The six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions (DWBC) on an N x N square lattice is considered. The two-point correlation function describing the probability of having two vertices in a given state at opposite (top and bottom) boundaries of the lattice is calculated. It is shown that this two-point boundary correlator is expressible in a very simple way in terms of the one-point boundary correlators of the model on N x N and (N-1) x (N-1) lattices. In alternating sign matrix (ASM) language this result implies that the doubly refined x-enumerations of ASMs are just appropriate combinations of the singly refined ones.
In this work we establish a relation between the six-vertex model with Domain Wall Boundary Conditions (DWBC) and the $XXZ$ spin chain with anti-periodic twisted boundaries. More precisely, we demonstrate a formal relation between the zeroes of the partition function of the six-vertex model with DWBC and the zeroes of the transfer matrix eigenvalues associated with the six-vertex model with a particular non-diagonal boundary twist.
The six-vertex model, or the square ice model, with domain wall boundary conditions (DWBC) has been introduced and solved for finite $n$ by Korepin and Izergin. The solution is based on the Yang-Baxter equations and it represents the free energy in terms of an $n\times n$ Hankel determinant. Paul Zinn-Justin observed that the Izergin-Korepin formula can be re-expressed in terms of the partition function of a random matrix model with a nonpolynomial interaction. We use this observation to obtain the large $n$ asymptotics of the six-vertex model with DWBC. The solution is based on the Riemann-Hi…
At the free-fermion point, the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions (DWBC) can be related to the Aztec diamond, a domino tiling problem. We study the mapping on the level of complete statistics for general domains and boundary conditions. This is obtained by associating to both models a set of non-intersecting lines in the Lindstroem-Gessel-Viennot (LGV) scheme. One of the consequence for DWBC is that the boundaries of the ordered phases are described by the Airy process in the thermodynamic limit.
The six-vertex model, or the square ice model, with domain wall boundary conditions (DWBC) has been introduced and solved for finite $N$ by Korepin and Izergin. The solution is based on the Yang-Baxter equations and it represents the free energy in terms of an $N\times N$ Hankel determinant. Paul Zinn-Justin observed that the Izergin-Korepin formula can be re-expressed in terms of the partition function of a random matrix model with a nonpolynomial interaction. We use this observation to obtain the large $N$ asymptotics of the six-vertex model with DWBC in the disordered phase. The solution is…
The partition function of the six-vertex model on a square lattice with domain wall boundary conditions (DWBC) is rewritten as a hermitean one-matrix model or a discretized version of it (similar to sums over Young diagrams), depending on the phase. The expression is exact for finite lattice size, which is equal to the size of the corresponding matrix. In the thermodynamic limit, the matrix integral is computed using traditional matrix model techniques, thus providing a complete treatment of the bulk free energy of the six-vertex model with DWBC in the different phases. In particular, in the a…
We show that the emptiness formation probability of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions at its free-fermion point is a $τ$-function of the sixth Painlevé equation. Using this fact we derive asymptotics of the emptiness formation probability in the thermodynamic limit.
The two point functions, which give the probability that the spins turn down at the boundaries, are studied for the six vertex model on a $2N \times N$ lattice with domain wall boundary condition and left reflecting end. We consider two types of two point functions, and express them using determinants.
We consider the six-vertex model in an L-shaped domain of the square lattice, with domain wall boundary conditions, in the case of free-fermion vertex weights. We describe how the recently developed `Tangent method' can be used to determine the form of the arctic curve. The obtained result is in agreement with numerics.
We present the expressions for the monodromy matrix elements of the six-vertex model in the F-basis for arbitrary Boltzmann weights. The results rely solely on the property of unitarity and Yang-Baxter relations, avoiding any specific parameterization of the weights. This allows us to write complete algebraic expressions for the inner products and the underlying domain wall partition functions in the case of arbitrary rapidities. We then apply our results for the trigonometric six-vertex model in the presence of inhomogeneous electric fields and obtain a determinant formula for the respective …
We consider the six-vertex model with reflecting end boundary condition. We study the asymptotic behavior of the boundary correlations. This asymptotic behavior is used as an input into the Tangent Method in order to derive analytically the arctic curve at the free fermion point. The obtained curve is a semicircle, which is in agreement with previous Monte Carlo simulations.
In the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions, the emptiness formation probability is the probability that a rectangular region in the top left corner of the lattice is frozen. We generalize this notion to the case where the frozen region has the shape of a generic Young diagram. We derive here a multiple integral representation for this correlation function.
A boundary one point function related to the boundary spontaneous polarization, which is different from the ones considered in the past, is studied for the six vertex model on a 2N \times N lattice with domain wall boundary condition and left reflecting end. It is expressible in terms of a special kind of coordinate space wave functions, which can be expressed as determinants.
We obtain an asymptotic formula for the partition function of the six-vertex model with partial domain wall boundary conditions in the ferroelectric phase region. The proof is based on a formula for the partition function involving the determinant of a matrix of mixed Vandermonde/Hankel type. This determinant can be expressed in terms of a system of discrete orthogonal polynomials, which can then be evaluated asymptotically by comparison with the Meixner polynomials.
This is a continuation of the papers [4] of Bleher and Fokin and [5] of Bleher and Liechty, in which the large $n$ asymptotics is obtained for the partition function $Z_n$ of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions in the disordered and ferroelectric phases, respectively. In the present paper we obtain the large $n$ asymptotics of $Z_n$ on the critical line between these two phases.
We extend the recently developed Izergin-Korepin analysis on the wavefunctions of the $U_q(sl_2)$ six-vertex model to the reflecting boundary conditions. Based on the Izergin-Korepin analysis, we determine the exact forms of the symmetric functions which represent the wavefunctions and its dual. Comparison of the symmetric functions with the coordinate Bethe ansatz wavefunctions for the open XXZ chain by Alcaraz-Barber-Batchelor-Baxter-Quispel is also made. As an application, we derive algebraic identities for the symmetric functions by combining the results with the determinant formula of the…
The trigonometric six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions and one partially reflecting end on a lattice of size $2n\times m$, $m\leq n$, is considered. The partition function is computed using the Izergin-Korepin method, generalizing the result of Foda and Zarembo from the rational to the trigonometric case. Thereafter we specify the parameters in Kuperberg's way to get a formula for the number of states as a determinant of Wilson polynomials. We relate this to a type of ASM-like matrices.
We introduce and study the domain wall boundary partition function of the integrable six-vertex model with triangular boundary. We first formulate the domain wall boundary partition function with triangular boundary by using the $U_q(sl_2)$ $R$-matrix and a special class of the triangular $K$-matrix. By using its graphical representation, we make the Izergin-Korepin analysis with the help of the Yang-Baxter relation and the reflection equation to give a characterization of the partition function. The explict form of the symmetric function representing the partition function is presented by sho…
We study the relationship between various integral formulas for nonlocal correlation functions of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions. Specifically, we show how the known representation for the emptiness formation probability can be derived from that for the so-called row configuration probability. A crucial ingredient in the proof is a relation expressing the result of antisymmetrization of some given function with respect to permutations in two sets of its variables in terms of the Izergin-Korepin partition function. This relation generalizes another one obtained by Tra…
The problem of calculation of correlation functions in the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions is addressed by considering a particular nonlocal correlation function, called row configuration probability. This correlation function can be used as building block for computing various (both local and nonlocal) correlation functions in the model. The row configuration probability is calculated using the quantum inverse scattering method; the final result is given in terms of a multiple integral. The connection with the emptiness formation probability, another nonlocal correlation…
This is a continuation of the paper [4] of Bleher and Fokin, in which the large $n$ asymptotics is obtained for the partition function $Z_n$ of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions in the disordered phase. In the present paper we obtain the large $n$ asymptotics of $Z_n$ in the ferroelectric phase. We prove that for any $\ep>0$, as $n\to\infty$, $Z_n=CG^nF^{n^2}[1+O(e^{-n^{1-\ep}})]$, and we find the exact value of the constants $C,G$ and $F$. The proof is based on the large $n$ asymptotics for the underlying discrete orthogonal polynomials and on the Toda equation for the…
We obtain the large $n$ asymptotics of the partition function $Z_n$ of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions in the antiferroelectric phase region, with the weights $a=\sinh(\ga-t), b=\sinh(\ga+t), c=\sinh(2\ga), |t|<\ga$. We prove the conjecture of Zinn-Justin, that as $n\to\infty$, $Z_n=Cþ_4(n\om) F^{n^2}[1+O(n^{-1})]$, where $\om$ and $F$ are given by explicit expressions in $\ga$ and $t$, and $þ_4(z)$ is the Jacobi theta function. The proof is based on the Riemann-Hilbert approach to the large $n$ asymptotic expansion of the underlying discrete orthogonal polynomials an…
We consider a class of probability distributions on the six-vertex model, which originate from the higher spin vertex models in arXiv:1601.05770 and have previously been investigated in arXiv:1610.06893. For these random six-vertex models we show that the asymptotic behavior near their base is asymptotically described by the GUE-corners process.
We consider the six-vertex model with the rational weights on an $s\times N$ square lattice, $s\leq N$, with partial domain wall boundary conditions. We study the one-point function at the boundary where the free boundary conditions are imposed. For a finite lattice, it can be computed by the quantum inverse scattering method in terms of determinants. In the large $N$ limit, the result boils down to an explicit terminating series in the parameter of the weights. Using the saddle-point method for an equivalent integral representation, we show that as $s$ next tends to infinity, the one-point fu…
We prove that Schütz's ASEP Markov duality functional is also a Markov duality functional for the stochastic six vertex model. We introduce a new method that uses induction on the number of particles to prove the Markov duality.
In this note we establish the convergence of the stochastic six-vertex model to the one-dimensional asymmetric simple exclusion process, under a certain limit regime recently predicted by Borodin-Corwin-Gorin. This convergence holds for arbitrary initial data.
We prove an identity that relates the q-Laplace transform of the height function of a (higher spin inhomogeneous) stochastic six vertex model in a quadrant on one side, and a multiplicative functional of a Macdonald measure on the other. The identity is used to prove the GUE Tracy-Widom asymptotics for two instances of the stochastic six vertex model via asymptotics analysis of the corresponding Schur measures.
Correlation functions of the six and nineteen vertex models on an N \times N lattice with domain wall boundary conditions are studied. The general expression of the boundary correlation functions is obtained for the six vertex model by use of the quantum inverse scattering method. The correlation functions which are not "boundary" can be expressed as a linear sum of the boundary correlation functions. For the nineteen vertex model, the boundary correlation functions are shown to be expressed in terms of those for the six vertex model.
In this note, we prove the completeness of Bethe vectors for the six vertex model with diagonal reflecting boundary conditions. We show that as inhomogeneity parameters get sent to infinity in a successive order the Bethe vectors give a complete basis of the space of states.
In the present article we obtain the large $N$ asymptotics of the partition function $Z_N$ of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions on the critical line between the disordered and antiferroelectric phases. Using the weights $a=1-x,b=1+x,c=2,|x|<1$, we prove that, as $N\rightarrow\infty$, $Z_N=CF^{N^2}N^{1/12}(1+O(N^{-1}))$, where $F$ is given by an explicit expression in $x$ and the $x$-dependency in $C$ is determined. This result reproduces and improves the one given in the physics literature by Bogoliubov, Kitaev and Zvonarev. Furthermore, we prove that the free energy ex…
We construct an irreversible local Markov dynamics on configurations of up-right paths on a discrete two-dimensional torus, that preserves the Gibbs measures for the six vertex model. An additional feature of the dynamics is a conjecturally nontrivial drift of the height function.
The Hankel determinant representations for the partition function and boundary correlation functions of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions are investigated by the methods of orthogonal polynomial theory. For specific values of the parameters of the model, corresponding to 1-, 2- and 3-enumerations of Alternating Sign Matrices (ASMs), these polynomials specialize to classical ones (Continuous Hahn, Meixner-Pollaczek, and Continuous Dual Hahn, respectively). As a consequence, a unified and simplified treatment of ASMs enumerations turns out to be possible, leading also to …
We write a multiple integral formula for the partition function of the Z-invariant six vertex model and demonstrate how it can be specialised to compute the norm of Bethe vectors. We also discuss the possibility of computing three-point functions in N= 4 SYM using these integral formulæ.
In this work we elaborate on a previous result relating the partition function of the six-vertex model with domain-wall boundary conditions to eigenvalues of a transfer matrix. More precisely, we express the aforementioned partition function as a determinant of a matrix with entries being eigenvalues of the anti-periodic six-vertex model's transfer matrix.
This letter is concerned with the analysis of the six-vertex model with domain-wall boundaries in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs). The model's partition function is shown to obey a system of PDEs resembling the celebrated Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation. The analysis of our PDEs naturally produces a family of novel determinant representations for the model's partition function.
We consider the inhomogeneous stochastic six vertex model with periodicity starting from step initial data. We prove that it converges almost surely to a deterministic limit shape. For the proof, we map the stochastic six vertex model to a deformed version of the discrete Hammersley process. Then we construct a colored version of the model and apply Liggett's superadditive ergodic theorem. The construction of the colored model includes a new idea using a Boolean-type product, which generalizes and simplifies the method used in arXiv:2204.11158.
We use the Bethe-Peierls method combined with the belief propagation algorithm to study the arctic curves in the six vertex model on a square lattice with domain-wall boundary conditions, and the six vertex model on a rectangular lattice with partial domain-wall boundary conditions. We show that this rather simple approximation yields results that are remarkably close to the exact ones when these are known, and allows one to estimate the location of the phase boundaries with relative little effort in cases in which exact results are not available.
In this work we relate the spectral problem of the toroidal six-vertex model's transfer matrix with the theory of integrable non-linear differential equations. More precisely, we establish an analogy between the Classical Inverse Scattering Method and previously proposed functional equations originating from the Yang-Baxter algebra. The latter equations are then regarded as an Auxiliary Linear Problem allowing us to show that the six-vertex model's spectrum solves Riccati-type non-linear differential equations. Generating functions of conserved quantities are expressed in terms of determinants…
We consider the stochastic higher spin six vertex (SHS6V) model introduced in [Corwin-Petrov, 2016] with general integer spin parameters $I, J$. Starting from near stationary initial condition, we prove that the SHS6V model converges to the KPZ equation under weakly asymmetric scaling. This generalizes the result of [Corwin-Ghosal-Shen-Tsai, 2018] from $I = J =1$ to general $I, J$.
The emptiness formation probability in the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions is considered. This correlation function allows one to address the problem of limit shapes in the model. We apply the quantum inverse scattering method to calculate the emptiness formation probability for the inhomogeneous model. For the homogeneous model, the result is given both in terms of certain determinant and as a multiple integral representation.
In this paper, we prove that the stochastic telegraph equation arises as a scaling limit of the stochastic higher spin six vertex (SHS6V) model with general spin $I/2, J/2$. This extends results of Borodin and Gorin which focused on the $I=J=1$ six vertex case and demonstrates the universality of the stochastic telegraph equation in this context. We also provide a functional extension of the central limit theorem obtained in [Borodin and Gorin 2019, Theorem 6.1]. The main idea is to generalize the four point relation established in [Borodin and Gorin 2019, Theorem 3.1], using fusion.
The six-vertex model on an $N\times N$ square lattice with domain wall boundary conditions is considered. A Fredholm determinant representation for the partition function of the model is given. The kernel of the corresponding integral operator is of the so-called integrable type, and involves classical orthogonal polynomials. From this representation, a ``reconstruction'' formula is proposed, which expresses the partition function as the trace of a suitably chosen quantum operator, in the spirit of corner transfer matrix and vertex operator approaches to integrable spin models.
We prove a positivity theorem for a certain family of operators defined in terms of the stochastic six-vertex model. We explore connections of this result with other vertex models and $t$-deformed Schensted insertions.
In this paper we consider the existence and uniqueness of pure states with some fixed slope $(s, t) \in [0, 1]^2$ for a general ferroelectric six-vertex model. First, we show there is an open subset $\mathfrak{H} \subset [0, 1]^2$, which is parameterized by the region between two explicit hyperbolas, such that there is no pure state for the ferroelectric six-vertex model of any slope $(s, t) \in \mathfrak{H}$. Second, we show that there is a unique pure state for this model of any slope $(s, t)$ on the boundary $\partial \mathfrak{H}$ of $\mathfrak{H}$. These results confirm predictions of Buk…
In this paper we investigate the mathematical properties of the integrability of the symmetric six-vertex model towards the view of Algebraic Geometry. We show that the algebraic variety originated from Baxter's commuting transfer method is birationally isomorphic to a ubiquitous threefold known as Segre cubic primal. This relation makes it possible to present the most generic solution for the Yang-Baxter triple associated to this lattice model. The respective $\mathrm{R}$-matrix and Lax operators are parametrized by three independent affine spectral variables.
We show that the six-vertex model with parameter $c\in[\sqrt 3, 2]$ on a square lattice torus has an ergodic infinite-volume limit as the size of the torus grows to infinity. Moreover we prove that for $c\in[\sqrt{2+\sqrt 2}, 2]$, the associated height function on $\mathbb Z^2$ has unbounded variance. The proof relies on an extension of the Baxter-Kelland-Wu representation of the six-vertex model to multi-point correlation functions of the associated spin model. Other crucial ingredients are the uniqueness and percolation properties of the critical random cluster measure for $q\in[1,4]$, and r…
In this paper we prove that the Euler-Lagrange equations for the limit shape for the inhomogeneous six vertex model on a cylinder have infinitely many conserved quantities.
Delocalization of the height function of the six-vertex model
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques（高等科学研究所）；Université de Genève（日内瓦大学）；Åbo Akademi University（奥布皇家学院）；Département de mathématiques, Université de Fribourg（弗里堡大学数学系）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）
In this paper we consider the stochastic six-vertex model on a cylinder with arbitrary initial data. First, we show that it exhibits a limit shape in the thermodynamic limit, whose density profile is given by the entropy solution to an explicit, non-linear conservation law that was predicted by Gwa-Spohn in 1992 and by Reshetikhin-Sridhar in 2018. Then, we show that the local statistics of this model around any continuity point of its limit shape are given by an infinite-volume, translation-invariant Gibbs measure of the appropriate slope.
We consider a formulation of the algebraic Bethe ansatz for the six vertex model with non-diagonal open boundaries. Specifically, we study the case where both left and right $K$-matrices have an upper triangular form. We show that the main difficulty entailed by those form of the $K$-matrices is the construction of the excited states. However, it is possible to treat this problem with aid of an auxiliary transfer matrix and by means of a generalized creation operator.
We consider the six-vertex model with reflecting end boundary condition. We compute analytically boundary correlation functions, such as the boundary polarization and the emptiness formation probability. In order to do that, we use the Sklyanin's reflection algebra to derive recursion relations for the partition function of the model as well as for the boundary correlations in terms of the partition function. Thanks to the Tsuchiya determinant formula, these recursion relations allow the boundary correlations to be also efficiently written in determinantal form.
In this paper we consider two models in the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) universality class, the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) and the stochastic six-vertex model. We introduce a new class of initial data (which we call {\itshape generalized step Bernoulli initial data}) for both of these models that generalizes the step Bernoulli initial data studied in a number of recent works on the ASEP. Under this class of initial data, we analyze the current fluctuations of both the ASEP and stochastic six-vertex model and establish the existence of a phase transition along a characteristic lin…
We obtain asymptotic formulas for the partition function of the six-vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions and half-turn symmetry in each of the phase regions. The proof is based on the Izergin--Korepin--Kuperberg determinantal formula for the partition function, its reduction to orthogonal polynomials, and on an asymptotic analysis of the orthogonal polynomials under consideration in the framework of the Riemann--Hilbert approach.
We study the Yang-Baxter equation for the $R$-matrices of the six-vertex model. We analyze the solutions and give new parametrizations of the Yang-Baxter equation. In particular, we find the maximal commutative families of parametrized solutions which generalize the $R$-matrices from the affine quantum (super)-groups. Then we give a new parametrization of the Yang-Baxter equation by a groupoid of non-free-fermionic matrices. In the appendix, we study the general algebraic structure of the solutions of the Yang-Baxter and formulate a conjecture that extends the conjecture by Brubaker, Bump, and…
A stochastic telegraph equation is defined by adding a random inhomogeneity to the classical (second order linear hyperbolic) telegraph differential equation. The inhomogeneities we consider are proportional to the two-dimensional white noise, and solutions to our equation are two-dimensional random Gaussian fields. We show that such fields arise naturally as asymptotic fluctuations of the height function in a certain limit regime of the stochastic six vertex model in a quadrant. The corresponding law of large numbers -- the limit shape of the height function -- is described by the (determinis…
