains $h^{1,1}(X)-1$ disjoint $(-2)$-curves if and only if $X$ is isomorphic to a minimal rational ruled surface ${\bf F}_2$ or ${\bf P}^2$ or a fake projective plane. We also describe smooth projective complex surfaces $X$ with $h^{1,1}(X)-2$ disjoint $(-2)$-curves.
We construct an infinite series of simply transitive irreducible lattices in PGL_2(F_q((t))) \times PGL_2(F_q((t))) by means of a quaternion algebra over F_q(t). The lattices depend on an odd prime power q = p^r and a parameter τ in F_q^* different from 1, and are the fundamental group of a square complex with just one vertex and universal covering T_{q+1} \times T_{q+1}, a product of trees with constant valency q + 1. Our lattices give rise via non-archimedian uniformization to smooth projective surfaces of general type over F_q((t)) with ample canonical class, Chern ratio (c_1)^2/c_2 = 2, tr…
We generalize methods to compute various kinds of rank to the case of a toric variety $X$ embedded into projective space using a very ample line bundle $\mathcal{L}$. We find an upper bound on the cactus rank. We use this to compute rank, border rank, and cactus rank of monomials in $H^0(X,\mathcal{L})^*$ when $X$ is $\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1$, the Hirzebruch surface $\mathbb{F}_1$, the weighted projective plane $\mathbb{P}(1,1,4)$, or a fake weighted projective plane.
In this short note, we present a construction of new symplectic 4-manifolds with non-negative signature using the complex surfaces on Bogomolov-Miyaoka-Yau line $c_1^2 = 9χ_h$, the fake projective planes and Cartwright-Steger surfaces. Our construction yields an infinite family of fake rational homology $(2n-1)\CP#(2n-1)\CPb$ for any integer $3 \leq n \leq 22$.
It was shown by A. Beauville that if the canonical map $φ_{|K_M|}$ of a complex smooth projective surface $M$ is generically finite, then ${\rm deg}(φ_{|K_M|})\leq 36$. The first example of a surface with canonical degree 36 was found by the second author. In this article, we show that for any surface which is a degree four Galois étale cover of a fake projective plane $X$ with the largest possible automorphism group ${\rm Aut}(X)=C_7:C_3$ (the unique non-abelian group of order 21), the base locus of the canonical map is finite, and we verify that 35 of these surfaces have maximal canonical de…
We generalize results by Wakabayashi and Orevkov about rational cuspidal curves on the projective plane to that on $\mathbb{Q}$-homology projective planes. It turns out that the result is exactly the same as the projective plane case under suitable assumptions. We also provide examples which demonstrate sharpness of the results. The ambient surface is singular in these examples.
