超声自动聚焦：通过可微波束形成的共中点相位误差优化
Ultrasound Autofocusing: Common Midpoint Phase Error Optimization via Differentiable Beamforming
AI总结：
本文提出一种基于可微波束形成优化共中点相位误差的超声自动聚焦方法，通过拟合声速场校正相位畸变，提升图像聚焦质量，并在模拟、体模和活体实验中验证了其有效性。
摘要：
在超声成像中，声波波前通过异质介质传播会引起相位畸变，从而降低反射波前的相干性，导致图像分辨率和对比度下降。自适应成像技术试图校正这种相位畸变并恢复相干性，从而改善图像的聚焦效果。我们提出了一种用于超声成像中畸变校正的自动聚焦范式，通过将声速场拟合到压力测量值，优化共中点相位误差（CMPE），并使用直线射线波传播模型进行漫散射介质中的波束形成。我们表明，由异质声速引起的CMPE是相位畸变的稳健度量，可用于声学自动聚焦。CMPE通过可微波束形成方法迭代优化，在估计被探测介质声速场的同时，同步改善图像聚焦。该方法仅依赖于使用双向飞行时间的直线射线积分解的波场测量，无需显式的波传播数值时间步进模型。我们通过计算机模拟、体外体模测量和体内哺乳动物模型展示了方法的性能，展示了在分布式畸变量化、校正和速度估计方面的实际应用，用于医学超声自动聚焦。
英文摘要：
In ultrasound imaging, propagation of an acoustic wavefront through heterogeneous media causes phase aberrations that degrade the coherence of the reflected wavefront, leading to reduced image resolution and contrast. Adaptive imaging techniques attempt to correct this phase aberration and restore coherence, leading to improved focusing of the image. We propose an autofocusing paradigm for aberration correction in ultrasound imaging by fitting an acoustic velocity field to pressure measurements, via optimization of the common midpoint phase error (CMPE), using a straight-ray wave propagation model for beamforming in diffusely scattering media. We show that CMPE induced by heterogeneous acoustic velocity is a robust measure of phase aberration that can be used for acoustic autofocusing. CMPE is optimized iteratively using a differentiable beamforming approach to simultaneously improve the image focus while estimating the acoustic velocity field of the interrogated medium. The approach relies solely on wavefield measurements using a straight-ray integral solution of the two-way time-of-flight without explicit numerical time-stepping models of wave propagation. We demonstrate method performance through in silico simulations, in vitro phantom measurements, and in vivo mammalian models, showing practical applications in distributed aberration quantification, correction, and velocity estimation for medical ultrasound autofocusing.
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