The size of a largest independent set of vertices in a given graph $G$ is denoted by $α(G)$ and is called its independence number (or stability number). Given a graph $G$ and an integer $K,$ it is NP-complete to decide whether $α(G) \geq K.$ An upper bound for the independence number $α(G)$ of a given graph $G$ with $n$ vertices and $m $ edges is given by $α(G) \leq p:=\lfloor\frac{1}{2} + \sqrt{\frac{1}{4} + n^2 - n - 2m}\rfloor.$
In this paper we will consider maximum independent sets near this upper bound. Our main result is the following: There exists an algorithm with time complexity $O(n^2)$ that, given as an input a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices, $m$ edges, $p:=\lfloor\frac{1}{2} + \sqrt{\frac{1}{4} + n^2 - n - 2m}\rfloor,$ and an integer $k \geq 0$ with $p \geq 2k+1,$ returns an induced subgraph $G_{p,k}$ of $G$ with $n_0 \leq p+2k+1$ vertices such that $α(G) \leq p-k$ if and only if $α(G_{p,k}) \leq p-k.$ Furthermore, we will show that we can decide in time $O(1.2738^{3k} + kn)$ whether $α(G_{p,k}) \leq p-k.$
We have the Fisher type inequality and the linear programming bound as upper bounds for the cardinalities of $s$-distance sets on $S^{d-1}$. In this paper, we give a new upper bound for the cardinalities of $s$-distance sets on $S^{d-1}$ for any $s$. This upper bound improves the Fisher typer inequality and is useful for $s$-distance sets which are not applicable to the linear programming bound.
The $k$-independence number of a graph $G$ is the maximum size of a set of vertices at pairwise distance greater than $k$. In this paper, for each positive integer $k$, we prove sharp upper bounds for the $k$-independence number in an $n$-vertex connected graph with given minimum and maximum degree.
There are two known families of maximum scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets in $PG(1,q^t)$: the linear sets of pseudoregulus type and for $t\geq 4$ the scattered linear sets found by Lunardon and Polverino. For $t=4$ we show that these are the only maximum scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets and we describe the orbits of these linear sets under the groups $PGL(2,q^4)$ and $PΓL(2,q^4)$.
We characterize the connected graphs of given order $n$ and given independence number $α$ that maximize the number of maximum independent sets. For $3\leq α\leq n/2$, there is a unique such graph that arises from the disjoint union of $α$ cliques of orders $\left\lceil\frac{n}α\right\rceil$ and $\left\lfloor\frac{n}α\right\rfloor$, by selecting a vertex $x$ in a largest clique and adding an edge between $x$ and a vertex in each of the remaining $α-1$ cliques. Our result confirms a conjecture of Derikvand and Oboudi [On the number of maximum independent sets of graphs, Transactions on Combinato…
In a graph $G$, a subset of vertices is a dissociation set if it induces a subgraph with vertex degree at most 1. A maximum dissociation set is a dissociation set of maximum cardinality. The dissociation number of $G$, denoted by $ψ(G)$, is the cardinality of a maximum dissociation set of $G$. Extremal problems involving counting the number of a given type of substructure in a graph have been a hot topic of study in extremal graph theory throughout the last few decades. In this paper, we determine the maximum number of maximum dissociation sets in a tree with prescribed dissociation number and…
Fricke, Hedetniemi, Hedetniemi, and Hutson asked whether every tree with domination number $γ$ has at most $2^γ$ minimum dominating sets. Bien gave a counterexample, which allows to construct forests with domination number $γ$ and $2.0598^γ$ minimum dominating sets. We show that every forest with domination number $γ$ has at most $2.4606^γ$ minimum dominating sets, and that every tree with independence number $α$ has at most $2^{α-1}+1$ maximum independent sets.
Given a connected graph with domination (or total domination) number γ>=2, we ask for the maximum number m_γand m_{γ,T} of dominating and total dominating sets of size γ. An exact answer is provided for γ=2and lower bounds are given for γ>=3.
We prove that there are arbitrarily large indecomposable ordered sets T with a 2-chain C such that the smallest indecomposable proper superset U of C in T is T itself. Subsequently, we characterize all such indecomposable ordered sets T and 2-chains C. We also prove the same type of result for 2-antichains.
A subset of vertices $F$ in a graph $G$ is called a \emph{dissociation set} if the induced subgraph $G[F]$ of $G$ has maximum degree at most 1. A \emph{maximal dissociation set} of $G$ is a dissociation set which is not a proper subset of any other dissociation sets. A \emph{maximum dissociation set} is a dissociation set of maximum size. We show that every graph of order $n$ has at most $10^{\frac{n}{5}}$ maximal dissociation sets, and that every triangle-free graph of order $n$ has at most $6^{\frac{n}{4}}$ maximal dissociation sets. We also characterize the extremal graphs on which these up…
In a graph G, a dissociation set is a subset of vertices which induces a subgraph with vertex degree at most 1. Finding a dissociation set of maximum cardinality in a graph is NP-hard even for bipartite graphs and is called the maximum dissociation set problem. The complexity of maximum dissociation set problem in various subclasses of graphs has been extensively studied in the literature. In this paper, we study the maximum dissociation problem from different perspectives and characterize the vertices belonging to all maximum dissociation sets, and to no maximum dissociation set of a tree. We…
We give a very short and simple proof of Zykov's generalization of Turán's theorem, which implies that the number of maximum independent sets of a graph of order $n$ and independence number $α$ with $α<n$ is at most $\left\lceil\frac{n}α\right\rceil^{n\,{\rm mod}\,α} \left\lfloor\frac{n}α\right\rfloor^{α-(n\,{\rm mod}\,α)}$. Generalizing a result of Zito, we show that the number of maximum independent sets of a tree of order $n$ and independence number $α$ is at most $2^{n-α-1}+1$, if $2α=n$, and, $2^{n-α-1}$, if $2α>n$, and we also characterize the extremal graphs. Finally, we show that the n…
We use probabilistic methods to find lower bounds on the maximum number, in a graph with domination number γ, of dominating sets of size γ. We find that we can randomly generate a graph that, w.h.p., is dominated by almost all sets of size γ. At the same time, we use a modified adjacency matrix to obtain lower bounds on the number of sets of a given size that do not dominate a graph on n vertices
The following Proposition is a positive answer to a question about cancellations between permutations that arises in a model problem in the many body theory of Fermions. It concerns the mathematically rigorous implementation of the Pauli exclusion principle.
A subset of vertices in a graph $G$ is called a maximum dissociation set if it induces a subgraph with vertex degree at most 1 and the subset has maximum cardinality. The dissociation number of $G$, denoted by $ψ(G)$, is the cardinality of a maximum dissociation set. A subcubic tree is a tree of maximum degree at most 3. In this paper, we give the lower and upper bounds on the dissociation number in a subcubic tree of order $n$ and show that the number of maximum dissociation sets of a subcubic tree of order $n$ and dissociation number $ψ$ is at most $1.466^{4n-5ψ+2}$.
We determine the shape of all sum-free sets in $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}^2$ of size close to the maximum $\frac{3}{5}n^2$, solving a problem of Elsholtz and Rackham. We show that all such asymptotic maximum sum-free sets lie completely in the stripe $\frac{4}{5}n-o(n)\le x+y\le\frac{8}{5}n+ o(n)$. We also determine for any positive integer $p$ the maximum size of a subset $A\subseteq \{1,2,\ldots,n\}^2$ which forbids the triple $(x,y,z)$ satisfying $px+py=z$.
Linear set in projective spaces over finite fields plays central roles in the study of blocking sets, semifields, rank-metric codes and etc. A linear set with the largest possible cardinality and the maximum rank is called maximum scattered. Despite two decades of study, there are only a few number of known maximum scattered linear sets in projective lines, including the family constructed by Csajbók, Marino, Polverino and Zanella 2018, and the family constructed by Csajbók, Marino, Zullo 2018 (also Marino, Montanucci, and Zullo 2020). This paper aims to solve the equivalence problem of the li…
A graph $G$ is terminal-pairable with respect to a demand multigraph $D$ on the same vertex set as $G$, if there exists edge-disjoint paths joining the end vertices of every demand edge of $D$. In this short note, we improve the upper bound on the largest $Δ(n)$ with the property that the complete graph on $n$ vertices is terminal-pairable with respect to any demand multigraph of maximum degree at most $Δ(n)$. This disproves a conjecture originally stated by Csaba, Faudree, Gyárfás, Lehel and Schelp.
A subset of vertices is a {\it maximum independent set} if no two of the vertices are adjacent and the subset has maximum cardinality. A subset of vertices is called a {\it maximum dissociation set} if it induces a subgraph with vertex degree at most 1, and the subset has maximum cardinality. Zito [J. Graph Theory {\bf 15} (1991) 207--221] proved that the maximum number of maximum independent sets of a tree of order $n$ is $2^{\frac{n-3}{2}}$ if $n$ is odd, and $2^{\frac{n-2}{2}}+1$ if $n$ is even and also characterized all extremal trees with the most maximum independent sets, which solved a …
In [2] and [19] are presented the first two families of maximum scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets of the projective line $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^n)$. More recently in [23] and in [5], new examples of maximum scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-subspaces of $V(2,q^n)$ have been constructed, but the equivalence problem of the corresponding linear sets is left open. Here we show that the $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets presented in [23] and in [5], for $n=6,8$, are new. Also, for $q$ odd, $q\equiv \pm 1,\,0 \pmod 5$, we present new examples of maximum scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets in $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^6)$, ari…
We show that any subset of $\mathbb{Z}_p^n$ ($p$ an odd prime) without $3$-term arithmetic progression has size $O(p^{cn})$, where $c:=1-\frac{1}{18\log p}<1$. In particular, we find an upper bound of $O(2.84^n)$ on the maximum size of an affine cap in $GF(3)^n$.
Let m(G) denote the number of maximal independent sets of vertices in a graph G and let c(n,r) be the maximum value of m(G) over all connected graphs with n vertices and at most r cycles. A theorem of Griggs, Grinstead, and Guichard gives a formula for c(n,r) when r is large relative to n, while a theorem of Goh, Koh, Sagan, and Vatter does the same when r is small relative to n. We complete the determination of c(n,r) for all n and r and characterize the extremal graphs. Problems for maximum independent sets are also completely resolved.
A finite set X in the Euclidean space is called an s-inner product set if the set of the usual inner products of any two distinct points in X has size s. First, we give a special upper bound for the cardinality of an s-inner product set on concentric spheres. The upper bound coincides with the known lower bound for the size of a Euclidean 2s-design. Secondly, we prove the non-existence of 2- or 3-inner product sets on two concentric spheres attaining the upper bound for any d>1. The efficient property needed to prove the upper bound for an s-inner product set gives the new concept, inside s-in…
One theorem of Nemhauser and Trotter ensures that, under certain conditions, a stable set of a graph G can be enlarged to a maximum stable set of this graph. For example, any stable set consisting of only simplicial vertices is contained in a maximum stable set of G. In this paper we demonstrate that an inverse assertion is true for trees of order greater than one, where, in fact, all the simplicial vertices are pendant. Namely, we show that any maximum stable set of such a tree contains at least one pendant vertex. Moreover, we prove that if T does not own a perfect matching, then a stable se…
The concept of linear set in projective spaces over finite fields was introduced by Lunardon in 1999 and it plays central roles in the study of blocking sets, semifields, rank-distance codes and etc. A linear set with the largest possible cardinality and rank is called maximum scattered. Despite two decades of study, there are only a limited number of maximum scattered linear sets of a line $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^n)$. In this paper, we provide a large family of new maximum scattered linear sets over $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^n)$ for any even $n\geq 6$ and odd $q$. In particular, the relevant family contains …
A two-intersection set with parameters $(j;α,β)$ for a block design is a $j$-subset of the point set of the design, which intersects every block in $α$ or $β$ points. In this paper, we show the existence of a two-intersection set with parameters $(2m^2-m+1;m^2-m,m^2)$ for the block design obtained from translations of the set of nonzero squares in the finite field of order $q=4m^2+1$. As an application, we give a construction of conference matrices with maximum excess based on the two-intersection sets.
The rank of a scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear set of $\mathrm{PG}(r-1,q^n)$, $rn$ even, is at most $rn/2$ as it was proved by Blokhuis and Lavrauw. Existence results and explicit constructions were given for infinitely many values of $r$, $n$, $q$ ($rn$ even) for scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets of rank $rn/2$. In this paper we prove that the bound $rn/2$ is sharp also in the remaining open cases. Recently Sheekey proved that scattered $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets of $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^n)$ of maximum rank $n$ yield $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear MRD-codes with dimension $2n$ and minimum distance $n-1$.…
We connect two classical results in extremal graph theory concerning the number of maximal independent sets. The maximum number mis$(n)$ of maximal independent sets in an $n$-vertex graph was determined by Moon and Moser. The maximum number mis$_\bigtriangleup(n)$ of maximal independent sets in an $n$-vertex triangle-free graph was determined by Hujter and Tuza. We determine the maximum number mis$_t(n)$ of maximal independent sets in an $n$-vertex graph containing no induced triangle matching of size $t+1$. We also reprove a stability result of Kahn and Park on the maximum number mis$_{\bigtr…
The bondage number $b(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the smallest number of edges whose removal from $G$ results in a graph with larger domination number. Let $G$ be embeddable on a surface whose Euler characteristic $χ$ is as large as possible, and assume $χ\leq0$. Gagarin-Zverovich and Huang have recently found upper bounds of $b(G)$ in terms of the maximum degree $Δ(G)$ and the Euler characteristic $χ(G)=χ$. In this paper we prove a better upper bound $b(G)\leqΔ(G)+\lfloor t\rfloor$ where $t$ is the largest real root of the cubic equation $z^3 + z^2 + (3χ- 8)z + 9χ- 12=0$; this upper bound is asympt…
We describe an infinite family of graphs $G_n$, where $G_n$ has $n$ vertices, independence number at least $n/4$, and no set of less than $\sqrt{n}/2$ vertices intersects all its maximum independent sets. This is motivated by a question of Bollobás, Erdős and Tuza, and disproves a recent conjecture of Friedgut, Kalai and Kindler. Motivated by a related question of the last authors, we show that for every graph $G$ on $n$ vertices with independence number $(1/4+\eps)n$, the average independence number of an induced subgraph of $G$ on a uniform random subset of the vertices is at most $(1/4+\eps…
A maximum stable set in a graph G is a stable set of maximum cardinality. S is a local maximum stable set if it is a maximum stable set of the subgraph of G spanned by the union of S and N(S), where N(S) is the neighborhood of S. One theorem of Nemhauser and Trotter Jr., working as a useful sufficient local optimality condition for the weighted maximum stable set problem, ensures that any local maximum stable set of G can be enlarged to a maximum stable set of G. In this paper we demonstrate that an inverse assertion is true for forests. Namely, we show that for any non-empty local maximum sta…
The (n,k)-star graph is a very important computer modelling. The independent number and chromatic number of a graph are two important parameters in graph theory. However, we did not know the values of this two parameters of the (n,k)-star graph since it was proposed. In [18], Wei et. al. declared that they determined the independent number of the (n,k)-star graph, unfortunately their proof is wrong. This paper generalize their result and present a maximum independent sets partition of (n,k)-star graph. From that we can immediately deduce the exact value of the independent number and chromatic …
A tri-colored sum-free set in an abelian group $H$ is a collection of ordered triples in $H^3$, $\{(a_i,b_i,c_i)\}_{i=1}^m$, such that the equation $a_i+b_j+c_k=0$ holds if and only if $i=j=k$. Using a variant of the lemma introduced by Croot, Lev, and Pach in their breakthrough work on arithmetic-progression-free sets, we prove that the size of any tri-colored sum-free set in $\mathbb{F}_2^n$ is bounded above by $6 {n \choose \lfloor n/3 \rfloor}$. This upper bound is tight, up to a factor subexponential in $n$: there exist tri-colored sum-free sets in $\mathbb{F}_2^n$ of size greater than ${…
Erdős and Moser raised the question of determining the maximum number of maximal cliques or equivalently, the maximum number of maximal independent sets in a graph on $n$ vertices. Since then there has been a lot of research along these lines. A $k$-dominating independent set is an independent set $D$ such that every vertex not contained in $D$ has at least $k$ neighbours in $D$. Let $mi_k(n)$ denote the maximum number of $k$-dominating independent sets in a graph on $n$ vertices, and let $ζ_k:=\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{mi_k(n)}$. Nagy initiated the study of $mi_k(n)$. In this artic…
In this paper we study a family of scattered $\F_q$--linear sets of rank $tn$ of the projective space $PG(2n-1,q^t)$ ($n \geq 1$, $t\geq 3$), called of {\it pseudoregulus type}, generalizing results contained in [G. Marino, O. Polverino, R. Trombetti: On ${\mathbb F}_q$--linear sets of $\PG(3,q^3)$ and semifields, {\em J. Combin. Theory Ser. A}, {\bf 114} (2007), 769--788] and in [M. Lavrauw, G. Van de Voorde: Scattered linear sets and pseudoreguli, preprint]. As an application, we characterize, in terms of the associated linear sets, some classical families of semifields: the Generalized Twis…
We generalize the notion of orthogonal latin squares to colorings of simple graphs. Two $n$-colorings of a graph are said to be \emph{orthogonal} if whenever two vertices share a color in one coloring they have distinct colors in the other coloring. We show that the usual bounds on the maximum size of a certain set of orthogonal latin structures such as latin squares, row latin squares, equi-$n$ squares, single diagonal latin squares, double diagonal latin squares, or sudoku squares are a special cases of bounds on orthogonal colorings of graphs.
In this paper, we investigate a problem concerning quartets, which are a particular type of tree on four leaves. Loosely speaking, a set of quartets is said to be `definitive' if it completely encapsulates the structure of some larger tree, and `minimal' if it contains no redundant information. Here, we address the question of how large a minimal definitive quartet set on n leaves can be, showing that the maximum size is at least 2n-8 for all n>3. This is an enjoyable problem to work on, and we present a pretty construction, which employs symmetry.
We prove a lemma that is useful to get upper bounds for the number of partitions without a given subsum. From this we can deduce an improved upper bound for the number of sets represented by the (unrestricted or into unequal parts) partitions of an integer n.
A subset $A$ of the integers is a $B_k[g]$ set if the number of multisets from $A$ that sum to any fixed integer is at most $g$. Let $F_{k,g}(n)$ denote the maximum size of a $B_k[g]$ set in $\{1,\dots, n\}$. In this paper we improve the best-known upper bounds on $F_{k,g}(n)$ for $g>1$ and $k$ large. When $g=1$ we match the best upper bound of Green with an improved error term. Additionally, we give a lower bound on $F_{k,g}(n)$ that matches a construction of Lindström while removing one of the hypotheses.
Explicit constructions of infinite families of scattered ${\mathbb F}_q$--linear sets in $PG(r-1,q^t)$ of maximal rank $\frac{rt}2$, for $t$ even, are provided. When $q=2$ and $r$ is odd, these linear sets correspond to complete caps in $AG(r,2^t)$ fixed by a translation group of size $2^{\frac{rt}2}$. The doubling construction applied to such caps gives complete caps in $AG(r+1,2^t)$ of size $2^{\frac{rt}2+1}$. For Galois spaces of even dimension greater than $2$ and even square order, this solves the long-standing problem of establishing whether the theoretical lower bound for the size of a …
We investigate the upper chromatic number of the hypergraph formed by the points and the $k$-dimensional subspaces of $\mathrm{PG}(n,q)$; that is, the most number of colors that can be used to color the points so that every $k$-subspace contains at least two points of the same color. Clearly, if one colors the points of a double blocking set with the same color, the rest of the points may get mutually distinct colors. This gives a trivial lower bound, and we prove that it is sharp in many cases. Due to this relation with double blocking sets, we also prove that for $t\leq \frac38p+1$, a small …
Let $n$ and $t$ be positive integers with $t<n$, and let $q$ be a prime power. A partial $(t-1)$-spread of ${\rm PG}(n-1,q)$ is a set of $(t-1)$-dimensional subspaces of ${\rm PG}(n-1,q)$ that are pairwise disjoint. Let $r\equiv n\pmod{t}$ with $0\leq r<t$, and let $θ_i=(q^i-1)/(q-1)$. We essentially prove that if $2\leq r<t\leq θ_r$, then the maximum size of a partial $(t-1)$-spread of ${\rm PG}(n-1,q)$ is bounded from above by $(θ_n-θ_{t+r})/θ_t+q^r-(q-1)(t-3)+1$. We actually give tighter bounds when certain divisibility conditions are satisfied. These bounds improve on the previously known …
A finite set X in a metric space M is called an s-distance set if the set of distances between any two distinct points of X has size s. The main problem for s-distance sets is to determine the maximum cardinality of s-distance sets for fixed s and M. In this paper, we improve the known upper bound for s-distance sets in n-sphere for s=3,4. In particular, we determine the maximum cardinalities of three-distance sets for n=7 and 21. We also give the maximum cardinalities of s-distance sets in the Hamming space and the Johnson space for several s and dimensions.
A subset $X$ in the $d$-dimensional Euclidean space is called a $k$-distance set if there are exactly $k$ distinct distances between two distinct points in $X$ and a subset $X$ is called a locally $k$-distance set if for any point $x$ in $X$, there are at most $k$ distinct distances between $x$ and other points in $X$. Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel gave the Fisher type upper bound for the cardinalities of $k$-distance sets on a sphere in 1977. In the same way, we are able to give the same bound for locally $k$-distance sets on a sphere. In the first part of this paper, we prove that if $X$ is…
In this paper we investigate the geometric properties of the configuration consisting of a $k$-subspace $Γ$ and a canonical subgeometry $Σ$ in $\mathrm{PG}(n-1,q^n)$, with $Γ\capΣ=\emptyset$. The idea motivating is that such properties are reflected in the algebraic structure of the linear set which is projection of $Σ$ from the vertex $Γ$. In particular we deal with the maximum scattered linear sets of the line $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^n)$ found by Lunardon and Polverino and recently generalized by Sheekey. Our aim is to characterize this family by means of the properties of the vertex of the project…
A maximum stable set in a graph G is a stable set of maximum cardinality. S is a local maximum stable set of G, if S is a maximum stable set of the subgraph induced by its closed neighborhood. Nemhauser and Trotter Jr. proved in 1975 that any local maximum stable set is a subset of a maximum stable set of G. In 2002 we showed that the family of all local maximum stable sets of a forest forms a greedoid on its vertex set. The cases where G is bipartite, triangle-free, well-covered, while the family of all local maximum stable sets is a greedoid, were analyzed in 2004, 2007, and 2008, respective…
The nodes of the de Bruijn graph B(d,3) consist of all strings of length 3, taken from an alphabet of size d, with edges between words which are distinct substrings of a word of length 4. We give an inductive characterization of the maximum independent sets of the de Bruijn graphs B(d,3) and for the de Bruijn graph of diameter three with loops removed, for arbitrary alphabet size. We derive a recurrence relation and an exponential generating function for their number. This recurrence allows us to construct exponentially many comma-free codes of length 3 with maximal cardinality.
A maximum stable set in a graph G is a stable set of maximum cardinality. S is called a local maximum stable set of G if S is a maximum stable set of the subgraph induced by the closed neighborhood of S. A greedoid (V,F) is called a local maximum stable set greedoid if there exists a graph G=(V,E) such that its family of local maximum stable sets coinsides with (V,F). It has been shown that the family local maximum stable sets of a forest T forms a greedoid on its vertex set. In this paper we demonstrate that if G is a very well-covered graph, then its family of local maximum stable sets is a …
The maximum scattered linear sets in $PG(1,q^n)$ have been completely classified for $n \le 4$ by Csajbók-Zanella and Lavrauw-Van de Voorde. Here a wide class of linear sets in $PG(1,q^5)$ is studied which depends on two parameters. Conditions for the existence, in this class, of possible new maximum scattered linear sets in $PG(1,q^5)$ are exhibited.
For a permutation group $G$ acting on a set $V$, a subset $I$ of $G$ is said to be an intersecting set if for every pair of elements $g,h\in I$ there exists $v \in V$ such that $g(v) = h(v)$. The intersection density $ρ(G)$ of a transitive permutation group $G$ is the maximum value of the quotient $|I|/|G_v|$ where $G_v$ is a stabilizer of a point $v\in V$ and $I$ runs over all intersecting sets in $G$. If $G_v$ is the largest intersecting set in $G$ then $G$ is said to have the Erdős-Ko-Rado (EKR)-property, and moreover, $G$ has the strict-EKR-property if every intersecting set of maximum siz…
For given graph $H$, the independence number $α(H)$ of $H$, is the size of the maximum independent set of $V(H)$. Finding the maximum independent set in a graph is a NP-hard problem. Another version of the independence number is defined as the size of the maximum induced forest of $H$, and called the forest number of $H$, and denoted by $f(H)$. Finding $f(H)$ is also a NP-hard problem. Suppose that $H=(V(H),E(H))$ be a graph, and $\G$ be a family of graphs, a graph $H$ has a $\G$-free $k$-coloring if there exists a decomposition of $V(H)$ into sets $V_i$, $i-1,2,\ldots,k$, so that $G\nsubseteq…
An independent set A is maximal if it is not a proper subset of an independent set, while A is maximum if it has a maximum size. The problem of whether a graph has a pair of disjoint maximal independent sets was introduced by C. Berge in early 70's. The class of graphs for which every induced subgraph admits two disjoint maximal independent sets was characterized in (Shaudt, 2015). It is known that deciding whether a graph has two disjoint maximal independent sets is a NP-complete problem (Henning et al., 2009). In this paper, we are focused on finding conditions ensuring the existence of two …
A maximum stable set in a graph G is a stable set of maximum cardinality. S is a local maximum stable set of G, if S is a maximum stable set of the subgraph induced by its closed neighborhood. It is known that the family of all local maximum stable sets of a forest forms a greedoid on its vertex set. Bipartite, triangle-free, and well-covered graphs whose families of local maximum stable sets form greedoids have been analyzed as well. A unicycle graph owns only one cycle. In this paper we characterize the unicycle graphs whose families of local maximum stable sets form greedoids.
We prove constructively that the maximum possible number of minimal connected dominating sets in a connected undirected graph of order $n$ is in $Ω(1.489^n)$. This improves the previously known lower bound of $Ω(1.4422^n)$ and reduces the gap between lower and upper bounds for input-sensitive enumeration of minimal connected dominating sets in general graphs as well as some special graph classes.
The Doob graph $D(m,n)$ is a distance-regular graph with the same parameters as the Hamming graph $H(2m+n,4)$. The maximum independent sets in the Doob graphs are analogs of the distance-$2$ MDS codes in the Hamming graphs. We prove that the logarithm of the number of the maximum independent sets in $D(m,n)$ grows as $2^{2m+n-1}(1+o(1))$. The main tool for the upper estimation is constructing an injective map from the class of maximum independent sets in $D(m,n)$ to the class of distance-$2$ MDS codes in $H(2m+n,4)$.
We prove an extension of Bourgain's theorem on pinned distances in measurable subset of $\mathbb{R}^2$ of positive upper density, namely Theorem $1^\prime$ in [Bourgain, 1986], to pinned non-degenerate $k$-dimensional simplices in measurable subset of $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ of positive upper density whenever $d\geq k+2$ and $k$ is any positive integer.
