Bryant \cite{Bryant84} classified all Willmore spheres in $3$-space to be given by minimal surfaces in $\mathbb R^3$ with embedded planar ends. This note provides new explicit formulas for genus 0 minimal surfaces in $\mathbb R^3$ with $2k+1$ embedded planar ends for all $k\geq4.$ Peng and Xiao claimed these examples to exist in \cite{PengXiao2000}, but in the same paper they also claimed the existence of a minimal surface with 7 embedded planar ends, which was falsified by Bryant \cite{Bryant88}.
Totally isotropic surfaces in $S^6$ are not necessarily Willmore surfaces. Therefore it is the first goal of this paper to derive a geometric characterization of totally isotropic Willmore two-spheres in $S^6$. This will naturally yield to a description of such surfaces in terms of the loop group language. Moreover, applying the loop group method, we also obtain an algorithm to construct totally isotropic Willmore two-spheres in $S^6$. As an application, a new, totally isotropic Willmore two-sphere which is not S-Willmore (i.e., has no dual surface) in $S^6$ is constructed, illustrating the th…
Applying the DPW version of the theory developed by Burstall and Guest for harmonic maps of finite uniton type, we derive a coarse classification of Willmore two-spheres in $S^{n+2}$ in terms of the normalized potential of their (harmonic) conformal Gauss maps. Moreover, for the case of $S^6$, some geometric properties of the corresponding Willmore two-spheres are discussed. The classical classification of Willmore two-spheres in $S^4$ are also derived as a corollary.
This paper is a continuation of [TY12] and [QTY13]. We show that both focal submanifolds of each isoparametric hypersurface in the sphere with six distinct principal curvatures are Willmore.
The classification of Willmore 2-spheres in the $n$-dimensional sphere $S^n$ is a long-standing problem, solved only when $n=3,4$ by Bryant, Ejiri, Musso and Montiel independently. In this paper we give a classification when $n=5$. There are three types of such surfaces up to Möbius transformations: (1) super-conformal surfaces in $S^4$; (2) minimal surfaces in $R^5$; (3) adjoint transforms of super-conformal minimal surfaces in $R^5$. In particular, Willmore surfaces in the third class are not S-Willmore (i.e., without a dual Willmore surface). To show the existence of Willmore 2-spheres in $…
We characterize Willmore tori in the 4-sphere with nontrivial normal bundle as Twistor projections of elliptic curves in complex projective space or as inverted minimal tori (with planar ends) in Euclidean 4-space.
An isometric immersion $x:M^n\rightarrow S^{n+p}$ is called Willmore if it is an extremal submanifold of the Willmore functional: $W(x)=\int_{M^n} (S-nH^2)^{\frac{n}{2}}dv$, where $S$ is the norm square of the second fundamental form and $H$ is the mean curvature. Examples of Willmore submanifolds in the unit sphere are scarce in the literature. The present paper gives a series of new examples of Willmore submanifolds in the unit sphere via isoparametric functions of FKM-type.
This paper aims to provide a description of totally isotropic Willmore two-spheres and their adjoint transforms. We first recall the isotropic harmonic maps which are introduced by Hélein, Xia-Shen and Ma for the study of Willmore surfaces. Then we derive a description of the normalized potential (some Lie algebra valued meromorphic 1-forms) of totally isotropic Willmore two-spheres in terms of the isotropic harmonic maps. In particular, the corresponding isotropic harmonic maps are of finite uniton type. The proof also contains a concrete way to construct examples of totally isotropic Willmor…
In this paper we study equivariant constrained Willmore tori in the 3-sphere. These tori admit a 1-parameter group of Möbius symmetries and are critical points of the Willmore energy under conformal variations. We show that the associated spectral curve of an equivariant torus is given by a double covering of $\mathbb C$ and classify equivariant constrained Willmore tori by the genus g of their spectral curve. In this case the spectral genus satisfies $g \leq 3.$
In this paper we provide a systematic treatment of Willmore surfaces with orientation reversing symmetries and illustrate the theory by (old and new) examples. We apply our theory to isotropic Willmore two-spheres in $S^4$ and derive a necessary condition for such ( possibly branched) isotropic surfaces to descend to (possibly branched) maps from $\mathbb{R} P^2$ to $S^4$. The Veronese sphere and several other examples of non-branched Willmore immersions from $\mathbb{R} P^2$ to $S^4$ are derived as an illustration of the general theory. The Willmore immersions of $\mathbb{R} P^2$, just mentio…
In this paper we provide a systematic discussion of how to incorporate orientation preserving symmetries into the treatment of Willmore surfaces via the loop group method. In this context we first develop a general treatment of Willmore surfaces admitting orientation preserving symmetries, and then show how to induce finite order rotational symmetries. We also prove, for the symmetric space which is the target space of the conformal Gauss map of Willmore surfaces in spheres, the longstanding conjecture of the existence of meromorphic invariant potentials for the conformal Gauss maps of all com…
Constrained Willmore surfaces are critical points of the Willmore functional under conformal variations. As shown in [5] one can associate to any conformally immersed constrained Willmore torus f a compact Riemann surface Σ, such that f can be reconstructed in terms of algebraic data on Σ. Particularly interesting examples of constrained Willmore tori are the tori with constant mean curvature (CMC) in a 3-dimensional space form. It is shown in [14] and in [16] that the spectral curves of these tori are hyperelliptic. In this paper we show under mild conditions that a constrained Willmore torus…
Let $x:M\to S^{n+p}$ be an $n$-dimensional submanifold in an $(n+p)$-dimensional unit sphere $S^{n+p}$, $x:M\to S^{n+p}$ is called a Willmore submanifold to the following Willmore functional: $$ \int_M(S-nH^2)^{\frac{n}{2}}dv, $$ where $S=\sum\limits_{α,i,j}(h^α_{ij})^2$ is the square of the length of the second fundamental form, $H$ is the mean curvature of $M$. In [13], author proved an integral inequality of Simon's type for $n$-dimensional compact Willmore hypersurfaces in $S^{n+1}$ and gave a characterization of {\it Willmore tori}. In this paper, we generalize this result to $n$-dimensio…
After the surface theory of Möbius geometry, this study concerns a pair of conformally immersed surfaces in $n$-sphere. Two new invariants $θ$ and $ρ$ associated with them are introduced as well as the notion of touch and co-touch. This approach is helpful in research about transforms of certain surface classes. As an application, we define adjoint transform for any given Willmore surface in $n$-sphere. It always exists locally (yet not unique in general) and generalizes known duality theorems of Willmore surfaces. This theory on surface pairs reaches its high point by a characterization of ad…
We prove that a constrained Willmore immersion of a 2-torus into the conformal 4-sphere is either of "finite type", that is, has a spectral curve of finite genus, or is of "holomorphic type" which means that it is super conformal or Euclidean minimal with planar ends. This implies that all constrained Willmore tori in the 4-sphere can be constructed rather explicitly by methods of complex algebraic geometry. The proof uses quaternionic holomorphic geometry in combination with integrable systems methods similar to those of Hitchin's approach to the study of harmonic tori in the 3-sphere.
The paper builds a DPW approach of Willmore surfaces via conformal Gauss maps. As applications, we provide descriptions of minimal surfaces in $\mathbb R^{n+2}$, isotropic surfaces in $S^4$ and homogeneous Willmore tori via the loop group method. A new example of a Willmore two-sphere in $S^6$ without dual surfaces is also presented.
In this note we consider homogeneous Willmore surfaces in $S^{n+2}$. The main result is that a homogeneous Willmore two-sphere is conformally equivalent to a homogeneous minimal two-sphere in $S^{n+2}$, i.e., either a round two-sphere or one of the Borůvka-Veronese 2-spheres in $S^{2m}$. This entails a classification of all Willmore $\mathbb{C} P^1$ in $S^{2m}$. As a second main result we show that there exists no homogeneous Willmore upper-half plane in $S^{n+2}$ and we give, in terms of special constant potentials, a simple loop group characterization of all homogeneous surfaces which have a…
This paper is a continuation of a paper with the same title of the last two authors. In the first part of the present paper, we give a unified geometric proof that both focal submanifolds of every isoparametric hypersurface in spheres with four distinct principal curvatures are Willmore. In the second part, we completely determine which focal submanifolds are Einstein except one case.
The Willmore energy for Frenet curves in quaternionic projective space is the generalization of the Willmore functional for immersions into the 4-sphere. Critical points of the Willmore energy are called Willmore curves in quaternionic projective space. Using a Baecklund transformation on Willmore curves, we generalize Bryant's result on Willmore spheres in 3--space: a Willmore sphere in quaternionic projective space has integer Willmore energy, and is given by complex holomorphic data.
We consider unbranched Willmore surfaces in the Euclidean space that arise as inverted complete minimal surfaces with embedded planar ends. Several statements are proven about upper and lower bounds on the Morse Index - the number of linearly independent variational directions that locally decrease the Willmore energy. We in particular compute the Index of a Willmore sphere in the three-space. This Index is $m-d$, where $m$ is the number of ends of the corresponding complete minimal surface and $d$ is the dimension of the span of the normals at the $m$-fold point. The dimension $d$ is either t…
In this paper we deal with the global properties of Willmore surfaces in spheres via the harmonic conformal Gauss map using loop groups. We first derive a global description of those harmonic maps which can be realized as conformal Gauss maps of some Willmore surfaces (Theorem 3.4, Theorem 3.11 and Theorem 3.18). Then we introduce the DPW procedure for these harmonic maps, and state appropriate versions of the Iwasawa decomposition and the Birkhoff decomposition Theorems. In particular, we show how the harmonic maps associated with Willmore surfaces can be constructed in terms of loop groups. …
A Willmore surface $y:M\rightarrow S^{n+2}$ has a natural harmonic oriented conformal Gauss map $Gr_y:M\rightarrow SO^{+}(1,n+3)/SO(1,3)\times SO(n)$, which maps each point $p\in M$ to its oriented mean curvature 2-sphere at $p$. An easy observation shows that all conformal Gauss maps of Willmore surfaces satisfy a restricted nilpotency condition which will be called "strongly conformally harmonic." The goal of this paper is to characterize those strongly conformally harmonic maps from a Riemann surface $M$ to $SO^+ (1, n + 3)/{SO^+(1, 3) \times SO(n) }$ which are the conformal Gauss maps of s…
In this paper we develop the theory of Willmore sequences for Willmore surfaces in the 4-sphere. We show that under appropriate conditions this sequence has to terminate. In this case the Willmore surface either is the twistor projection of a holomorphic curve into complex projective space or the inversion of a minimal surface with planar ends in 4-space. These results give a unified explanation of previous work on the characterization of Willmore spheres and Willmore tori with non-trivial normal bundles by various authors.
We extend the classification of Robert Bryant of Willmore spheres in $S^3$ to variational branched Willmore spheres $S^3$ and show that they are inverse stereographic projections of complete minimal surfaces with finite total curvature in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and vanishing flux. We also obtain a classification of variational branched Willmore spheres in $S^4$, generalising a theorem of Sebástian Montiel. As a result of our asymptotic analysis at branch points, we obtain an improved $C^{1,1}$ regularity of the unit normal of variational branched Willmore surfaces in arbitrary codimension. We also pro…
We consider the generalization of classical Blaschke's Problem to higher codimension case, characterizing Darboux pair of isothermic surfaces and dual S-Willmore surfaces as the only non-trivial surface pairs that envelop a 2-sphere congruence and conformally correspond to each other. When the sphere congruence is the mean curvature spheres of one envelop surface, it must be a cmc-1 surface in hyperbolic 3-space, or a S-Willmore surface. A study of conformally immersed surface pairs is indicated with discussion on the geometric meaning of new invariants.
In this paper we classify branched Willmore spheres with at most three branch points (including multiplicity), showing that they may be obtained from complete minimal surfaces in $\R ^ 3$ with ends of multiplicity at most three. This extends the classification result of Bryant. We then show that this may be applied to the analysis of singularities of the Willmore flow of non-Willmore spheres with Willmore energy $ \mc {W} (f) \leq 16π$.
The Weierstrass representation for spheres in $\R^3$ and, in particular, effective construction of immersions from data of spectral theory origin is discussed. These data are related to Dirac operators on a plane and on an infinite cylinder and these operators are just representations of Dirac operators acting in spinor bundles over the two-sphere which is naturally obtained as a completion of a plane or of a cylinder. Spheres described in terms of Dirac operators with one-dimensional potentials on a cylinder are completely studied and, in particular, for them a lower estimate of the Willmore …
We provide a computer-assisted proof of the holomorphy of the quartic and the octic meromorphic differentials arising in the main Theorem 4.11 of our paper 'The Classification of Branched Willmore spheres in the $3$-Sphere and the $4$-Sphere' (arXiv:1706.01405), using the free mathematical software Sage.
We develop a general Minmax procedure in Euclidian spaces for constructing Willmore surfaces of non zero indices. We implement this procedure to the Willmore Minmax Sphere Eversion in the 3 dimensional euclidian space. We compute the cost of the Sphere eversion in terms of Willmore energies of Willmore Spheres in ${\R}^3$
In this paper, we show that, under arbitrary bounded Willmore energy assumption, embedded Willmore spheres (or more generally, embedded Willmore spheres under area constraint) with small diameter in a given $3$-dimensional Riemannian manifold $(M, h)$ necessarily concentrate at a critical point of the scalar curvature of $(M, h)$. This generalizes the result obtained by Laurain and Mondino for embedded Willmore spheres of small energy.
The family of Willmore immersions from a Riemann surface into $S^{n+2}$ can be divided naturally into the subfamily of Willmore surfaces conformally equivalent to a minimal surface in $\R^{n+2}$ and those which are not conformally equivalent to a minimal surface in $\R^{n+2}$. On the level of their conformal Gauss maps into $Gr_{1,3}(\R^{1,n+3})=SO^+(1,n+3)/SO^+(1,3)\times SO(n)$ these two classes of Willmore immersions into $S^{n+2}$ correspond to conformally harmonic maps for which every image point, considered as a 4-dimensional Lorentzian subspace of $\R^{1,n+3}$, contains a fixed lightlik…
We develop a general method to compute the Morse index of branched Willmore spheres and show that the Morse index is equal to the index of certain matrix whose dimension is equal to the number of ends of the dual minimal surface. As a corollary, we find that for all immersed Willmore spheres $\vecΦ:S^2\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^3$ such that $W(\vecΦ)=4πn$, we have $\mathrm{Ind}_{W}(\vecΦ)\leq n-1$
Let $ X: M \hook S^5$ be a compact Legendrian surface in pseudoconformal(CR) 5-sphere. We introduce a pseudoconformally invariant Willmore type second order functional $ \W(X)$, and study its critical points called Willmore Legendrian surfaces. The fifth order structure equations show that Willmore dual can be defined for a class of Willmore Legendrian surfaces. Moreover when this dual is constant, Willmore Legendrian surface admits a Weierstraßtype representation in terms of immersed meromorphic curve in $ \C^2$ satisfying an appropriate real period condition via pseudoconformal stereographic…
We apply the method of Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction to study large area-constrained Willmore surfaces in Riemannian 3-manifolds asymptotic to Schwarzschild. In particular, we prove that the end of such a manifold is foliated by distinguished area-constrained Willmore spheres. The leaves are the unique area-constrained Willmore spheres with large area, non-negative Hawking mass, and distance to the center of the manifold at least a small multiple of the area radius. Unlike previous related work, we only require that the scalar curvature satisfies mild asymptotic conditions. We also give explicit …
Given a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$, we prove that if $(Φ_k)$ is a sequence of Willmore spheres (or more generally area-constrained Willmore spheres), having Willmore energy bounded above uniformly strictly by $8 π$, and Hausdorff converging to a point $\bar{p}\in M$, then $Scal(\bar{p})=0$ and $\nabla Scal(\bar{p})=0$ (resp. $\nabla Scal(\bar{p})=0$). Moreover, a suitably rescaled sequence smoothly converges, up to subsequences and reparametrizations, to a round sphere in the euclidean 3-dimensional space. This generalizes previous results of Lamm and Metzger contained in \cite{…
We show that the sum of the Morse indices of the Willmore spheres realising the width of Willmore type sweep-outs is bounded by the number of the parameters of the min-max. As an application, we deduce that among the true Willmore spheres realising the min-max sphere eversion, at most one of them one has index 1, while the others must be stable.
We obtain an upper bound for the Morse index of Willmore spheres $Σ\subset S^3$ coming from an immersion of $S^2$. The quantization of Willmore energy shows that there exists an integer $m$ such that $\mathscr{W}(Σ)=4πm$. Then we show that $\mathrm{Ind}_{\mathscr{W}}(Σ)\leq m$. The proof relies on an explicit computation relating the second derivative of $\mathscr{W}$ for $Σ$ with the Jacobi operator of the minimal surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$ it is the image of by stereographic projection thanks of the fundamental classification of Robert Bryant.
Willmore surfaces are the extremals of the Willmore functional (possibly under a constraint on the conformal structure). With the characterization of Willmore surfaces by the (possibly perturbed) harmonicity of the mean curvature sphere congruence [Blaschke, Ejiri, Rigoli, Burstall-Calderbank], a zero-curvature formulation follows [Burstall-Calderbank]. Deformations on the level of harmonic maps prove to give rise to deformations on the level of surfaces, with the definition of a spectral deformation [Burstall-Pedit-Pinkall, Burstall-Calderbank] and of a Baecklund transformation [Burstall-Quin…
We consider surfaces in ${\mathbb R}^3$ of type ${\mathbb S}^2$ which minimize the Willmore functional with prescribed isoperimetric ratio. The existence of smooth minimizers was proved by Schygulla (Archive Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 2012). In the singular limit when the isoperimetric ratio converges to zero, he showed convergence to a double round sphere in the sense of varifolds. Here we give a full blowup analysis of this limit, showing that the two spheres are connected by a catenoidal neck. Besides its geometric interest, the problem was studied as a simplified model in the theory …
In this paper we consider two special classes of constrained Willmore tori in the 3-sphere. The first class is given by the rotation of closed elastic curves in the upper half plane - viewed as the hyperbolic plane - around the x-axis. The second is given as the preimage of closed constrained elastic curves, i.e., elastic curve with enclosed area constraint, in the round 2-sphere under the Hopf fibration. We show that all conformal types can be isometrically immersed into S^3 as constrained Willmore (Hopf) tori and write down all constrained elastic curves in H^2 and S^2 in terms of the Weiers…
We find analogues of the Willmore functional for each of the Thurston geometries with 4-dimensional isometry group such that the CMC-spheres in these geometries are critical points of these functionals.
Spacelike Willmore surfaces in 4-dimensional Lorentzian space forms, a topic in Lorentzian conformal geometry which parallels the theory of Willmore surfaces in $S^4$, are studied in this paper. We define two kinds of transforms for such a surface, which produce the so-called left/right polar surfaces and the adjoint surfaces. These new surfaces are again conformal Willmore surfaces. For them holds interesting duality theorem. As an application spacelike Willmore 2-spheres are classified. Finally we construct a family of homogeneous spacelike Willmore tori.
Let $(M,g)$ be a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold. The goal of the paper it to show that if $P_{0}\in M$ is a non-degenerate critical point of the scalar curvature, then a neighborhood of $P_{0}$ is foliated by area-constrained Willmore spheres. Such a foliation is unique among foliations by area-constrained Willmore spheres having Willmore energy less than $32π$, moreover it is regular in the sense that a suitable rescaling smoothly converges to a round sphere in the Euclidean three-dimensional space. We also establish generic multiplicity of foliations and the first multiplicity result for …
This is the first comprehensive introduction to the authors' recent attempts toward a better understanding of the global concepts behind spinor representations of surfaces in 3-space. The important new aspect is a quaternionic-valued function theory, whose "meromorphic functions" are conformal maps into quaternions, which extends the classical complex function theory on Riemann surfaces. The first results along these lines were presented at the ICM 98 in Berlin. An important new invariant of the quaternionic holomorphic theory is the Willmore energy. For quaternionic holomorphic curves in the …
We view conformal surfaces in the 4--sphere as quaternionic holomorphic curves in quaternionic projective space. By constructing enveloping and osculating curves, we obtain new holomorphic curves in quaternionic projective space and thus new conformal surfaces. Applying these constructions to Willmore surfaces, we show that the osculating and enveloping curves of Willmore spheres remain Willmore.
The paper is devoted to the variational analysis of the Willmore, and other L^2 curvature functionals, among immersions of 2-dimensional surfaces into a compact riemannian m-manifold (M^m,h) with m>2. The goal of the paper is twofold, on one hand, we give the right setting for doing the calculus of variations (including min max methods) of such functionals for immersions into manifolds and, on the other hand, we prove existence results for possibly branched Willmore spheres under various constraints (prescribed homotopy class, prescribed area) or under curvature assumptions for M^m. To this ai…
We study half-spheres with small radii sitting on the boundary of a smooth bounded domain while meeting it orthogonally. Even though it is known that there exist families of CMC and Willmore type half-spheres near a nondegenerate critical point p of the domains boundaries mean curvature, it is unknown in both cases whether these provide a foliation of any deleted neighborhood of p. We prove that this is not guaranteed and establish a criterion in terms of the boundaries geometry that ensures or prevents the respective surfaces from providing such a foliation. This perhaps surprising phenomenon…
We discuss several kinds of Willmore surfaces of flat normal bundle in this paper. First we show that every S-Willmore surface with flat normal bundle in $S^n$ must locate in some $S^3\subset S^n$, from which we characterize Clifford torus as the only non-equatorial homogeneous minimal surface in $S^n$ with flat normal bundle, which improve a result of K. Yang. Then we derived that every Willmore two sphere with flat normal bundle in $S^n$ is conformal to a minimal surface with embedded planer ends in $\mathbb{R}^3$. We also point out that for a class of Willmore tori, they have flat normal bu…
