We consider a charged BTZ black hole in asymptotically AdS space-time of massive gravity to study the effect of the thermal fluctuations on the black hole thermodynamics. We consider the Einstein-Born-Infeld solution and investigate critical points and stability. We also compare the results with the case of Einstein-Maxwell solutions. Besides, we find that thermal fluctuations, which appear as a logarithmic term in the entropy, affect the stability of the black hole and change the phase transition point. Moreover, we study the geometrical thermodynamics and find that the behaviour of the linear Maxwell solution is the same as the nonlinear one.
We find solution to the metric function f(r)=0 of charged BTZ black hole making use of the Lambert function. The condition of extremal charged BTZ black hole is determined by a non-linear relation of M_e(Q)=Q^2(1-\ln Q^2). Then, we study the entropy of extremal charged BTZ black hole using the entropy function approach. It is shown that this formalism works with a proper normalization of charge Q for charged BTZ black hole because AdS_2 x S^1 represents near-horizon geometry of the extremal charged BTZ black hole. Finally, we introduce the Wald's Noether formalism to reproduce the entropy of t…
We provide a discussion on a light ray in a charged black hole solution in massive gravity. To serve the purpose, we exploit the optical geometry of the black hole solution and find the Gaussian curvature in weak gravitational lensing. Furthermore, we discuss the deflection angle of the light ray in both plasma and non-plasma mediums using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on the black hole. We also analyze the Regge--Wheeler equation and derive rigorous bounds on the greybody factors of linearly charged massive BTZ black hole. We also study the shadow or silhouette generated by charged massive BTZ bla…
We generate from the static charged BTZ black hole a family of spinning charged solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell equations in 2+1 dimensions. These solutions go over, in a suitable limit, to self-dual spinning charged solutions, which are horizonless and regular, with logarithmically divergent mass and spin. To cure this divergence, we add a topological Chern-Simons term to the gauge field action. The resulting self-dual solution is horizonless, regular, and asymptotic to the extreme BTZ black hole.
We present the thermodynamics of a charged and rotating BTZ black holes here. In particular, we derive expressions for various macroscopic thermal quantities such as entropy, Hawking temperature, Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and specific heat. To study the effects of small statistical thermal fluctuations around the equilibrium on thermodynamics, we calculated the leading-order corrections to the various thermodynamical potentials of charged and rotating BTZ black hole and do comparative analysis for the fixed values of charge and angular momentum.
In this paper we study the first law of thermodynamics for the (2+1) dimensional charged BTZ black hole considering a pair of thermodinamical systems constructed with the two horizons of this solution. We show that these two systems are similar to the right and left movers of string theory and that the temperature associated with the black hole is the harmonic mean of the temperatures associated with these two systems.
In the present paper, the quantum corrections to the temperature, entropy and specific heat capacity of the charged non-rotating BTZ black hole are studied by generalized uncertainty principle in tunneling formalism. It is shown that quantum corrected entropy would be of the form of predicted entropy in quantum gravity theories like string theory and loop quantum gravity.
Due to the asymptotic structure of the black hole solution, there are two different thermodynamic schemes for the charged Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black hole. In one scheme, the charged BTZ black hole is super-entropic, while in the other, it is not (the reverse isoperimetric inequality is saturated). In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamic curvature of the charged BTZ black hole in different coordinate spaces. We find that in both schemes, the thermodynamic curvature is always positive, which may be related to the information of repulsive interaction between black hole molecul…
We find an exact nonstatic charged BTZ-like solutions, in ($N$+1)-dimensional Einstein gravity in the presence of negative cosmological constant and a nonlinear Maxwell field defined by a power $s$ of the Maxwell invariant, which describes the gravitational collapse of charged null fluid in an anti-de Sitter background. Considering the situation that a charged null fluid injects into the initially an anti-de Sitter spacetime, we show that a black hole form rather than a naked singularity, irrespective of spacetime dimensions, from gravitational collapse in accordance with cosmic censorship con…
The well-known $(2+1)$-dimensional Reissner-Nordstrom (BTZ) black hole can be generalized to three dimensional Einstein-nonlinear electromagnetic field, motivated from obtaining a finite value for the self-energy of a pointlike charge. Considering three types of nonlinear electromagnetic fields coupled with Einstein gravity, we derive three kinds of black hole solutions which their asymptotic properties are the same as charged BTZ solution. In addition, we calculate conserved and thermodynamic quantities of the solutions and show that they satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. Finally, we p…
In this manuscript, we investigate the thermal properties of the rotating charged BTZ black hole under the gravity's rainbow (GR) and generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) formalism. At first, we study the GR-corrected thermal quantities according to the usual Heisenberg algebra. Then, we consider a deformed algebra that leads to a change in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and compare the Hawking temperature, entropy, thermodynamical volume, pressure, and heat capacity functions with the previous results. Thus, we understand and interpret the quantum effects on the BTZ black hole.
Inspired by the BTZ formalism, we discuss the Maxwell-$f(T)$ gravity in (2+1)-dimensions. The main task is to derive exact solutions for a special form of $f(T)=T+εT^2$, with $T$ being the torsion scalar of Weitzenb$\ddot{\mbox{o}}$ck geometry. To this end, a triad field is applied to the equations of motion of charged $f(T)$ and sets of circularly symmetric non-charged and charged solutions have been derived. We show that, in the charged case, the monopole-like and the ${\it ln}$ terms are linked by a correlative constant despite of known results in teleparallel geometry and its extensions [3…
In this paper we will show that using the cosmological constant as a new thermodynamical state variable, the differential and integral mass formulas of the first law of thermodynamics for asymptotic flat spacetimes can be extended to (2+1) dimensional charged BTZ black holes and charged de Sitter space.
We obtain a (3+3)-dimensional global flat embedding of the generalized (2+1) charged Bañados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black holes in massive gravity. We also study the local free-fall temperatures for freely falling observers starting from rest and investigate the effect of the charge and graviton mass in free-fall temperatures.
The charged BTZ black hole is characterized by a power-law curvature singularity generated by the electric charge of the hole. The curvature singularity produces ln r terms in the asymptotic expansion of the gravitational field and divergent contributions to the boundary terms. We show that these boundary deformations can be generated by the action of the conformal group in two dimensions and that an appropriate renormalization procedure allows for the definition of finite boundary charges. In the semiclassical regime the central charge of the dual CFT turns out to be that calculated by Brown …
BTZ black holes are excellent laboratories for studying black hole thermodynamics which is a bridge between classical general relativity and quantum nature of gravitation. In addition, three-dimensional gravity could have equipped us for exploring some of the ideas behind the two dimensional conformal field theory based on the $AdS_{3}/CFT_{2}$. Considering the significant interests in these regards, we examine charged BTZ black holes. We consider the system contains massive gravity with energy dependent spacetime to enrich the results. In order to make high curvature (energy) BTZ black holes …
Noncommutative geometry is an established potential candidate for including quantum phenomena in gravitation. We outline the formalism of Hopf algebras and its connection to the algebra of infinitesimal diffeomorphisms. Using a Drinfeld twist we deform spacetime symmetries, algebra of vector fields and differential forms leading to a formulation of noncommutative Einstein equations. We study a concrete example of charged BTZ spacetime and deformations steaming from the so called angular twist. The entropy of the noncommutative charged BTZ black hole is obtained using the brick-wall method. We …
Motivated by the wide applications of BTZ black holes and interesting results of gravity's rainbow, we consider three dimensional rainbow solutions and investigate their thermodynamic properties. In addition to investigate black holes thermodynamics related to AdS/CFT correspondence, one may regard gravity's rainbow to to encode quantum gravity effects into the black hole solutions. We take into account the various models of linear and nonlinear electrodynamics and study their effects on the gravity's rainbow spacetime. We also examine thermal stability and find that obtained three dimensional…
In this paper, we study different cases of the charged rotating BTZ black hole with reference to their horizons. For the existence of these cases conditions on mass, charge and angular momentum of the black hole are obtained. It is also shown that the Einstein field equations for the charged rotating BTZ black hole at the horizon can be expressed as first law of thermodynamics, $dE=TdS+ΩdJ+Φdq+P_{r}dA$.
We construct an axially symmetric solution of Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity coupled to an electromagnetic field in 2+1 dimensions including a (negative) cosmological constant term. This is achieved by using a recently developed mapping procedure that allows to generate solutions in certain families of metric-affine gravity theories starting from a known seed solution of General Relativity, which in the present case corresponds to the electrically charged Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) solution. We discuss the main features of the new configurations, including the modifications to th…
As is already known, a spacetime horizon acts like a boundary of a thermal system an we can associate with it notions as temperature and entropy. Following the work of M. Akbar, in this paper we will show how it is possible to interpret the field equation of a charged BTZ black hole near horizon as a thermodynamic identity dE=TdS+PdA+PhidQ, where Phi is the electric potential and Q is the electric charge of BTZ black hole. These results indicate that the field equations for the charged BTZ black hole possess intrinsic thermodynamic properties near horizon.
We study the Klein-Gordon equation of a scalar field conformally coupled to a charged BTZ black hole. The background metric is obtained by coupling a non-linear and conformal invariant Maxwell field to (2+1) gravity. We show that the radial part is generally solved by a Heun function and, in the pure gravity limit, by a hypergeometric function.
It is known that traversable wormhole can exist in General Relativity only if its throat contains some exotic matter. In this paper, we obtain $(2+1)$-dimensional (horizonless) charged magnetic brane without (curvature) singularity. Then, we consider a nontrivial local transformation to grant a global rotation to spacetime. After that, we generalize magnetic brane to higher dimensional solutions and use the cut-and-paste method to construct higher dimensional charged BTZ-like rotating wormholes such a way that they reduce to charged magnetic BTZ solution in three dimensions, exactly. We also s…
We consider charged rotating BTZ black holes in noncommutative space by use of Chern-Simons theory formulation of $2+1$ dimensional gravity. The noncommutativity between the radial and the angular variables is introduced through the Seiberg-Witten map for gauge fields, and the deformed geometry to the first order in the noncommutative parameter is derived. It is found that the deformation also induces nontrivial torsion, and the Einstein-Cartan theory appears to be a suitable framework to investigate the equations of motion. Though the deformation is indeed nontrivial, the deformed and the ori…
Physical Features of Geometrically Deformed Anisotropic Charged Three-dimensional BTZ Black Holes
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Punjab（旁遮普大学数学研究所）；Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University（福岛大学共生系统科学学院）；Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Saud University（国王沙特大学理学院数学系）；Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University（真纳大学数学系）；Research Center of Astrophysics and Cosmology, Khazar University（哈扎尔大学天体物理学与宇宙学研究中心）
Motivated by the wide applications of thermal stability and phase transition, we investigate thermodynamic properties of charged BTZ black holes. We apply the standard method to calculate the heat capacity and the Hessian matrix and find that thermal stability of charged BTZ solutions depends on the choice of ensemble. To overcome this problem, we take into account cosmological constant as a thermodynamical variable. By this modification, we show that the ensemble dependency is eliminated and thermal stability conditions are the same in both ensembles. Then, we generalize our solutions to the …
Using the AdS/CFT correspondence we calculate the explicit form of the entanglement entropy for the charged BTZ black hole. The leading term in the large temperature expansion of the entropy function for this black hole reproduces its Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and the subleading term, representing the first corrections due to quantum entanglement, behaves as a logarithm of the BH entropy.
In order to classify and understand the spacetime structure, investigation of the geodesic motion of massive and massless particles is a key tool. So the geodesic equation is a central equation of gravitating systems and the subject of geodesics in the black hole dictionary attracted much attention. In this paper, we give a full description of geodesic motions in three-dimensional spacetime. We investigate the geodesics near charged BTZ black holes and then generalize our prescriptions to the case of massive gravity. We show that electric charge is a critical parameter for categorizing the geo…
The strong cosmic censorship conjecture, whose validation asserts the deterministic nature of general relativity, has been studied for charged BTZ black holes in three dimensional general relativity, as well as for Nth order pure Lovelock gravity in d=2N+1 spacetime dimensions. Through both analytical and numerical routes, we have computed the ratio of the imaginary part of the quasi-normal mode frequencies with the surface gravity at the Cauchy horizon. The lowest of which corresponds to the key parameter associated with violation of strong cosmic censorship conjecture. Our results demonstrat…
In this work we study the Quasi Normal Modes(QNMs) under massless scalar perturbations and the thermodynamics of linearly charged BTZ black holes in massive gravity in the (Anti)de Sitter((A)dS) space time. It is found that the behavior of QNMs changes with the massive parameter and also with the charge of the black hole. The thermodynamics of such black holes in the (A)dS space time is also analyzed in detail. The behavior of specific heat with temperature for such black holes gives an indication of a phase transition that depends on the massive parameter and also on the charge of the black h…
Motivated by many worthwhile paper about (2 + 1)-dimensional BTZ black holes, we generalize them to to (n + 1)-dimensional solutions, so called BTZ-like solutions. We show that the electric field of BTZ-like solutions is the same as (2 + 1)-dimensional BTZ black holes, and also their lapse functions are approximately the same, too. By these similarities, it is also interesting to investigate the geometric and thermodynamics properties of the BTZ-like solutions. We find that, depending on the metric parameters, the BTZ-like solutions may be interpreted as black hole solutions with inner (Cauchy…
We show that the 3D charged Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black hole solution interpolates between two different 2D AdS spacetimes: a near-extremal, near-horizon AdS_2 geometry with constant dilaton and U(1) field and an asymptotic AdS_2 geometry with a linear dilaton. Thus, the charged BTZ black hole can be considered as interpolating between the two different formulations proposed until now for AdS_2 quantum gravity. In both cases the theory is the chiral half of a 2D CFT and describes, respectively, Brown-Hennaux-like boundary deformations and near-horizon excitations. The central charge…
In this paper we study the first law of thermodynamics for the (2+1) dimensional rotating charged BTZ black hole considering a pair of thermodinamical systems constructed with the two horizons of this solution. We show that these two systems are similar to the right and left movers of string theory and that the temperature associated with the black hole is the harmonic mean of the temperatures associated with these two systems.
It is well known that ($2+1$) dimensional charged BTZ (Banados, Teitelboim, Zanelli) black hole can be overcharged by a charged scalar field and a charged particle in contrast to their analogues in ($3+1$) and higher dimensions. In this regard, it may play an important role to understand more deeply the properties of the ($2+1$)-dimensional charged black hole in the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity. In this paper, we test the validity of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture for the ($2+1$)-dimensional charged black hole in novel EGB theory derived recently by Henniger et. al (2021). We sho…
Slowly rotating charged BTZ black hole solutions in Palatini Chern-Simons gravity
Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC‐Universitat de València（粒子物理研究所 (IFIC)，西班牙瓦伦西亚大学）；Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)（塞阿拉联邦大学）；Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte（北里奥格兰德联邦大学）；International Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte（北里奥格兰德联邦大学国际物理研究所）；Universidade Federal da Paraíba（帕拉伊巴联邦大学）
Motivated by recent developments of BTZ black holes and interesting results of massive gravity, we investigate massive BTZ black holes in the presence of Maxwell and Born-Infeld (BI) electrodynamics. We study geometrical properties such as type of singularity and asymptotical behavior as well as thermodynamic structure of the solutions through canonical ensemble. We show that despite the existence of massive term, obtained solutions are asymptotically (a)dS and have a curvature singularity at the origin. Then, we regard varying cosmological constant and examine the Van der Waals like behavior …
This study is purposed to derive the equation of motion for geodesics in vicinity of spacetime of a (2 + 1)-dimensional charged BTZ black hole. In this paper, we solve geodesics for both massive and massless particles in terms of Weierstrass elliptic and Kleinian sigma hyper-elliptic functions. Then we determine different trajectories of motion for particles in terms of conserved energy and angular momentum and also using effective potential.
The entropy of the charged BTZ black hole horizon is described by the Cardy-Verlinde formula. We then compute the self-gravitational corrections to the Cardy-Verlinde formula of the charged BTZ black hole in the context of Keski-Vakkuri, Kraus and Wilczek (KKW) analysis. The self-gravitational corrections to the entropy as given by the Cardy-Verlinde formula are found to be positive. This result provides evidence in support of the claim that the holographic bound is not universal in the framework of two-dimensional gravity models.
A recent paper [M. Kamata and T. Koikawa, Phys. Lett. {\bf B353} (1995) 196.] claimed to obtain the charged version of the $(2+1)$-dimensional spinning $BTZ$ black hole solution by assuming a (anti-) self dual condition imposed on the electric and magnetic fields. We point out that the angular momentum and mass diverge at spatial infinity and as a consequence the solution is unphysical
In this paper we consider three dimensional BTZ black holes with three models of nonlinear electrodynamics as source. Calculating heat capacity, we study the stability and phase transitions of these black holes. We show that Maxwell, logarithmic and exponential theories yield only type one phase transition which is related to the root(s) of heat capacity. Whereas for correction form of nonlinear electrodynamics, heat capacity contains two roots and one divergence point. Next, we use geometrical approach for studying classical thermodynamical behavior of the system. We show that Weinhold and Ru…
In this paper, we investigate the entanglement entropy for the generalized charged BTZ black hole through the $AdS_{3}/CFT_{2}$ correspondence. Using the holographic description of the entanglement entropy for the strip-subsystem in boundary $CFT_{2}$, we will find the first law-like relation between the variation of holographic entanglement entropy and the variation of energy of the subsystem in terms of the mass and the electric charge up to the second order. We also obtain appropriate counterterms to renormalize the energy tensor associated with the bulk on-shell actions.
Recently M. Kamata and T. Koikawa claimed to obtain the charged version of the spinning BTZ black hole solution by assuming an (anti-) self dual condition imposed on the orthonormal basis components of the electric and magnetic fields. We point out that the Kamata-Koikawa field is not a solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations and we find the correct solution of the studied problem. It is shown that a duality mapping exists among spinning solutions obtained from electrostatic and magnetostatic fields with the help of the local transformation $t\longrightarrow t-ωθθ\longrightarrow θ-ωt.$
We study the thermodynamics and the thermodynamic geometries of charged rotating BTZ (CR-BTZ) black holes in (2+1)-gravity. We investigate the thermodynamics of these systems within the context of the Weinhold and Ruppeiner thermodynamic geometries and the recently developed formalism of geometrothermodynamics (GTD). Considering the behavior of the heat capacity and the Hawking temperature, we show that Weinhold and Ruppeiner geometries cannot describe completely the thermodynamics of these black holes and of their limiting case of vanishing electric charge. In contrast, the Legendre invarianc…
In this paper, we study the thermodynamics and phase transition of a BTZ black hole in a finite space region, namely a cavity. By imposing a temperature-fixed boundary condition on the wall of the cavity and evaluating the Euclidean action, we derive the thermodynamic quantities and then construct the first law of thermodynamics for a static and neutral BTZ black hole, a rotating BTZ black hole and a charged BTZ black hole, respectively. We prove that heat capacities of these three types of black holes are always non-negative. Considering a grand canonical ensemble, we find that the non-extrem…
Regarding the significant interests in massive gravity and combining it with gravity's rainbow and also BTZ black holes, we apply the formalism introduced by Jiang and Han in order to investigate the quantization of the entropy of black holes. We show that the entropy of BTZ black holes in massive gravity's rainbow is quantized with equally spaced spectra and it depends on the black holes' properties including massive parameters, electrical charge, the cosmological constant and also rainbow functions. In addition, we show that quantization of the entropy results into the appearance of novel pr…
The charged Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) black hole is plagued by several pathologies: a) Presence of divergent boundary terms in the action, hence of a divergent black hole mass; b) Once a finite, renormalized, mass M is defined black hole states exist for arbitrarily negative values of M; c) There is no upper bound on the charge Q. We show that these pathological features are an artifact of the renormalization procedure. They can be completely removed by using an alternative renormalization scheme leading to a different definition M_0 of the black hole mass, which is the total energy ins…
In this work, we have studied the accretion of $(n+2)$-dimensional charged BTZ black hole (BH). The critical point and square speed of sound have been obtained. The mass of the BTZ BH has been calculated and we have observed that the mass of the BTZ BH is related with square root of the energy density of dark energy which accretes onto BH in our accelerating FRW universe. We have assumed modified Chaplygin gas (MCG) as a candidate of dark energy which accretes onto BH and we have found the expression of BTZ BH mass. Since in our solution of MCG, this model generates only quintessence dark ener…
In this work, we shall analyze the effects of quantum fluctuations on the properties of a BTZ black hole, in a massive theory of gravity. We will analyze this for a charged BTZ black hole in asymptotically AdS and dS space-times. The quantum fluctuations would produce thermal fluctuations in the thermodynamics of this BTZ black hole. As these fluctuations would become relevant at a sufficiently small scale, we shall discuss the effects of such thermal fluctuations on the entropy of a small charged BTZ black. We shall also analyze the effects of these fluctuations on the stability of such a bla…
Viewing Hawking radiation as a 1D single quantum channel Landauer transport process, Nation et al calculated the energy flux and entropy flux from a Schwarzschild black hole without chemical potential. To generalize the method to the case with chemical potential, a rotating charged and non-charged BTZ black hole is investigated. Energy flux and entropy flux obtained are consistent with that from anomaly theory. The maximum energy flux and entropy flux are independent on the statistics of bosons or fermions.
As a charged spinning fermion drops into a charged rotating BTZ black hole, we investigate the laws of thermodynamics and weak cosmic censorship conjecture with and without pressure respectively. For the case without pressure, the first law, second law, as well as the weak cosmic censorship are found to be valid. While for the case with pressure, though the first law is still valid, the second law and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture are found to be violable, depending on the charge, angular momentum, AdS radius, and their variations. In addition, in both cases, the configurations of the …
In this paper, we study the charged and uncharged BTZ counterpart of the Black-Bounce proposed by Simpson and Visser recently. For the uncharged case, we find that the temperature is not modified by the bounce parameter. We also find that the wormhole side of the solution must always be supported by exotic matter over the throat. For the charged case we find that the thermodynamics is changed and the bounce parameter controls a phase transition, affecting the sign of the heat capacity and therefore the stability of the system. For the uncharged case, we find that there are no stable orbits for…
