A. Kaplan, F. Levstein, L. Saal, A. Tiraboschi
We study maximal horizontal subgroups of Carnot groups of Heisenberg type. We classify those of dimension half of that of the canonical distribution ("lagrangians") and illustrate some notable ones of small dimension. An infinitesimal classification of the arbitrary maximal horizontal submanifolds follows as a consequence.
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We determine necessary conditions for a non-horizontal submanifold of a sub-Riemannian stratified Lie group to be of minimal measure. We calculate the first variation of the measure for a non-horizontal submanifold and find that the minimality condition implies the tensor equation $H+σ=0$, where $H$ is analogous to the mean curvature and $σ$ is the mean torsion. We also discuss new examples of minimal non-horizontal submanifolds in the Heisenberg group, in particular surfaces in $\mathbb H^2$.
In this paper, we study some basic geometric properties of pseudohermitian submanifolds of the Heisenberg groups. In particular, we obtain the uniqueness and existence theorems, and some rigidity theorems.
The CR-Volume of Horizontal Submanifolds of Spheres
本文针对奇数维球面中的 Legendrian 或水平子流形，提出在 CR-自同构下不变的 CR-体积，并将其用于相应的 Willmore 能量。
By using the support function on the $xy$-plane, we show the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of envelopes of horizontal lines in the 3D-Heisenberg group. A method to construct horizontal envelopes from the given ones is also derived, and we classify the solutions satisfying the construction.
We investigate the notion of H-subdifferential and H-normal map of a function on the Heisenberg group, based on its sub-Riemannian structure. In particular, a characterization of the convexity of a function is given via the nonemptiness of the H-subdifferential at every point.
A characterization of horizontally totally geodesic hypersurfaces in Heisenberg groups
针对高维Heisenberg群的Bernstein问题，本文通过刻画直纹性质并研究次Riemannian测地线，证明ℍⁿ（n≥2）中水平对称第二基本形式为零的整体超曲面只能是超平面。
Area-minimizing horizontal graphs with low-regularity in the sub-Finsler Heisenberg group $\mathbb{H}^1$
研究次芬斯勒海森堡群$\mathbb{H}^1$中低正则性面积极小水平图，构造以水平线或共点水平半直线有限并为奇异集的欧氏局部利普希茨整面积极小水平图，还给出多类面积极小锥例子。
Let $M$ be a submanifold of a Riemannian manifold $(N,g)$. $M$ induces a subbundle $O(M,N)$ of adapted frames over $M$ of the bundle of orthonormal frames $O(N)$. Riemannian metric $g$ induces natural metric on $O(N)$. We study the geometry of a submanifold $O(M,N)$ in $O(N)$. We characterize the horizontal distribution of $O(M,N)$ and state its correspondence with the horizontal lift in $O(N)$ induced by the Levi--Civita connection on $N$. In the case of extrinsic geometry, we show that minimality is equivalent to harmonicity of the Gauss map of the submanifold $M$ with deformed Riemannian me…
We obtain a blow-up theorem for regular submanifolds in the Heisenberg group, where intrinsic dilations are used. Main consequence of this result is an explicit formula for the density of (p+1)-dimensional spherical Hausdorff measure restricted to a p-dimensional submanifold with respect to the Riemannian surface measure. We explicitly compute this formula in some simple examples and we present a lower semicontinuity result for the spherical Hausdorff measure with respect to the weak convergence of currents. Another application is the proof of an intrinsic coarea formula for vector-valued mapp…
Horizontal points of smooth submanifolds in stratified groups play the role of singular points with respect to the Carnot-Carathe'odory distance. When we consider hypersurfaces, they coincide with the well known characteristic points. In two step groups, we obtain pointwise estimates for the Riemannian surface measure at all horizontal points of $C^{1,1}$ smooth submanifolds. As an application, we establish an integral formula to compute the spherical Hausdorff measure of any $C^{1,1}$ submanifold. Our technique also shows that $C^2$ smooth submanifolds everywhere admit an intrinsic blow-up an…
Submanifolds with boundary in sub-Riemannian Heisenberg Groups
本文研究亚黎曼海森堡群中具有内在$C^1$正则性的带边界子流形，给出实例并建立涉及Rumin微分形式积分的斯托克斯定理。
Submanifolds with boundary and Stokes' Theorem in Heisenberg groups
本文在海森堡群中引入带边 $C^1_\mathbb{H}$-正则子流形，并结合 Rumin 微分形式复形证明了相应版本的斯托克斯定理。
We generalise a result of Garofalo and Pauls: a horizontally minimal smooth surface embedded in the Heisenberg group is locally a (straight) ruled surface, i.e. it consists of straight lines tangent to a horizontal vector field along a smooth curve. We show additionally that any horizontally minimal surface is locally contactomorphic to the complex plane.
The Sharp Isoperimetric Inequality in the First Heisenberg Group
本文证明了第一海森堡群中尖锐水平等周不等式，等号条件为Pansu球的左平移和伸缩。
In this paper we study the non-geodesic non-null biharmonic curves in 3-dimensional hyperbolic Heisenberg group. We prove that all of the non-geodesic non-null biharmonic curves in 3-dimensional hyperbolic Heisenberg group are helices. Moreover, we obtain explicit parametric equations for non-geodesic non-null biharmonic curves and non-geodesic spacelike horizontal biharmonic curves in 3-dimensional hyperbolic Heisenberg group, respectively. We also show that there do not exist non-geodesic timelike horizontal biharmonic curves in 3-dimensional hyperbolic Heisenberg group.
Involutivity is a well known necessary condition for integrability of smooth tangent distributions. We show that this condition is still necessary for integrability with Sobolev surfaces. We specialize our study to the left invariant horizontal distribution of the first Heisenberg group $\H^1$. Here we answer a question raised in a paper by Z.M.Balogh, R.Hoefer-Isenegger, J.T.Tyson.
We prove that the horizontal and vertical distributions of the tangent bundle with the Sasaki metric are isocline, the distributions given by the kernels of the horizontal and vertical lifts of the contact form $ω$ from the Heisenberg manifold $(H_3,g)$ to $(TH_3,g^S)$ are not totally geodesic, and the distributions $F^H=L(E_1^H,E_2^H)$ and $F^V=L(E_1^V,E_2^V)$ are totally geodesic, but they are not isocline. We obtain that the horizontal and natural lifts of the curves from the Heisenberg manifold $(H_3,g)$, are geodesics in the tangent bundle endowed with the Sasaki metric $(TH_3,g^s)$, if a…
We study the horizontally regular curves in the Heisenberg groups $H_n$. We show the fundamental theorem of curves in $H_n$ $(n\geq 2)$ and define the concept of the orders for horizontally regular curves. We also show that the curve $γ$ is of order $k$ if and only if $γ$ lies in $H_k$ but not in $H_{k-1}$ up to a Heisenberg rigid motion; moreover, two curves with the same order differ from a rigid motion if and only if they have the same p-curvatures and contact normality. Thus, combining with our previous work we have completed the classification of horizontally regular curves in $H_n$ for $…
Harmonic morphisms and minimal submanifolds
本文研究了调和映射与最小子流形的关系，推导了调和映射在不同余维数下的性质，并通过具体例子得到了新的面积最小超锥体。
We examine the geometry of the level sets of particular horizontally $p$-harmonic functions in the Heisenberg group. We find sharp, natural geometric conditions ensuring that the level sets of the $p$-capacitary potential of a bounded annulus in the Heisenberg group are strictly starshaped.
A semi-discrete scheme for horizontal mean curvature flow in the Heisenberg group
本文针对第一海森堡群的水平平均曲率流提出极小化运动半离散格式，证明了满足特定连续性条件的平坦流存在，适用于任意有限水平周长的有界集。
Horizontal and Straight Triangulations on Heisenberg Groups
本文证明了海森堡群存在由水平低维层和直线高维层构成的奇异单纯形三角剖分，先构造于一般多面体结构，再推广至整个群，并给出显式例子。
We study the strong maximum principle for horizontal (p-) mean curvature operator and p-(sub)laplacian operator on subriemannian manifolds including, in particular, Heisenberg groups and Heisenberg cylinders. Under a certain Hormander type condition on vector fields, we show the strong maximum principle holds in higher dimensions for two cases: (a) the touching point is nonsingular; (b) the touching point is an isolated singular point for one of comparison functions. For a background subriemannian manifold with local symmetry of isometric translations, we have the strong maximum principle for …
The Isoperimetric Inequality in Higher-Dimensional Heisenberg Groups
本文证明了高维海森堡群中的锐利水平等周不等式，并刻画了等号成立的条件为Pansu球的左平移和膨胀。
Bisectors in the Heisenberg group I
本文证明了海森堡群中科拉尼度量下的度量平分面与脊球面等价，并计算了其水平平均曲率。
In this paper we aim at identifying the level sets of the gauge norm in the Heisenberg group $\mathbb{H}^n$ via the prescription of their (non-constant) horizontal mean curvature. We establish a uniqueness result in $\mathbb{H}^1$ under an assumption on the location of the singular set, and in $\mathbb{H}^n$ for $n\geq 2$ in the proper class of horizontally umbilical hypersurfaces
By studying the group of rigid motions, $PSH(1)$, in the 3D-Heisenberg group $H_1$, we define the density and the measure for the sets of horizontal lines. We show that the volume of a convex domain $D\subset H_1$ is equal to the integral of length of chord over all horizontal lines intersecting $D$. As the classical result in integral geometry, we also define the kinematic density for $PSH(1)$ and show the probability of randomly throwing a vector $v$ interesting the convex domain $D\subset D_0$ under the condition that $v$ is contained in $D_0$. Both results show the relationship connecting …
We consider Heisenberg groups equipped with a sub-Finsler metric. Using methods of optimal control theory we prove that in this geometric setting the infinite geodesics are horizontal lines under the assumption that the sub-Finsler metric is defined by a strictly convex norm. This answers a question posed in [5] and has applications in the characterisation of isometric embeddings into Heisenberg groups.
For $n\geq 2$ we define a notion of umbilicity for hypersurfaces in the Heisenberg group $H_{n}$. We classify umbilic hypersurfaces in some cases, and prove that Pansu spheres are the only umbilic spheres with positive constant $p$(or horizontal)-mean curvature in $H_{n}$ up to Heisenberg translations.
We give new examples of entire area-minimizing t-graphs in the subriemannian Heisenberg group H^1. Most of the examples are locally lipschitz in Euclidean sense. Some regular examples have prescribed singular set consisting of either a horizontal line or a finite number of horizontal halflines extending from a given point. Amongst them, a large family of area-minimizing cones is obtained.
In this paper we study the notion of geodesic curvature of smooth horizontal curves parametrized by arc lenght in the Heisenberg group, that is the simplest sub-Riemannian structure. Our goal is to give a metric interpretation of this notion of geodesic curvature as the first corrective term in the Taylor expansion of the distance between two close points of the curve.
We study the uniqueness of generalized $p$-minimal surfaces in the Heisenberg group. The generalized $p$-area of a graph defined by $u$ reads $\int |\nabla u+\vec{F}| + Hu$. If $u$ and $v$ are two minimizers for the generalized $p$-area satisfying the same Dirichlet boundary condition, then we can only get $N_{\vec{F}}(u)$ $=$ $N_{\vec{F}}(v)$ (on the nonsingular set) where $N_{\vec{F}}(w)$ $:=$ $\frac{\nabla w+\vec{F}}{|\nabla w+\vec{F}|}.$ To conclude $u$ $=$ $v$ (or $\nabla u$ $=$ $\nabla v)$, it is not straightforward as in the Riemannian case, but requires some special argument in general…
In this paper, we will first derive a DDVV-type optimal inequality for real skew-symmetric matrices, then we apply it to establish a Simons-type integral inequality for Riemannian submersions with totally geodesic fibres and Yang-Mills horizontal distributions. In this way, we show phenomenons of duality between Submanifold geometry and Riemannnian submersion, particularly between second fundamental form of a submanifold and integrability tensor of a Riemannian submersion.
Tubes in sub-Riemannian geometry and a Weyl's invariance result for curves in the Heisenberg groups
本文研究了子黎曼结构中子流形的距离正则性，管状邻域体积渐进行为，以及海森堡群中曲线的韦伊不变性，证明了管体积仅依赖于Reeb角。
Quantitative Centre Rigidity under Riemannian Approximation in Heisenberg Groups
该论文证明了海森堡群中满足稳定性条件的有限黎曼周长集合的定量中心刚性，给出了水平中心导数等量的界，并指出周长超出量满足相同界。
Horizontal curvatures of surfaces in 3D contact sub-Riemannian Lie groups
本文研究了三维接触子黎曼流形中表面的水平曲率，通过黎曼逼近方案推导出相关公式，并分析了海森堡群和仿射加法群中的回转面。
Constant mean curvature surfaces in the sub-Lorentzian Heisenberg group
本文研究了子洛伦兹海森堡群中具有常水平平均曲率的曲面，通过体积保持径向变分推导了水平面积的第一变分公式，并完整分类了光滑的boost对称常平均曲率曲面，发现了一族非零常平均曲率的光滑非因果boost对称曲面，推测其为等周问题的解。
For the ``Hopf bundle'' $S^1\to S^{2n,1} \to {\mathbb H}^n$, horizontal lifts of simple closed curves are studied. Let $γ$ be a piecewise smooth, simple closed curve on a complete totally geodesic surface $S$ in the base space. Then the holonomy displacement along $γ$ is given by $$ V(γ)=e^{λA(γ) i} $$ where $A(γ)$ is the area of the region on the surface $S$ surrounded by $γ$; $λ=1/2 $ or 0 depending on whether $S$ is a complex submanifold or not. We also carry out a similar investigation for the complex Heisenberg group ${\mathbb R} \to {\mathcal H}^{2n+1} \to {\mathbb C}^n$.
After introducing the sub-Riemannian geometry of the Heisenberg group Hn, n \geq 1, we recall some basics about hypersurfaces endowed with the H-perimeter measure and horizontal Green's formulas. Then, we describe a class of compact closed hypersurfaces of constant horizontal mean curvature called "Isoperimetric Profiles"(they are not CC-balls!); see Section 2.1. Our main purpose is to study a closed eigenvalue problem on Isoperimetric Profiles, i.e. LHS ϕ+ λϕ= 0, where LHS is a 2nd order horizontal tangential operator analogous to the Laplace-Beltrami operator; see Section 1.5. This is done s…
In the context of sub-Riemannian Heisenberg groups Hn, n \geq 1, we shall study Isoperimetric Profiles, which are closed compact hypersurfaces having constant horizontal mean curvature, very similar to ellipsoids. Our main goal is to study the stability of Isoperimetric Profiles.
We establish a "low rank property" for Sobolev mappings that pointwise solve a first order nonlinear system of PDEs, whose smooth solutions have the so-called "contact property". As a consequence, Sobolev mappings from an open set of the plane, taking values in the first Heisenberg group and that have almost everywhere maximal rank must have images with positive 3-dimensional Hausdorff measure with respect to the sub-Riemannian distance of the Heisenberg group. This provides a complete solution to a question raised in a paper by Z. M. Balogh, R. Hoefer-Isenegger and J. T. Tyson. Our approach d…
The Minkowski problem in Heisenberg groups
本文首次在海森堡群的水平分布中提出并解决了次黎曼版本的闵可夫斯基型问题，通过变分方法给出了肯定回答。
In this paper, we introduce notions of $α$-planes in $5$D complex Heisenberg group and the twistor space as the moduli space of all $α$-planes. So we can define an anti-self-dual (ASD) connection as a connection flat over all $α$-planes. This geometric approach allows us to establish Penrose-Ward correspondence between ASD connections over $5$D complex Heisenberg group and a class of holomorphic vector bundles on the twistor space. By Atiyah-Ward ansätz, we also construct a family of ASD connections on $5$D complex Heisenberg group. When restricted to $5$D real Heisenberg group, the flat model…
On the sub-Riemannian geometry of the quaternionic Heisenberg group
本文研究四元数Heisenberg群的子黎曼几何，通过定义一系列黎曼度量并分析其极限，刻画了测地线和距离，并推导了超曲面的水平平均曲率公式。
In this paper we use the heat equation in a group of Heisenberg type $\mathbb{G}$ to provide a unified treatment of the two very different extension problems for the time independent pseudo-differential operators $\mathscr L^s$ and $\mathscr L_s$, $0< s\leq 1$. Here, $\mathscr L^s$ is the fractional power of the horizontal Laplacian, and $\mathscr L_s$ is the conformal fractional power of the horizontal Laplacian on $\mathbb{G}$. One of our main objective is compute explicitly the fundamental solutions of these nonlocal operators by a new approach exclusively based on partial differential equa…
The purpose of these notes is to explain parts of Gromov's survey of Carnot-Carathedory spaces, in the light of subsequent results of M. Rumin. Among the rich material provided by Gromov, most of which pertains to analysis on metric spaces, we choose to concentrate on the H{ö}lder equivalence problem for Carnot manifolds. The notes go to some extent into the PDE technique used by Gromov in order to construct horizontal submanifolds. Rumin's complex is explained too. The upshot is that both methods yield more or less the same conclusions as far as the H{ö}lder equivalence problem is concerned.
We characterize convex isoperimetric sets in the Heisenberg group endowed with horizontal perimeter. We first prove Sobolev regularity for a certain class of vector fields in the plane with bounded variation, related to the curvature equations. Then, by an approximation-reparameterization argument, we show that the boundary of convex isoperimetric sets is foliated by geodesics of the Carnot-Caratheodory distance.
Classification of invariant Gauss curvature solitons in the Heisenberg space $\nil$
本文分类了三维Heisenberg群$\mathrm{Nil}_3$中Gauss曲率流的孤子，这些孤子在一参数等距群下不变，通过四种Killing向量场和三族不变曲面分析了十二种可能的孤子类型，给出了显式参数化或几何性质。
In this note, we describe the geometry of the quaternionic Heisenberg groups from a Riemannian viewpoint. We show, in all dimensions, that they carry an almost $3$-contact metric structure which allows us to define the metric connection that equips these groups with the structure of a naturally reductive homogeneous space. It turns out that this connection, which we shall call the canonical connection because of its analogy to the $3$-Sasaki case, preserves the horizontal and vertical distributions and even the quaternionic contact structure of the quaternionic Heisenberg groups. We focus on t…
On Invariants of Constant $p$-Mean Curvature Surfaces in the Heisenberg Group $H_1$
本文利用既有理论与构造方法，在 Heisenberg 群 $H_1$ 中给出常 $p$-平均曲率曲面的新例子，完整刻画旋转不变情形并解释能量 $E$ 的下界几何意义。
We give dimension-free regularity conditions for a class of possibly degenerate sub-elliptic equations in the Heisenberg group exhibiting super-quadratic growth in the horizontal gradient; this solves an issue raised by Manfredi & Mingione (Math. Ann. 2007) where only dimension dependent bounds for the growth exponent are given. We also obtain explicit a priori local regularity estimates, and cover the case of the horizontal p-Laplacean operator, extending some regularity proven by Domokos & Manfredi (Cont. Math. 2005). In turn, the a priori estimates found are shown to imply the suitable loca…
Blow-ups of minimal surfaces in the Heisenberg group
本文修正了 Monti 在海森堡群中 H-周长最小化集合爆破理论中的偏微分方程错误，指出极限函数的水平拉普拉斯算子与坐标 y_1 无关并弱满足方程 1。
A Note on the Cesàro Condition for Curves in the Three-Dimensional Heisenberg Group
该研究针对三维Heisenberg群中水平正则曲线，基于适配Frenet-Serret公式推导三类相关曲线的性质，分离了固定Reeb方向对欧氏空间曲线经典构造的影响。
We consider the Carnot-Carathéodory distance $δ_E$ to a closed set $E$ in the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg groups $\mathbb{H}^n$, $n\ge 1$. The $\mathbb{H}$-regularity of $δ_E$ is proved under mild conditions involving a general notion of singular points. In case $E$ is a Euclidean $C^k$ submanifold, $k\ge 2$, we prove that $δ_E$ is $C^k$ out of the singular set. Explicit expressions for the volume of the tubular neighborhood when the boundary of $E$ is of class $C^2$ are obtained, out of the singular set, in terms of the horizontal principal curvatures of $\partial E$ and of the function $\langl…
Let $D$ be a closed disk centered at the origin in the horizontal hyperplane $\{t=0\}$ of the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group $\hh^n$, and $C$ the vertical cylinder over $D$. We prove that any finite perimeter set $E$ such that $D\subset E\subset C$ has perimeter larger than or equal to the one of the rotationally symmetric sphere with constant mean curvature of the same volume, and that equality holds only for the spheres using a recent result by Monti and Vittone [12].
A Heisenberg Subdivision Scheme with Central Smoothness Loss
该研究为海森堡群控制多边形引入插值细分方案，通过特定坐标规则细化点。水平部分继承经典四点极限的平滑性，中心部分收敛到Zygmund类连续极限，在特定条件下对数界尖锐，校正对单步无害但多步影响平滑性，警示非线性和群值细分。
In this paper we investigate H-minimal graphs of lower regularity. We show that noncharactersitic C^1 H-minimal graphs whose components of the unit horizontal Gauss map are in W^{1,1} are ruled surfaces with C^2 seed curves. In a different direction, we investigate ways in which patches of C^1 H-minimal graphs can be glued together to form continuous piecewise C^1 H-minimal surfaces. We apply these description of H-minimal graphs to the question of the existence of smooth solutions to the Dirichlet problem with smooth data. We find a necessary condition for the existence of smooth solutions an…
Horizontal inverse mean curvature flow in the Heisenberg group
该研究构建第一海森堡群$\u210d^1$中曲面逆平均曲率流的次黎曼弱解理论，通过Harnack不等式与Lipschitz估计克服边界连续性障碍得到一致内估计，还正面解决了$\u210d^1$中Heintze-Karcher不等式的公开问题。
The aim of the paper is to prove the following result concerning moduli of curve families in the Heisenberg group. Let $Ω$ be a domain in the Heisenberg group foliated by a family $Γ$ of legendrian curves. Assume that there is a quadratic differential $q$ on $Ω$ in the kernel of an operator defined in \cite{Tim2} and every curve in $Γ$ is a horizontal trajectory for $q$. Let $l_Γ: Ω\rightarrow ]0,+\infty[$ be the function that associates to a point $p\in Ω$, the $q$-length of the leaf containing $p$. Then, the modulus of $Γ$ is \[ M_4 (Γ) = \int_Ω\frac{|q|^2}{(l_Γ) ^4} \mathrm{d} L^3.\]
We consider a $C^{1}$ smooth surface with prescribed $p$(or $H$)-mean curvature in the 3-dimensional Heisenberg group. Assuming only the prescribed $p$-mean curvature $H\in C^{0},$ we show that any characteristic curve is $C^{2}$ smooth and its (line) curvature equals $-H$ in the nonsingular domain$.$ By introducing characteristic coordinates and invoking the jump formulas along characteristic curves, we can prove that the Legendrian (or horizontal) normal gains one more derivative. Therefore the seed curves are $C^{2}$ smooth. We also obtain the uniqueness of characteristic and seed curves pa…
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