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arXiv 2008.06740cs.DSmath.CO
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在多项式时间内求最短偶孔

Finding a Shortest Even Hole in Polynomial Time

Hou-Teng Cheong, Hsueh-I Lu

摘要:

图中的偶(奇)洞是指偶(奇)长至少为4的诱导圈。Bienstock [DM 1991和1992]证明了检测包含给定顶点的偶数(分别为奇数)洞是NP完全的。Conforti,Chornuéjols,Kappor和Vušković [FOCS 1997]给出了第一个已知的多项式时间算法来确定一个图是否包含偶数洞。Chudnovsky、Kawarabayashi和Seymour [JGT 2005]估计Conforti等人的算法在$n$ -顶点图上以$O(n^{40})$时间运行,并将所需时间减少到$O(n^{31})$。随后,da~Silva和Vušković~[JCTB 2013]、Chang和Lu [JCTB 2017]以及Lai、Lu和Thorup [STOC 2020]分别将时间改进为$O(n^{19})$、$O(n^{11})$和$O(n^9)$。确定图是否包含奇洞的易处理性已经开放了几十年,直到Chudnovsky,Scott,Seymour和Spirkl [JACM 2020]的算法在$O(n^9)$时间内运行,Lai等人也将其简化为$O(n^8)$。通过扩展Chudnovsky et al. Chudnovsky,Scott和Seymour [Combinatorica 2020出现](分别为[arXiv 2020])用于检测奇洞的技术确保了找到长(分别为最短)奇洞的易处理性。他们还确保了寻找最长奇洞的NP困难性,其减少也适用于寻找最长偶洞。最近,库克和西摩确保了找到一个长而均匀的洞的易处理性。一个有趣的缺失部分是找到一个最短的偶数洞的易处理性,至少开放了15年,例如,Chudnovsky等人[JGT 2005]和Johnson [TALG 2005]。我们解决了这个长期存在的开放问题,给出了第一个已知的多项式时间算法,运行在$O(n^{31})$时间,找到一个最短的甚至孔的$n$顶点图,包含甚至孔。

英文摘要:

An even (respectively, odd) hole in a graph is an induced cycle with even (respectively, odd) length that is at least four. Bienstock [DM 1991 and 1992] proved that detecting an even (respectively, odd) hole containing a given vertex is NP-complete. Conforti, Chornuéjols, Kappor, and Vušković [FOCS 1997] gave the first known polynomial-time algorithm to determine whether a graph contains even holes. Chudnovsky, Kawarabayashi, and Seymour [JGT 2005] estimated that Conforti et al.'s algorithm runs in $O(n^{40})$ time on an $n$-vertex graph and reduced the required time to $O(n^{31})$. Subsequently, da~Silva and Vušković~[JCTB 2013], Chang and Lu [JCTB 2017], and Lai, Lu, and Thorup [STOC 2020] improved the time to $O(n^{19})$, $O(n^{11})$, and $O(n^9)$, respectively. The tractability of determining whether a graph contains odd holes has been open for decades until the algorithm of Chudnovsky, Scott, Seymour, and Spirkl [JACM 2020] that runs in $O(n^9)$ time, which Lai et al. also reduced to $O(n^8)$. By extending Chudnovsky et al.'s techniques for detecting odd holes, Chudnovsky, Scott, and Seymour [Combinatorica 2020 to appear] (respectively, [arXiv 2020]) ensured the tractability of finding a long (respectively, shortest) odd hole. They also ensured the NP-hardness of finding a longest odd hole, whose reduction also works for finding a longest even hole. Recently, Cook and Seymour ensured the tractability of finding a long even hole. An intriguing missing piece is the tractability of finding a shortest even hole, left open for at least 15 years by, e.g., Chudnovsky et al. [JGT 2005] and Johnson [TALG 2005]. We resolve this long-standing open problem by giving the first known polynomial-time algorithm, running in $O(n^{31})$ time, for finding a shortest even hole in an $n$-vertex graph that contains even holes.

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