The poset Ramsey number $R(Q_m,Q_n)$ is the smallest integer $N$ such that any blue-red coloring of the elements of the Boolean lattice $Q_N$ has a blue induced copy of $Q_m$ or a red induced copy of $Q_n$. The weak poset Ramsey number $R_w(Q_m,Q_n)$ is defined analogously, with weak copies instead of induced copies. It is easy to see that $R(Q_m,Q_n) \ge R_w(Q_m,Q_n)$.
Axenovich and Walzer showed that $n+2 \le R(Q_2,Q_n) \le 2n+2$. Recently, Lu and Thompson improved the upper bound to $\frac{5}{3}n+2$. In this paper, we solve this problem asymptotically by showing that $R(Q_2,Q_n)=n+O(n/\log n)$.
In the diagonal case, Cox and Stolee proved $R_w(Q_n,Q_n) \ge 2n+1$ using a probabilistic construction. In the induced case, Bohman and Peng showed $R(Q_n,Q_n) \ge 2n+1$ using an explicit construction. Improving these results, we show that $R_w(Q_m,Q_n) \ge n+m+1$ for all $m \ge 2$ and large $n$ by giving an explicit construction; in particular, we prove that $R_w(Q_2,Q_n)=n+3$.
Motivated by the paper of Axenovich and Walzer [2], we study the Ramsey-type problems on the Boolean lattices. Given posets $P$ and $Q$, we look for the smallest Boolean lattice $\mathcal{B}_N$ such that any coloring on elements of $\mathcal{B}_N$ must contain a monochromatic $P$ or a rainbow $Q$. This number $N$ is called the Boolean rainbow Ramsey number of $P$ and $Q$ in the paper. Particularly, we determine the exact values of the Boolean rainbow Ramsey number for $P$ and $Q$ being the antichains, the Boolean posets, or the chains. From these results, we also give some general upper and lo…
We address the following rainbow Ramsey problem: For posets $P,Q$ what is the smallest number $n$ such that any coloring of the elements of the Boolean lattice $B_n$ either admits a monochromatic copy of $P$ or a rainbow copy of $Q$. We consider both weak and strong (non-induced and induced) versions of this problem. We also investigate related problems on (partial) $k$-colorings of $B_n$ that do not admit rainbow antichains of size $k$.
A subposet $Q'$ of a poset $Q$ is a copy of a poset $P$ if there is a bijection $f$ between elements of $P$ and $Q'$ such that $x\leq y$ in $P$ iff $f(x)\leq f(y)$ in $Q'$. For posets $P, P'$, let the poset Ramsey number $R(P,P')$ be the smallest $N$ such that no matter how the elements of the Boolean lattice $Q_N$ are colored red and blue, there is a copy of $P$ with all red elements or a copy of $P'$ with all blue elements. We provide some general bounds on $R(P,P')$ and focus on the situation when $P$ and $P'$ are both Boolean lattices. In addition, we give asymptotically tight bounds for t…
We present a refinement of Ramsey numbers by considering graphs with a partial ordering on their vertices. This is a natural extension of the ordered Ramsey numbers. We formalize situations in which we can use arbitrary families of partially-ordered sets to form host graphs for Ramsey problems. We explore connections to well studied Turán-type problems in partially-ordered sets, particularly those in the Boolean lattice. We find a strong difference between Ramsey numbers on the Boolean lattice and ordered Ramsey numbers when the partial ordering on the graphs have large antichains.
Let $Q_n$ be the poset that consists of all subsets of a fixed $n$-element set, ordered by set inclusion. The poset cube Ramsey number $R(Q_n,Q_n)$ is defined as the least $m$ such that any 2-coloring of the elements of $Q_m$ admits a monochromatic copy of $Q_n$. The trivial lower bound $R(Q_n,Q_n)\ge 2n$ was improved by Cox and Stolee, who showed $R(Q_n,Q_n)\ge 2n+1$ for $3\le n\le 8$ and $n\ge 13$ using a probabilistic existence proof. In this paper, we provide an explicit construction that establishes $R(Q_n,Q_n)\ge 2n+1$ for all $n\ge 3$. The best known upper bound, due to Lu and Thompson,…
Given posets $\mathbf{P}_1,\mathbf{P}_2,\ldots,\mathbf{P}_k$, let the {\em Boolean Ramsey number} $R(\mathbf{P}_1,\mathbf{P}_2,\ldots,\mathbf{P}_k)$ be the minimum number $n$ such that no matter how we color the elements in the Boolean lattice $\mathbf{B}_n$ with $k$ colors, there always exists a poset $\mathbf{P}_i$ contained in $\mathbf{B}_n$ whose elements are all colored with $i$. This function was first introduced by Axenovich and Walzer~\cite{AW}. Recently, many results on determining $R(\mathbf{B}_m,\mathbf{B}_n)$ have been published. In this paper, we will study the function $R(\mathbf…
Given partially ordered sets (posets) $(P, \leq_P)$ and $(P', \leq_{P'})$, we say that $P'$ contains a copy of $P$ if for some injective function $f: P\rightarrow P'$ and for any $X, Y\in P$, $X\leq _P Y$ if and only of $f(X)\leq_{P'} f(Y)$. For any posets $P$ and $Q$, the poset Ramsey number $R(P,Q)$ is the least positive integer $N$ such that no matter how the elements of an $N$-dimensional Boolean lattice are colored in blue and red, there is either a copy of $P$ with all blue elements or a copy of $Q$ with all red elements. We focus on a poset Ramsey number $R(P, Q_n)$ for a fixed poset $P…
We apply the Dual Ramsey Theorem of Graham and Rothschild to prove the Ramsey property for classes of finite Boolean algebras with distinguished ideals. This allows us to compute the universal minimal flow of the group of automorphisms of $\mathcal{P}(ω_1)/\rm{fin},$ should it be isomorphic to $\mathcal{P}(ω)/\rm{fin}$ or not, and of other quotients of power set algebras. Taking Fraïssé limits of these classes, we can compute universal minimal flows of groups of homeomorphisms of the Cantor set fixing some closed subsets.
A subposet $Q'$ of a poset $Q$ is a \textit{copy of a poset} $P$ if there is a bijection $f$ between elements of $P$ and $Q'$ such that $x \le y$ in $P$ iff $f(x) \le f(y)$ in $Q'$. For posets $P, P'$, let the \textit{poset Ramsey number} $R(P,P')$ be the smallest $N$ such that no matter how the elements of the Boolean lattice $Q_N$ are colored red and blue, there is a copy of $P$ with all red elements or a copy of $P'$ with all blue elements. Axenovich and Walzer introduced this concept in \textit{Order} (2017), where they proved $R(Q_2, Q_n) \le 2n + 2$ and $R(Q_n, Q_m) \le mn + n + m$, wher…
We develop a Van der Waerden type theorem in an axiomatic setting of graded lattices and show that this axiomatic formulation can be applied to various lattices, for instance the set partition and the Boolean lattices. We derive the Hales-Jewett theorem as a corollary.
Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences（匈牙利科学院阿尔弗雷德·雷尼数学研究所）；Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University（横滨国立大学环境信息科学部）；College of Science, China Jiliang University（中国计量大学理学院）
The class of finite distributive lattices, as many other classes of structures in everyday use, does not have the Ramsey property. It is quite common, though, that after expanding the structures with appropriatelly chosen linear orders the resulting class has the Ramsey property. So, one might expect that a similar result holds for the class of all finite distributive lattices. Surprisingly, Kechris and Sokic have proved in 2012 that this is not the case: no expansion of the class of finite distributive lattices by linear orders satisfies the Ramsey property. In this paper we prove that the cl…
The class of finite distributive lattices, as many other classes of structures, does not have the Ramsey property. It is quite common, though, that after expanding the structures with appropriately chosen linear orders the resulting class has the Ramsey property. So, one might expect that a similar result holds for the class of all finite distributive lattices. Surprisingly, Kechris and Sokić have proved in 2012 that this is not the case: no expansion of the class of finite distributive lattices by linear orders satisfies the Ramsey property. In this paper we prove that the variety of distribu…
It is shown that the lattices of flats of boolean representable simplicial complexes are always atomistic, but semimodular if and only if the complex is a matroid. A canonical construction is introduced for arbitrary finite atomistic lattices, providing a characterization of the lattices of flats of boolean representable simplicial complexes and a decidability condition. We remark that every finite lattice occurs as the lattice of flats of some simplicial complex.
A poset $(P',\le_{P'})$ contains a copy of some other poset $(P,\le_P)$ if there is an injection $f\colon P'\to P$ where for every $X,Y\in P$, $X\le_P Y$ if and only if $f(X)\le_{P'} f(Y)$. For any posets $P$ and $Q$, the poset Ramsey number $R(P,Q)$ is the smallest integer $N$ such that any blue/red coloring of a Boolean lattice of dimension $N$ contains either a copy of $P$ with all elements blue or a copy of $Q$ with all elements red. We denote by $K_{t_1,\dots,t_\ell}$ a complete $\ell$-partite poset, i.e.\ a poset consisting of $\ell$ pairwise disjoint sets $A^i$ of size $t_i$, $1\le i\le…
Let $P$ be a poset of size $2^k$ that has a greatest and a least element. We prove that, for sufficiently large $n$, the Boolean lattice $2^{[n]}$ can be partitioned into copies of $P$. This resolves a conjecture of Lonc.
The Boolean lattice of dimension two, also known as the diamond, consists of four distinct elements with the following property: $A\subset B,C\subset D$. A diamond-free family in the $n$-dimensional Boolean lattice is a subposet such that no four elements form a diamond. Note that elements $B$ and $C$ may or may not be related. There is a diamond-free family in the $n$-dimensional Boolean lattice of size $(2-o(1)){n\choose\lfloor n/2\rfloor}$. In this paper, we prove that any diamond-free family in the $n$-dimensional Boolean lattice has size at most $(2.25+o(1)){n\choose\lfloor n/2\rfloor}$. …
We study some properties of the {\bf cd}-index of the Boolean lattice. They are extremely similar to the properties of the {\ab}-index, or equivalently, the flag $h$-vector of the Boolean lattice and hence may be viewed as their {\bf cd}-analogues. We define a different algebra structure on the polynomial algebra $k < \cv, \dv>$ and give a derivation on this algebra. It is of significance for the Boolean lattice and forms our main tool. Using similar methods, we also prove some results for the {\bf cd}-index of the cubical lattice. We show that the Dehn-Sommerville relations for the flag $f$-v…
Let $P$ be a partially ordered set. We prove that if $n$ is sufficiently large, then there exists a packing $\mathcal{P}$ of copies of $P$ in the Boolean lattice $(2^{[n]},\subset)$ that covers almost every element of $2^{[n]}$: $\mathcal{P}$ might not cover the minimum and maximum of $2^{[n]}$, and at most $|P|-1$ additional points due to divisibility. In particular, if $|P|$ divides $2^{n}-2$, then the truncated Boolean lattice $2^{[n]}-\{\emptyset,[n]\}$ can be partitioned into copies of $P$. This confirms a conjecture of Lonc from 1991.
The original notion of dimension for posets is due to Dushnik and Miller and has been studied extensively in the literature. Quite recently, there has been considerable interest in two variations of dimension known as Boolean dimension and local dimension. For a poset $P$, the Boolean dimension of $P$ and the local dimension of $P$ are both bounded from above by the dimension of $P$ and can be considerably less. Our primary goal will be to study analogies and contrasts among these three parameters. As one example, it is known that the dimension of a poset is bounded as a function of its height…
We are interested in maximizing the number of pairwise unrelated copies of a poset $P$ in the family of all subsets of $[n]$. We prove that for any $P$ the maximum number of unrelated copies of $P$ is asymptotic to a constant times the largest binomial coefficient. Moreover, the constant has the form $\frac{1}{c(P)}$, where $c(P)$ is the size of the smallest convex closure over all embeddings of $P$ into the Boolean lattice.
We prove upper and lower bounds on the local dimension of any pair of layers of the Boolean lattice, and show that the local dimension of the first and middle layers of the $n$-dimensional Boolean lattice is asymptotically $\frac{n}{\log_2 n}$ as $n\to\infty$. Previously, all that was known was a lower bound of $Ω(n/\log n)$ and an upper bound of $n$. Improving a result of Kim, Martin, Masařík, Shull, Smith, Uzzell, and Wang, we also prove that that the maximum local dimension of an $n$-element poset is at least $\left(\frac{1}{4}-o(1)\right)\frac{n}{\log_2 n}$.
Oscillating subalgebras of the atomless countable Boolean algebra
University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；Charles University（查理大学）；Institute of Mathematics of the Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院数学研究所）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；TU Dresden（德累斯顿工业大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, CNRS（巴黎第七大学/法国国家科学研究中心儒勒·让塞数学研究所）；Matematički Institut, SANU（塞尔维亚科学与艺术学院数学研究所）
Inspired by the work of Izakhian and Rhodes, a theory of representation of hereditary collections by boolean matrices is developed. This corresponds to representation by finite $\vee$-generated lattices. The lattice of flats, defined for hereditary collections, lattices and matrices, plays a central role in the theory. The representations constitute a lattice and the minimal and strictly join irreducible elements are studied, as well as various closure operators.
We prove that the largest $Q_2$-free family of subsets of $[n]$ which contains sets of at most three different sizes has at most $(3 + 2\sqrt {3})N/3 + o(N) \approx 2.1547N + o(N)$ members, where $N = {n \choose {\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}}$. This improves an earlier bound of $2.207N + o(N)$ by Axenovich, Manske, and Martin.
Let $F(n,k)$ ($f(n,k)$) denote the maximum possible size of the smallest color class in a (partial) $k$-coloring of the Boolean lattice $B_n$ that does not admit a rainbow antichain of size $k$. The value of $F(n,3)$ and $f(n,2)$ has been recently determined exactly. We prove that for any fixed $k$ if $n$ is large enough, then $F(n,k),f(n,k)=2^{(1/2+o(1))n}$ holds. We also introduce the general functions for any poset $P$ and integer $c\ge |P|$: let $F(n,c,P)$ ($f(n,c,P)$) denote the the maximum possible size of the smallest color class in a (partial) $c$-coloring of the Boolean lattice $B_n$ …
HUN-REN Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics（匈牙利科学院阿尔弗雷德·雷尼数学研究所）；Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qinghai Normal University（青海师范大学高原科学与可持续发展学院、数学与统计学院）
R. Canfield has conjectured that for all subgroups G of the automorphism group of the Boolean lattice B(n) (which can be regarded as the symmetric group S(n)) the quotient order B(n)/G is a symmetric chain order. We provide a straightforward proof of a generalization of a result of K. K. Jordan: namely, B(n)/G is an SCO whenever G is generated by powers of disjoint cycles. The symmetric chain decompositions of Greene and Kleitman provide the basis for partitions of these quotients.
We apply the graph container method to prove a number of counting results for the Boolean lattice $\mathcal P(n)$. In particular, we: (i) Give a partial answer to a question of Sapozhenko estimating the number of $t$ error correcting codes in $\mathcal P(n)$, and we also give an upper bound on the number of transportation codes; (ii) Provide an alternative proof of Kleitman's theorem on the number of antichains in $\mathcal P(n)$ and give a two-coloured analogue; (iii) Give an asymptotic formula for the number of $(p,q)$-tilted Sperner families in $\mathcal P(n)$; (iv) Prove a random version o…
For an odd integer $n=2d-1$, let $\mathcal{B}(n, d)$ be the subgraph of the hypercube $Q_n$ induced by the two largest layers. In this paper, we describe the typical structure of independent sets in $\mathcal{B}(n, d)$ and give precise asymptotics on the number of them. The proofs use Sapozhenko's graph container method and a recently developed method of Jenssen and Perkins, which combines Sapozhenko's graph container lemma with the cluster expansion for polymer models from statistical physics.
Let $P$ be a partially ordered set. If the Boolean lattice $(2^{[n]},\subset)$ can be partitioned into copies of $P$ for some positive integer $n$, then $P$ must satisfy the following two trivial conditions: (1) the size of $P$ is a power of $2$, (2) $P$ has a unique maximal and minimal element. Resolving a conjecture of Lonc, it was shown by Gruslys, Leader and Tomon that these conditions are sufficient as well. In this paper, we show that if $P$ only satisfies condition (2), we can still almost partition $2^{[n]}$ into copies of $P$. We prove that if $P$ has a unique maximal and minimal elem…
Let A be a finite set with at least two elements. The composition of two classes I and J of operations on A, is defined as the set of all compositions of functions in I with functions in J. This binary operation gives a monoid structure to the set E_A of all equational classes of operations on A. The set E_A of equational classes of operations on A also constitutes a complete distributive lattice under intersection and union. Clones of operations, i.e. classes containing all projections and idempotent under class composition, also form a lattice which is strictly contained in E_A. In the Boole…
For a family $\mathcal{F}$ of subsets of [n]=\{1, 2, ..., n} ordered by inclusion, and a partially ordered set P, we say that $\mathcal{F}$ is P-free if it does not contain a subposet isomorphic to P. Let $ex(n, P)$ be the largest size of a P-free family of subsets of [n]. Let $Q_2$ be the poset with distinct elements a, b, c, d, a<b, c<d; i.e., the 2-dimensional Boolean lattice. We show that $2N -o(N) \leq ex(n, Q_2)\leq 2.283261N +o(N), $ where $N = \binom{n}{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor}$. We also prove that the largest $Q_2$-free family of subsets of [n] having at most three different sizes has at …
Let $B_n$ be the poset generated by the subsets of $[n]$ with the inclusion as relation and let $P$ be a finite poset. We want to embed $P$ into $B_n$ as many times as possible such that the subsets in different copies are incomparable. The maximum number of such embeddings is asymptotically determined for all finite posets $P$ as $\frac{n \choose \lfloor n/2\rfloor}{M(P)}$, where $M(P)$ denotes the minimal size of the convex hull of a copy of $P$. We discuss both weak and strong (induced) embeddings.
We find the excluded minors for the minor-closed class of lattice path polymatroids as a subclass of the minor-closed class of Boolean polymatroids. Like lattice path matroids and Boolean polymatroids, there are infinitely many excluded minors, but they fall into a small number of easily-described types.
We find families of graphs $G$ and subgraphs $H$ of $G$ such that the number of edge colorings of $G$ avoiding a monochromatic coloring of $H$ is determined by lattice point counts or a Hodge structure on the cohomology of a certain toric variety. In general, this gives a class of ``anti-Ramsey theory problems'' with a geometric structure. For example, we find one for Ramsey numbers of classes of such graphs. The key observation is that our previous result expressing simplicial chromatic polynomials in terms of $h$-vectors of auxiliary simplicial complexes can be reinterpreted as one on edge c…
A classical and widely used lemma of Erdos and Szekeres asserts that for every n there exists N such that every N-term sequence a of real numbers contains an n-term increasing subsequence or an n-term nondecreasing subsequence; quantitatively, the smallest N with this property equals (n-1)^2+1. In the setting of the present paper, we express this lemma by saying that the set of predicates Phi={x_1<x_2,x_1\ge x_2}$ is Erdos-Szekeres with Ramsey function ES_Phi(n)=(n-1)^2+1. In general, we consider an arbitrary finite set Phi={Phi_1,...,Phi_m} of semialgebraic predicates, meaning that each Phi_j…
We establish monotone bijections between subsequences of the Farey sequences and the halfsequences of Farey subsequences associated with elements of the Boolean lattices.
For integers $0 \leq m \leq l \leq n-m$, the truncated Boolean lattice ${\cal B}_n(m,l)$ is the poset of all subsets of $[n] = \{1, 2, \ldots, n\}$ which have size at least $m$ and at most $l$. ${\cal C} \subseteq {\cal B}_n(m,l)$ is a {\em cutset} if it meets every chain of length $l-m$ in ${\cal B}_n(m,l)$, and the {\em width} of ${\cal C}$ is the size of the largest antichain in ${\cal C}$. We conjecture that for $n >> m$ the minimum width $h_n(m,l)$ of a cutset in ${\cal B}_n(m,l)$ is $Σ_{j \geq 0} Δ_n(m-jc) = Δ_n(m)+Δ_n(m-c)+Δ_n(m-2c)+ \dots$, where $c=l-m+1$ is the number of level sets i…
Given a poset $P$, a family $F$ of elements in the Boolean lattice is said to be $P$-saturated if (1) $F$ contains no copy of $P$ as a subposet and (2) every proper superset of $F$ contains a copy of $P$ as a subposet. The maximum size of a $P$-saturated family is denoted by $La(n,P)$, which has been studied for a number of choices of $P$. The minimum size of a $P$-saturated family, $sat(n,P)$, was introduced by Gerbner et al. (2013), and parallels the deep literature on the saturation function for graphs. We introduce and study the concept of saturation for induced subposets. As opposed to in…
Dowling and Rhodes defined different lattices on the set of triples (Subset, Partition, Cross Section) over a fixed finite group G. Although the Rhodes lattice is not a geometric lattice, it defines a matroid in the sense of the theory of Boolean representable simplicial complexes. This turns out to be the direct sum of a complete matroid with a lift matroid of the complete biased graph over G. As is well known, the Dowling lattice defines the frame matroid over a similar biased graph. This gives a new perspective on both matroids and also an application of matroid theory to the theory of fini…
We establish monotone bijections between the Farey sequences of order m and the halfsequences of Farey subsequences associated with the rank m elements of the Boolean lattice of subsets of a 2m-set. We also present a few related combinatorial identities.
