Triunduloids: Embedded constant mean curvature surfaces with three ends and genus zero
Karsten Grosse-Brauckmann, Robert B Kusner, John M Sullivan
备注：
LaTeX, 22 pages, 2 figures (8 ps files); full version of our announcement math.DG/9903101; final version (minor revisions) to appear in Crelle's J. reine angew. Math
In 1841, Delaunay constructed the embedded surfaces of revolution with constant mean curvature (CMC); these unduloids have genus zero and are now known to be the only embedded CMC surfaces with two ends and finite genus. Here, we construct the complete family of embedded CMC surfaces with three ends and genus zero; they are classified using their asymptotic necksizes. We work in a class slightly more general than embedded surfaces, namely immersed surfaces which bound an immersed three-manifold, as introduced by Alexandrov.
We give a mathematical foundation for, and numerical demonstration of, the existence of mean curvature 1 surfaces of genus 1 with either two elliptic ends or two hyperbolic ends in de Sitter 3-space. An end of a mean curvature 1 surface is an ``elliptic end'' (resp. a ``hyperbolic end'') if the monodromy matrix at the end is diagonalizable with eigenvalues in the unit circle (resp. in the reals). Although the existence of the surfaces is numerical, the types of ends are mathematically determined.
In this paper we construct an example of a complete immersed minimal surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$ of genus one with two embedded catenoid-type ends, one Enneper-type end and total Gauss curvature $-16π.$ The proof of the existence of this example, was obtained using the Weierstrass representation, the theory of elliptic functions and explicitly solving the period problem.
Suppose $M$ is a complete, embedded minimal surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$ with an infinite number of ends, finite genus and compact boundary. We prove that the simple limit ends of $M$ have properly embedded representatives with compact boundary, genus zero and with constrained geometry. We use this result to show that if $M$ has at least two simple limit ends, then $M$ has exactly two simple limit ends. Furthermore, we demonstrate that $M$ is properly embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ if and only if $M$ has at most two limit ends if and only if $M$ has a countable number of limit ends.
In this paper, we study Alexandrov-embedded r-noids with genus 1 and horizontal ends. Such minimal surfaces are of two types and we build several examples of the first one. We prove that if a polygon bounds an immersed polygonal disk, it is the flux polygon of an r-noid with genus 1 of the first type. We also study the case of polygons which are invariant under a rotation. The construction of these surfaces is based on the resolution of the Dirichlet problem for the minimal surface equation on an unbounded domain.
We construct Weierstrass data for higher genus embedded doubly periodic minimal surfaces and present numerical evidence that the associated period problem can be solved. In the orthogonal ends case, there previously was only one known surface for each genus. We illustrate multiple new examples for each genus g>2. In the parallel ends case, the known examples limit as a foliation of parallel planes with nodes. We construct a new example for each genus g>2 that limit as g-1 singly periodic Scherk surfaces glued between two doubly periodic Scherk surfaces and also as a singly periodic surface wit…
In this paper, we use the conjugate surface construction to prove the existence of certain non-periodic symmetric immersed minimal surfaces. These surfaces have finite total curvature and embedded catenoid ends, and they have positive genus yet maintain the symmetry of their genus-zero counterparts constructed by Jorge-Meeks and Xu.
In this paper, we discuss complete minimal immersions in $\mathbb{R}^N$($N\geq4$) with finite total curvature and embedded planar ends. First, we prove nonexistence for the following cases: (1) genus 1 with 2 embedded planar ends, (2) genus $\neq4$, hyperelliptic with 2 embedded planar ends like the Lagrangian catenoid. Then we show the existence of embedded minimal spheres in $\mathbb{R}^4$ with 3 embedded planar ends. Moreover, we construct genus $g$ examples in $\mathbb{R}^4$ with $d$ embedded planar ends such that $g\geq 1$ and $g+2\leq d\leq 2g+1$. These examples include a family of embed…
The topological type of a non-compact Riemann surface is determined by its ends space and the ends having infinite genus. In this paper for a non-compact Riemann Surface $S_{m,s}$ with $s$ ends and exactly $m$ of them with infinite genus, such that $m,s\in \mathbb{N}$ and $1<m\leq s$, we give a precise description of the infinite set of generators of a Fuchsian (geometric Schottky) group $Γ_{m,s}$ such that the quotient space $\mathbb{H}/ Γ_{m, s}$ is homeomorphic to $S_{m,s}$ and has infinite area. For this construction, we exhibit a hyperbolic polygon with an infinite number of sides and giv…
The Weierstrass representation for minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^3$ provides a flexible method for constructing minimal surfaces of arbitrary genus. The topological limitations of minimal surfaces interfere with this providing a more general geometric modeling tool. Minimal surfaces lie in the larger class of harmonic surfaces, which in general don't have the same topological limitations of minimal surfaces and can have complicated embedded ends. In this paper we demonstrate the flexibility of using the Weierstrass representation for harmonic surfaces to combine embedded harmonic ends togeth…
In this note we study the topology of 3-dimensional initial data sets with horizons of a sort associated with asymptotically locally anti-de Sitter spacetimes. We show that, within this class, those initial data sets which contain no (immersed) marginally outer trapped surfaces in their interior must have simple topology: they are a product of a surface and an interval, or a mild variation thereof, depending on the connectedness of the horizon and on its genus relative to that of the end. The results obtained here extend results in [11] to the case of higher genus ends.
For any m > 0, we construct properly embedded minimal surfaces in H^2 x R with genus zero, infinitely many vertical planar ends and m limit ends. We also provide examples with an infinite countable number of limit ends. All these examples are vertical bi-graphs.
With the developments of the last decade on complete constant mean curvature 1 (CMC 1) surfaces in the hyperbolic 3-space $H^3$, many examples of such surfaces are now known. However, most of the known examples have regular ends. (An end is irregular, resp. regular, if the hyperbolic Gauss map of the surface has an essential singularity, resp. at most a pole, there.) There are some known surfaces with irregular ends, but they are all either reducible or of infinite total curvature. (The surface is reducible if and only if the monodromy of the secondary Gauss map can be simultaneously diagonali…
We prove the existence of nonperiodic, properly embedded minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^2\times\mathbb{S}^1$ with genus zero, infinitely many ends and one limit end (in particular, they have infinite total curvature).
In this paper we describe a new deformation that connects minimal disks with planar ends with minimal disks with helicoidal ends. In this way, we are able to construct a family of complete minimal surfaces with helicoidal ends that contains the singly periodic genus one helicoid of Hoffman, Karcher and Wei.
We announce the classification of complete, almost embedded surfaces of constant mean curvature, with three ends and genus zero: they are classified by triples of points on the sphere whose distances are the asymptotic necksizes of the three ends.
We investigate the close relationship between minimal surfaces in Euclidean 3-space and constant mean curvature 1 surfaces in hyperbolic 3-space. Just as in the case of minimal surfaces in Euclidean 3-space, the only complete connected embedded constant mean curvature 1 surfaces with two ends in hyperbolic space are well-understood surfaces of revolution -- the catenoid cousins. In contrast to this, we show that, unlike the case of minimal surfaces in Euclidean 3-space, there do exist complete connected immersed constant mean curvature 1 surfaces with two ends in hyperbolic space that are not …
We prove the existence of a complete, embedded, singly periodic minimal surface, whose quotient by vertical translations has genus one and two ends. The existence of this surface was announced in our paper in {\it Bulletin of the AMS}, 29(1):77--84, 1993. Its ends in the quotient are asymptotic to one full turn of the helicoid, and, like the helicoid, it contains a vertical line. Modulo vertical translations, it has two parallel horizontal lines crossing the vertical axis. The nontrivial symmetries of the surface, modulo vertical translations, consist of: $180^\circ$ rotation about the vertica…
We show that any infinite-type surface without planar ends admits arbitrarily large families of length isospectral hyperbolic structures. If the surface has infinite genus and its space of ends is self-similar, we construct an uncountable family of isospectral and quasiconformally distinct hyperbolic structures.
We prove that for every nonnegative integer $g$, there exists a bound on the number of ends of a complete, embedded minimal surface $M$ in $\mathbb{R}^3$ of genus $g$ and finite topology. This bound on the finite number of ends when $M$ has at least two ends implies that $M$ has finite stability index which is bounded by a constant that only depends on its genus.
For each end of complete minimal surface in the Euclidean 3-space, the flux vector is defined. It is well-known that the sum of the flux vector over all ends are zero. Consider the following inverse problem: For each balanced n-vectors, find an n-end catenoid which realizes these vectors as flux. Here, an n-end catenoid is a complete minimal surface of genus zero with ends asymptotic to the catenoids. In this paper, we show that the inverse problem can be solved for almost all balanced n vectors for arbitrary n, which is grater than 4. The assumption "almost all" is needed because nonexistence…
We construct new constant mean curvature surfaces in H2xR. They arise as sister surfaces of Plateau solutions. It is a family of MC 1/2 surfaces with k ends, genus 1 and k-fold dihedral symmetry, k greater 2. The surfaces are Alexandrov- embedded.
We construct new examples of immersed minimal surfaces with catenoid ends and finite total curvature, of both genus zero and higher genus. In the genus zero case, we classify all such surfaces with at most $2n+1$ ends, and with symmetry group the natural $\bfZ_2$ extension of the dihedral group $D_n$. The surfaces are constructed by proving existence of the conjugate surfaces. We extend this method to cases where the conjugate surface of the fundamental piece is noncompact and is not a graph over a convex plane domain.
We show the existence of several new families of non-compact constant mean curvature surfaces: (i) singly-punctured surfaces of arbitrary genus $g \geq 1$, (ii) doubly-punctured tori, and (iii) doubly periodic surfaces with Delaunay ends.
In 1988, Karcher generalized the family of singly periodic Scherk minimal surfaces by constructing, for each natural $n\geq 2$, a $(2n-3)$-parameter family of singly periodic minimal surfaces with genus zero and $2n$ Scherk-type ends in the quotient, called {\it saddle towers}. They have been recently classified by Pérez and Traizet \cite{PeTra1} as the only properly embedded singly periodic minimal surfaces in $\R^3$ with genus zero and finitely many Scherk-type ends in the quotient. In this paper we obtain as a limit of saddle towers: the catenoid; the doubly periodic Scherk minimal surface …
We consider constant mean curvature surfaces of finite topology, properly embedded in three-space in the sense of Alexandrov. Such surfaces with three ends and genus zero were constructed and completely classified by the authors in arXiv:math.DG/0102183. Here we extend the arguments to the case of an arbitrary number of ends, under the assumption that the asymptotic axes of the ends lie in a common plane: we construct and classify the entire family of these genus-zero coplanar constant mean curvature surfaces.
The ends of a complete embedded minimal surface of {\em finite total curvature} are well understood (every such end is asymptotic to a catenoid or to a plane). We give a similar characterization for a large class of ends of {\em infinite total curvature}, showing that each such end is asymptotic to a helicoid. The result applies, in particular, to the genus one helicoid and implies that it is embedded outside of a compact set in ${\mathbb R}^3$.
For each $k\geq 3$, we construct a 1-parameter family of complete properly Alexandrov-embedded minimal surfaces in the Riemannian product space $\mathbb{H}^2\times\mathbb{R}$ with genus $1$ and $k$ embedded ends asymptotic to vertical planes. We also obtain complete minimal surfaces with genus $1$ and $2k$ ends in the quotient of $\mathbb{H}^2\times\mathbb{R}$ by an arbitrary vertical translation. They all have dihedral symmetry with respect to $k$ vertical planes, as well as finite total curvature $-4kπ$. Finally, we also provide examples of complete properly Alexandrov-embedded minimal surfa…
We show existence of constant mean curvature 1 surfaces in both hyperbolic 3-space and de Sitter 3-space with two complete embedded ends and any positive genus up to genus twenty. We also find another such family of surfaces in de Sitter 3-space, but with a different non-embedded end behavior.
We combine the DPW method and Opening Nodes to construct embedded surfaces of positive constant mean curvature with Delaunay ends in euclidean space, with no limitation to the genus or number of ends.
We combine the DPW method and opening nodes to construct embedded surfaces of positive constant mean curvature with Delaunay ends in euclidean space, with no limitation to the genus or number of ends.
A Ricci surface is defined as a Riemannian surface $(M,g_M)$ whose Gauss curvature satisfies the differential equation $KΔK + g_M(dK,dK) + 4K^3=0$. Andrei Moroianu and Sergiu Moroianu proved that a Ricci surface with non-positive Gauss curvature admits locally a minimal immersion into $\mathbb{R}^3$. In this paper, we are interested in studying non-compact orientable Ricci surfaces with catenoidal ends. We use an analogue of the Weierstrass data to obtain some classification results for such Ricci surfaces. We also give an existence result for positive genus Ricci surfaces with catenoidal ends…
We construct higher genus Riemann's minimal surfaces properly embedded in the Euclidean space. To do that we glue end by end a Costa-Hoffman-Meeks examples to two halves genus zero Riemann's minimal surfaces. In first we need to perform a deformation of a Costa-Hoffman-Meeks example to prescribe the flux vector along the catenoidal ends. Then we study the mapping property of the Jacobi operator on the half Riemann example as a perturbation analysis of a CMC-Delaunay half cylinder.
We prove the existence of a family of embedded doubly periodic minimal surfaces of (quotient) genus $g$ with orthogonal ends that generalizes the classical doubly periodic surface of Scherk and the genus-one Scherk surface of Karcher. The proof of the family of immersed surfaces is by induction on genus, while the proof of embeddedness is by the conjugate Plateau method.
Given k>=2, we construct a (2k-2)-parameter family of properly embedded minimal surfaces in H^2 x R invariant by a vertical translation T, called Saddle Towers, which have total intrinsic curvature 4 pi(1-k), genus zero and 2k vertical Scherk-type ends in the quotient by T. As limits of those Saddle Towers, we obtain Jenkins-Serrin graphs over ideal polygonal domains (with total intrinsic curvature 2 pi(1-k)); we also get properly embedded minimal surfaces which are symmetric with respect to a horizontal slice and have total intrinsic curvature 4 pi(1-k), genus zero and k vertical planar ends.
For fixed large genus, we construct families of complete immersed minimal surfaces in R3 with four ends and dihedral symmetries. The families exist for all large genus and at an appropriate scale degenerate to the plane.
For an immersed minimal surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$, we show that there exists a lower bound on its Morse index that depends on the genus and number of ends, counting multiplicity. This improves, in several ways, an estimate we previously obtained bounding the genus and number of ends by the index. Our new estimate resolves several conjectures made by J. Choe and D. Hoffman concerning the classification of low-index minimal surfaces: we show that there are no complete two-sided immersed minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^3$ of index two, complete embedded minimal surface with index three, or comple…
In 1996 M. Traizet obtained singly periodic minimal surfaces with Scherk ends of arbitrary genus by desingularizing a set of vertical planes at their intersections. However, in Traizet's work it is not allowed that three or more planes intersect at the same line. In our paper, by a {\it saddle-tower} we call the desingularization of such ``forbidden'' planes into an embedded singly periodic minimal surface. We give explicit examples of genus two and discuss some advances regarding this problem. Moreover, our examples are the first ones containing {\it Gaussian geodesics}, and for the first tim…
Bryant \cite{Bryant84} classified all Willmore spheres in $3$-space to be given by minimal surfaces in $\mathbb R^3$ with embedded planar ends. This note provides new explicit formulas for genus 0 minimal surfaces in $\mathbb R^3$ with $2k+1$ embedded planar ends for all $k\geq4.$ Peng and Xiao claimed these examples to exist in \cite{PengXiao2000}, but in the same paper they also claimed the existence of a minimal surface with 7 embedded planar ends, which was falsified by Bryant \cite{Bryant88}.
For every genus $g$, we prove that $S^2 \times R$ contains complete, properly embedded, genus-$g$ minimal surfaces whose two ends are asymptotic to helicoids of any prescribed pitch. We also show that as the radius of the $S^2$ tends to infinity, these examples converge smoothly to complete, properly embedded minimal surfaces in $R^3$ that are helicoidal at infinity. We prove that helicoidal surfaces in $R^3$ of every prescribed genus occur as such limits of examples in $S^2\times R$.
We construct the first examples of complete, properly embedded minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{H}^2 \times \mathbb{R}$ with finite total curvature and positive genus. These are constructed by gluing copies of horizontal catenoids or other nondegenerate summands. We also establish that every horizontal catenoid is nondegenerate. Finally, using the same techniques, we are able to produce properly embedded minimal surfaces with infinitely many ends. Each annular end has finite total curvature and is asymptotic to a vertical totally geodesic plane.
For all $m \in \mathbb N - \{0\}$, we prove the existence of a one dimensional family of genus $m$, constant mean curvature (equal to 1) surfaces which are complete, immersed in $\mathbb R^3$ and have two Delaunay ends asymptotic to nodo\"ıdal ends. Moreover, these surfaces are invariant under the group of isometries of $\mathbb R^3$ leaving a horizontal regular polygon with $m+1$ sides fixed.
Using the DPW method, we construct genus zero Alexandrov-embedded constant mean curvature (greater than one) surfaces with any number of Delaunay ends in hyperbolic space.
We construct a complete, embedded minimal surface in euclidean 3-space which has unbounded Gaussian curvature. It has infinite genus, infinitely many catenoidal type ends and one limit end.
We develop Teichmuller theoretical methods to construct new minimal surfaces in $\BE^3$ by adding handles and planar ends to existing minimal surfaces in $\BE^3$. We exhibit this method on an interesting class of minimal surfaces which are likely to be embedded, and have a low degree Gaußmap for their genus; the (Weierstrass data) period problem for these surfaces is of arbitrary dimension. In particular, we exhibit a two-parameter family of complete minimal surfaces in the Euclidean three-space $\BE^3$ which generalize the breakthrough minimal surface of C. Costa; these new surfaces are embed…
We present a new construction of embedded minimal surfaces in hyperbolic space with $3$ asymptotically totally geodesic ends and arbitrary finite genus.
