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arXiv 2409.09031physics.med-ph
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用于超分辨率超声成像的光学验证微血管体模

Optically-Validated Microvascular Phantom for Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging

Jaime Parra Raad, Daniel Lock, Yi-Yi Liu, Mark Solomon, Laura Peralta, Kirsten Christensen-Jeffries

AI总结:

本文提出一种制造耐用且可光学验证的复杂微血管体模的方法,用于超分辨率超声成像的性能量化与算法评估,实验显示其血管直径低至约60 μm,平均SRUS误差为15.61 μm。

摘要:

超分辨率超声(SRUS)通过定位和跟踪空间上孤立的微泡造影剂,实现了超越超声衍射极限(波长(λ)/2)的微血管可视化。SRUS体模通常由简单的管状结构组成,其中直径低于100 μm的通道无法获得。此外,这些体模通常脆弱且不稳定,真值验证有限,其简单结构也限制了对SRUS算法的评估。为了辅助SRUS的发展,需要具有已知且生理相关微血管结构的坚固耐用体模,以进行可重复的SRUS测试。本工作提出了一种制造耐用微血管体模的方法,该方法允许进行光学测量以用于SRUS验证。该方法使用嵌入在聚二甲基硅氧烷中的微血管负印模来制造微血管体模。展示了具有可变微血管密度的分支微血管体模,其经光学验证的血管直径低至约60 μm(λ/5.8;λ=约350 μm)。进行了SRUS成像,并用光学测量进行了验证。平均SRUS误差为15.61 μm(λ/22),标准差误差为11.44 μm。当每个估计直径对应的定位微泡数量超过1000个时,平均误差降至7.93 μm(λ/44)。此外,制造一年后测得的声学和光学特性的方差小于10%,且体模具有机械韧性,证明了其长期耐用性。本工作提出了一种制造耐用且经光学验证的复杂微血管体模的方法,该体模可用于量化SRUS性能并促进其进一步发展。

英文摘要:

Super-resolution ultrasound (SRUS) visualises microvasculature beyond the ultrasound diffraction limit (wavelength($λ$)/2) by localising and tracking spatially isolated microbubble contrast agents. SRUS phantoms typically consist of simple tube structures, where diameter channels below 100 $μ$m are not available. Furthermore, these phantoms are generally fragile and unstable, have limited ground truth validation, and their simple structure limits the evaluation of SRUS algorithms. To aid SRUS development, robust and durable phantoms with known and physiologically relevant microvasculature are needed for repeatable SRUS testing. This work proposes a method to fabricate durable microvascular phantoms that allow optical gauging for SRUS validation. The methodology used a microvasculature negative print embedded in a Polydimethylsiloxane to fabricate a microvascular phantom. Branching microvascular phantoms with variable microvascular density were demonstrated with optically validated vessel diameters down to $\sim$ 60 $μ$m ($λ$/5.8; $λ$ =$\sim$ 350 $μ$m). SRUS imaging was performed and validated with optical measurements. The average SRUS error was 15.61 $μ$m ($λ$/22) with a standard deviation error of 11.44 $μ$m. The average error decreased to 7.93 $μ$m ($λ$/44) once the number of localised microbubbles surpassed 1000 per estimated diameter. In addition, the less than 10$\%$ variance of acoustic and optical properties and the mechanical toughness of the phantoms measured a year after fabrication demonstrated their long-term durability. This work presents a method to fabricate durable and optically validated complex microvascular phantoms which can be used to quantify SRUS performance and facilitate its further development.

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