We discuss the infrared structure of processes with massive quarks in the initial state. It is well known that, starting from next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD, such processes exhibit a violation of the Bloch-Nordsieck theorem, in that the sum of real and virtual contributions to partonic cross sections contains uncanceled infrared singularities. The main purpose of this paper is to present a simple physical argument that elucidates the origin of these singularities and simplifies the derivation of infrared-singular contributions to heavy-quark initiated cross sections.
We propose a new approach that allows for the separate numerical calculation of the real and imaginary parts of finite loop integrals. We find that at one-loop the real part is given by the Loop-Tree Duality integral supplemented with suitable counterterms and the imaginary part is a sum of two-body phase space integrals, constituting a locally finite representation of the generalised optical theorem. These expressions are integrals in momentum space, whose integrands were specially designed to feature local cancellations of threshold singularities. Such a representation is well suited for Mon…
The detailed proof of cancellation of topologically unfactorized infrared divergences in the inclusive production of lepton pair close to the threshold of heavy quarkonia is presented. To make the effects of transition between states containing heavy quark pairs, which is important in such cancellation, the final detected states are constrained to be lepton pair near the threshold of the heavy quarkonia instead of heavy quarkonia themselves. Such cancellation is crucial for the NRQCD factorization of these processes.
The cancellation of infrared (IR) divergences is an old topic in quantum field theory whose main results are condensed into the celebrated Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg (KLN) theorem. In this paper, we consider mass-suppressed corrections to the leading (i.e. double-logarithmic) IR divergences in the context of spontaneously broken gauge theories. We work in a simplified theoretical set-up based on the spontaneously broken $U'(1)\otimes U(1)$ gauge group. We analyze, at the one-loop level and including mass-suppressed terms, the double-logarithmic corrections to the decay channels of a hypothetical …
A scheme is presented here to cancel out the topologically unfactorized infrared divergences in the inclusive production of heavy quarkonia, which affect the NRQCD factorization of these processes. The heavy quarkonia are defined as resonance states of QCD instead of color singlet heavy quark pair. Thus the final heavy quark pair is nor necessarily to be color singlet. In addition, the heavy quarkonia are reconstructed by their decay products. As the result, transition between states containing containing heavy quarks caused by exchanges of soft gluons are also taken into account here. Such ca…
Comment on " Infrared and pinching singularities in out of equilibrium QCD plasmas''
Le Bellac和Mabilat最近在分析从非平衡态夸克-胶子等离子体产生双轻子时指出，在反应速率中，质量（共线）奇异性的消除只发生在物理规范中，而不发生在协变规范中。然后，他们估计了包含箍缩奇点的贡献。在给出产生率与规范无关的一般性论证后，我们明确地证实了质量奇异部分与规范无关。包括箍缩奇点的贡献发展了质量奇点，这也是规范相关的。这种对奇异部分的“附加”贡献是“总”奇异部分的规范独立性的原因。我们给出了一个充分条件，在此条件下，质量奇异性的抵消发生。
We derive the structure of three-loop anomalous dimensions governing infrared singularities of QCD amplitudes with one massive and an arbitrary number of massless external partons. The contributions of tripole and quadrupole correlations involving a massive parton are studied in details. The analytical expression of tripole correlations between one massive and two massless partons is obtained at three loops for the first time. We regularize the infrared divergences in the soft matrix element in a novel approach, where no extra scale dependence is involved, and the calculation can be performed …
Scattering amplitudes of partons in QCD contain infrared divergences which can be resummed to all orders in terms of an anomalous dimension. Independently, in the limit of high-energy forward scattering, large logarithms of the energy can be resummed using Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov theory. We use the latter to analyze the infrared-singular part of amplitudes to all orders in perturbation theory and to next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy in the high-energy limit, resumming the two-Reggeon contribution. Remarkably, we find a closed form for the infrared-singular part, predicting the Regge lim…
We present the first comprehensive analysis of the unitarity thresholds and anomalous thresholds of scattering amplitudes at two loops and beyond based on the loop-tree duality, and show how non-causal unphysical thresholds are locally cancelled in an efficient way when the forest of all the dual on-shell cuts is considered as one. We also prove that soft and collinear singularities at two loops and beyond are restricted to a compact region of the loop three-momenta, which is a necessary condition for implementing a local cancellation of loop infrared singularities with the ones appearing in r…
In the thesis, first, the cancellation of infrared divergences in QED is reviewed. Next, two examples in QCD, the quark-quark scattering and the quark-gluon scattering are examined at one loop, from which the importance of Ward-Takahashi identities becomes manifest for the cancellation to occur. The factorization of infrared divergences in QCD is proved at all orders, by full usage of the Ward-Takahashi identities. In these proofs, the axial gauge condition is used. The cancellation of infrared divergences in QCD occurs among the gauge invariant set of graphs. In this way, the low energy theor…
We propose a novel representation of differential scattering cross-sections that locally realises the direct cancellation of infrared singularities exhibited by its so-called real-emission and virtual degrees of freedom. We take advantage of the Loop-Tree Duality representation of each individual forward-scattering diagram and we prove that the ensuing expression is locally free of infrared divergences, applies at any perturbative order and for any process without initial-state collinear singularities. Divergences for loop momenta with large magnitudes are regulated using local ultraviolet cou…
The associated production of a Higgs boson and a top-quark pair is important for probing the Yukawa coupling of the top quark, and calls for better theoretical modeling. In this paper, we calculate the two-loop infrared divergences in $t\bar{t}H$ production at hadron colliders. To do that we compute the one-loop amplitudes to higher orders in the dimensional regulator $ε$. Numeric results for the infrared poles are given as a reference at several representative phase-space points. The result in this work servers as a part of the ongoing efforts towards the $t\bar{t}H$ cross sections at the nex…
For any hard QCD amplitude with massless partons, infrared (IR) singularities arise from pinches in the complex planes of loop momenta, called pinch surfaces. To organize and study their leading behaviors in the neighborhoods of these surfaces, we can construct approximation operators for collinear and soft singularities. A BPHZ-like forest formula can be developed to subtract them systematically. In this paper, we utilize the position-space analysis of Erdogan and Sterman for Green functions, and develop the formalism for momentum space. A related analysis has been carried out by Collins for …
We present a generalized theoretical framework for dealing with the important issue of dynamical mass generation in Yang-Mills theories, and, in particular, with the infrared finiteness of the gluon propagators, observed in a multitude of recent lattice simulations. Our analysis is manifestly gauge-invariant, in the sense that it preserves the transversality of the gluon self-energy, and gauge-independent, given that the conclusions do not depend on the choice of the gauge-fixing parameter within the linear covariant gauges. The central construction relies crucially on the subtle interplay bet…
Over the past couple of years we have had significant progress in determining long-distance singularities in gauge-theory scattering amplitudes of massless particles beyond the planar limit. Upon considering all kinematic invariants much larger than the QCD scale, the singularities factorise into universal soft and jet functions, leaving behind a finite hard-interaction amplitude. Such factorization can now be implemented in full to three loops for arbitrary scattering processes of massless partons. In particular, the soft anomalous dimension for a general configuration of $n$ coloured particl…
We revisit the multi-loop structure of the anomalous-dimension matrix governing the infrared divergences of massless $n$-particle scattering amplitudes in non-abelian gauge theories. In particular, we derive its most general form at four-loop order, significantly simplifying corresponding expressions given previously. By carefully reevaluating the constraints imposed by two-particle collinear limits, we find that at four-loop order color structures involving $d_R^{abcd}$, the symmetrized trace of four group generators, appear along with cusp logarithms $\ln[μ^2/(-s_{ij})]$. As a consequence, n…
Infrared Singularities and Soft Gluon Resummation with Massive Partons
QCD散射振幅的红外发散可以从反常维数矩阵中导出，这也是软胶子发射产生的大振幅的重新计算的一个重要组成部分。本文报道了最近在双圈水平上对有质量部分子和无质量部分子的反常维数矩阵的解析计算，它描述了任意数量的有质量部分子和无质量部分子的散射振幅的双圈红外奇异性，并使软胶子能以次-次-首对数级重算.作为应用，我们计算了q qbar -> t tbar和gg -> t tbar散射振幅中的红外极点。
Infrared singularities in massless gauge theories are known since the foundation of quantum field theories. The root of this problem can be tracked back to the very definition of these long-range interacting theories such as QED. It can be shown that singularities are caused by the massless degrees of freedom (i.e. the photons in the case of QED). In the Bloch-Nordsieck model the absence of the infrared catastrophe can be shown exactly by the complete summation of the radiative corrections. In this paper we will give the idea of the derivation of the Bloch-Nordsieck propagator, that describes …
Threshold and infrared divergences are studied as possible mechanisms of particle production and compared to the usual decay process in a model quantum field theory from which generalizations are obtained. A spectral representation of the propagator of the decaying particle suggests that decay, threshold and infrared singularities while seemingly different phenomena are qualitatively related. We implement a non-perturbative dynamical resummation method to study the time evolution of an initial state. It is manifestly unitary and yields the asymptotic state and the distribution function of prod…
We investigate a large class of perturbative QCD (pQCD) renormalization schemes whose beta functions $β(a)$ are meromorphic functions of the running coupling and give finite positive value of the coupling $a(Q^2)$ in the infrared regime ("freezing"), $a(Q^2) \to a_0$ for $Q^2 \to 0$. Such couplings automatically have no singularities on the positive axis of the squared momenta $Q^2$ ($ \equiv -q^2$). Explicit integration of the renormalization group equation (RGE) leads to the implicit (inverted) solution for the coupling, of the form $\ln (Q^2/Q^2_{\rm in}) = {\cal H}(a)$. An analysis of this…
We furnish details and extensions for the vertex paradigm and related ideas. The vertex paradigm is a method for dealing non-perturbatively with the Schwinger-Dyson equations (SDE) of asymptotically-free (AF) gauge theories such as QCD, even in the face of necessary approximations. It provides a useful truncation for the infinitely-many SDE of the gauge- and renormalization-group invariant Pinch Technique (PT-RGI). We implement the vertex paradigm by successive approximations at the one-dressed-loop level, postulating input tree-level gluon and ghost propagators and a 3-gluon vertex that are w…
