Let $λ$ be an infinite cardinal number and let $\ell_\infty^c(λ)$ denote the subspace of $\ell_\infty(λ)$ consisting of all functions that assume at most countably many non-zero values. We classify all infinite dimensional complemented subspaces of $\ell_\infty^c(λ)$, proving that they are isomorphic to $\ell_\infty^c(κ)$ for some cardinal number $κ$. Then we show that the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on $\ell_\infty^c(λ)$ or $\ell_\infty(λ)$ has the unique maximal ideal consisting of operators through which the identity operator does not factor. Using similar techniques, we obtain an alternative to Daws' approach description of the lattice of all closed ideals of $\mathscr{B}(X)$, where $X = c_0(λ)$ or $X=\ell_p(λ)$ for some $p\in [1,\infty)$, and we classify the closed ideals of $\mathscr{B}(\ell_\infty^c(λ))$ that contains the ideal of weakly compact operators.
We show that a complemented subspace of a locally convex direct sum of an uncountable collection of Banach spaces is a locally convex direct sum of complemented subspaces of countable subsums. As a corollary we prove that a complemented subspace of a locally convex direct sum of arbitrary collection of $\ell_{1}(Γ)$-spaces is isomorphic to a locally convex direct sum of $\ell_{1}(Γ)$-spaces.
It is proved that there exist complemented subspaces of countable topological products (locally convex direct sums) of Banach spaces which cannot be represented as topological products (locally convex direct sums) of Banach spaces. (This is a revised version of the paper by the same name formerly contained in the file ostrovskiicompsbsp.atx.)
We introduce and study the notion of space of almost universal complemented disposition (a.u.c.d.) as a generalization of Kadec space. We show that every Banach space with separable dual is isometrically contained as a $1$-complemented subspace of a separable a.u.c.d. space and that all a.u.c.d. spaces with $1$-FDD are isometric and contain isometric $1$-complemented copies of every separable Banach space with $1$-FDD. We then study spaces of universal complemented disposition (u.c.d.) and provide different constructions for such spaces. We also consider spaces of u.c.d. with respect to separa…
The present paper contributes to the ongoing programme of quantification of isomorphic Banach space theory focusing on Pełczyński's classical work on dual Banach spaces containing $L_{1}$ ($=L_{1}[0,1]$) and the Hagler--Stegall characterisation of dual spaces containing complemented copies of $L_{1}$. We prove the following quantitative version of the Hagler--Stegall theorem asserting that for a Banach space $X$ the following statements are equivalent: $\bullet$ $X$ contains almost isometric copies of $(\bigoplus_{n=1}^{\infty} \ell_{\infty}^{n})_{\ell_1}$, $\bullet$ for all $\varepsilon>0$, $…
We first unify all notions of partial injectivity appearing in the literature ---(universal) separable injectivity, (universal) $\aleph$-injectivity --- in the notion of $(α, β)$-injectivity ($(α, β)_λ$-injectivity if the parameter $λ$ has to be specified). Then, extend the notion of space of universal disposition to space of universal $(α, β)$-disposition. Finally, we characterize the $1$-complemented subspaces of spaces of universal $(α, β)$-disposition as precisely the spaces $(α, β)_1$-injective.
An elegant but elementary result of Wolff from 1921, when interpreted in terms of Banach algebras, shows that it is possible to find a sequence of distinct characters $ϕ_n$ on the disc algebra and an $\ell_1$ sequence of complex numbers $λ_n$, not all zero, such that $\sum_{n=1}^\infty λ_n ϕ_n =0.$ We observe that, even for general commutative, unital Banach algebras, this is not possible if the closure of the countable set of characters has no perfect subsets.
The complemented subspace problem asks, in general, which closed subspaces $M$ of a Banach space $X$ are complemented; i.e. there exists a closed subspace $N$ of $X$ such that $X=M\oplus N$? This problem is in the heart of the theory of Banach spaces and plays a key role in the development of the Banach space theory. Our aim is to investigate some results on complemented subspaces, to give a history of the subject, and to present some open problems.
If Z is a quotient of a subspace of a separable Banach space X, and V is any separable Banach space, then there is a Banach couple (A_0,A_1) such that A_0 and A_1 are isometric to $X\oplus V$, and any intermediate space obtained using the real or complex interpolation method contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to Z. Thus many properties of Banach spaces, including having non-trivial cotype, having the Radon-Nikodym property, and having the analytic unconditional martingale difference sequence property, do not pass to intermediate spaces.
Let $X$ be a Banach space and $(Ω,Σ)$ be a measure space. We provide a characterization of sequences in the space of $X$-valued countably additive measures on $Ω,Σ)$ of bounded variation that generate complemented copies of $\ell_1$. As application, we prove that if a dual Banach space $E^*$ has Pełczyński's property (V*) then so does the space of $E^*$-valued countably additive measures with bounded variation. Another application, we show that for a Banach space $X$, the space $\ell_\infty(X)$ contains a complemented copy of $\ell_1$ if and only if $X$ contains all $\ell_1^n$ uniformly comple…
These notes are dedicated to the study of the complexity of several classes of separable Banach spaces. We compute the complexity of the Banach-Saks property, the alternating Banach-Saks property, the complete continuous property, and the LUST property. We also show that the weak Banach-Saks property, the Schur property, the Dunford-Pettis property, the analytic Radon-Nikodym property, the set of Banach spaces whose set of unconditionally converging operators is complemented in its bounded oper- ators, the set of Banach spaces whose set of weakly compact operators is complemented in its bounde…
We prove that no ultraproduct of Banach spaces via a countably incomplete ultrafilter can contain $c_0$ complemented. This shows that a "result" widely used in the theory of ultraproducts is wrong. We then amend a number of results whose proofs had been infected by that statement. In particular we provide proofs for the following statements: (i) All $M$-spaces, in particular all $C(K)$-spaces, have ultrapowers isomorphic to ultrapowers of $c_0$, as well as all their complemented subspaces isomorphic to their square. (ii) No ultrapower of the Gurari\u ı space can be complemented in any $M$-spac…
We provide a sufficient condition for the sum of a finite number of complemented subspaces of a Banach space to be complemented. Under this condition a formula for a projection onto the sum is given. We also show that the condition is sharp (in a certain sense). As applications, we get (1) sufficient conditions for the complementability of sums of marginal subspaces in $L^p$ and sums of tensor powers of subspaces in a tensor power of a Banach space and (2) quantitative results on stability of the complementability property of the sum of linearly independent subspaces.
This work will be centered in commutative Banach subalgebras of the algebra of bounded linear operators defined on a Free Banach spaces of countable type. The main goal of this work wil be to formulate a representation theorem for these operators through integrals defined by spectral measures type. In order to get this objective, we will show that, under special conditions, each one of these algebras is isometrically isomorphic to some space of continuous functions defined over a compact set. Then, we will identify such compact developing the Gelfand space theory in the non-archimedean setting…
We prove that a WLD subspace of the space $\ell_\infty^c(Γ)$ consisting of all bounded, countably supported functions on a set $Γ$ embeds isomorphically into $\ell_\infty$ if and only if it does not contain isometric copies of $c_0(ω_1)$. Moreover, a subspace of $\ell_\infty^c(ω_1)$ is constructed that has an unconditional basis, does not embed into $\ell_\infty$, and whose every weakly compact subset is separable (in particular, it cannot contain any isomorphic copies of $c_0(ω_1)$).
A group G is representable in a Banach space X if G is isomorphic to the group of isometries on X in some equivalent norm. We prove that a countable group G is representable in a separable real Banach space X in several general cases, including when $G=\{-1,1\} \times H$, H finite and $\dim X \geq |H|$, or when G contains a normal subgroup with two elements and X is of the form c_0(Y) or $\ell_p(Y)$, $1 \leq p <+\infty$. This is a consequence of a result inspired by methods of S. Bellenot and stating that under rather general conditions on a separable real Banach space X and a countable bounde…
We investigate for which compactifications $γω$ of the discrete space of natural numbers $ω$, the natural copy of the Banach space $c_0$ is complemented in $C(γω)$. We show, in particular, that the separability of the remainder of $γω$ is neither sufficient nor necessary for $c_0$ being complemented in $C(γω)$ (for the latter our result is proved under the continuum hypothesis). We analyse, in this context, compactifications of $ω$ related to embeddings of the measure algebra into $P(ω)/fin$. We also prove that a Banach space $C(K)$ contains a rich family of complemented copies of $c_0$ whenev…
We prove a general result on complemented unconditional basic sequences in Banach lattices and apply it to give some new examples of spaces with unique unconditional basis. We show that Tsirelson space and certain Nakano spaces have the unique unconditional bases. We also construct an example of a space with a unique unconditional basis with a complemented subspace failing to have a unique unconditional basis.
We will introduce the countable separation property (CSP) of Banach spaces X, which is defined as follows: For each subset \mathcal{F} of X^{\ast}, which separates X, there exists a countable separating subset \mathcal{F}_{0} of \mathcal{F}. All separable Banach spaces have CSP and plenty of examples of non-separable CSP spaces are provided. Connections of CSP with Markucevic-bases, Corson property and related geometric issues are discussed.
The Banach space $\mathcal{P}({}^2X)$ of $2$-homogeneous polynomials on the Banach space $X$ can be naturally embedded in the Banach space ${{\rm Lip}_0}(B_X)$ of real-valued Lipschitz functions on $B_X$ that vanish at $0$. We investigate whether $\mathcal{P}({}^2X)$ is a complemented subspace of ${{\rm Lip}_0}(B_X)$. This line of research can be considered as a polynomial counterpart to a classical result by Joram Lindenstrauss, asserting that $\mathcal{P}({}^1X)=X^*$ is complemented in ${{\rm Lip}_0}(B_X)$ for every Banach space $X$. Our main result asserts that $\mathcal{P}({}^2X)$ is not c…
If a Banach-space operator has a complemented range, then its normed-space adjoint has a complemented kernel and the converse holds on a reflexive Banach space. It is also shown when complemented kernel for an operator is equivalent to complemented range for its normed-space adjoint. This is applied to compact operators and to compact perturbations. In particular, compact perturbations of semi-Fredholm operators have complemented range and kernel for both the perturbed operator and its normed-space adjoint
One shows for Banach bundles in a certain class that having a second countable locally compact Hausdorff base space and separable fibers implies the separability of the Banach space of the all sections that vanish at infinity. In the reverse direction, it is proved that for a Banach bundle with locally compact Hausdorff base space the separability of the space of all the sections that vanish at infinity implies that the base space is second countable. If the base space is compact and the space of all the sections of the bundle is generated by a weakly compact subset then the base space is an E…
See title. (A Banach space is said to be L-embedded if it is complemented in its bidual such that the norm between the two complementary subspaces is additive.)
A well-known result of R. Pol states that a Banach space $X$ has property ($\mathcal{C}$) of Corson if and only if every point in the weak*-closure of any convex set $C \subseteq B_{X^*}$ is actually in the weak*-closure of a countable subset of $C$. Nevertheless, it is an open problem whether this is in turn equivalent to the countable tightness of $B_{X^*}$ with respect to the weak*-topology. Frankiewicz, Plebanek and Ryll-Nardzewski provided an affirmative answer under $\mathrm{MA}+\neg \mathrm{CH}$ for the class of $\mathcal{C}(K)$-spaces. In this article we provide a partial extension of …
We construct infinitely differentiable norms and partitions of unity for a class of Banach spaces which includes all spaces $\C(K)$ with $K$ a countable compact space, and all spaces $\C_0[0,Ω)$ with $Ω$ an ordinal.
Many of the known complemented subspaces of L_p have realizations as sequence spaces. In this paper a systematic approach to defining these spaces which uses partitions and weights is introduced. This approach gives a unified description of many well-known complemented subspaces of L_p. It is proved that the class of spaces with such norms is stable under (p,2) sums. By introducing the notion of an envelope norm, we obtain a necessary condition for a Banach sequence space with norm given by partitions and weights to be isomorphic to a subspace of L_p. Using this we define a space Y_n with norm…
Let $X$ be a Banach space and $(f_n)_n$ be a bounded sequence in $L^1(X)$. We prove a complemented version of the celebrated Talagrand's dichotomy i.e we show that if $(e_n)_n$ denotes the unit vector basis of $c_0$, there exists a sequence $g_n \in \text{conv}(f_n,f_{n+1},\dots)$ such that for almost every $ω$, either the sequence $(g_n(ω) \otimes e_n)$ is weakly Cauchy in $X \widehat{\otimes}_πc_0$ or it is equivalent to the unit vector basis of $\ell^1$. We then get a criterion for a bounded sequence to contain a subsequence equivalent to a complemented copy of $\ell^1$ in $L^1(X)$. As an a…
Motivated by a problem stated by S.A.Argyros and Th. Raikoftsalis, we introduce a new class of Banach spaces. Namely, for a sequence of separable Banach spaces $(X_n,\|\cdot\|_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$, we define the Bourgain Delbaen $\mathcal{L}^{\infty}$-sum of the sequence $(X_n,\|\cdot\|_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ which is a Banach space $\mathcal{Z}$ constructed with the Bourgain-Delbaen method. In particular, for every $1\leq p<\infty$, taking $X_n=\ell_p$ for every $n\in\mathbb{N}$ the aforementioned space $\mathcal{Z}_p$ is strictly quasi prime and admits $\ell_p$ as a complemented subspace. We s…
Understanding the complemented subspaces of $L_p$ has been an interesting topic of research in Banach space theory since 1960. 1999, Alspach proposed a systematic approach to classifying the subspaces of $L_p$ by introducing a norm given by partitions and weights. This paper shows that with Alspach Norm we are able to classify some complemented subspaces of $L_p, 2<p<\infty$.
In this paper, we study the notion of Johnson pseudo-contractibility for certain Banach algebras. For a bicyclic semigroup $S$, we show that $\ell^{1}(S)$ is not Johnson pseudo-contractible. Also for a Johnson pseudo-contractible Banach algebra $A$, we show that $A$ has no non-zero complemented closed nilpotent ideal.
It is known that any separable Banach space with BAP is a complemented subspace of a Banach space with a basis. We show that every operator with bounded approximation property, acting from a separable Banach space, can be factored through a Banach space with a basis.
We prove a number of results concerning the embedding of a Banach lattice $X$ into an r.i. space $Y$. For example we show that if $Y$ is an r.i. space on $[0,\infty)$ which is $p$-convex for some $p>2$ and has nontrivial concavity then any Banach lattice $X$ which is $r$-convex for some $r>2$ and embeds into $Y$ must embed as a sublattice. Similar conclusions can be drawn under a variety of hypotheses on $Y$; if $X$ is an r.i. space on $[0,1]$ one can replace the hypotheses of $r$-convexity for some $r>2$ by $X\neq L_2.$ We also show that if $Y$ is an order-continuous Banach lattice which cont…
We give the first lower bound on the $\scr C(K)$-distortion of the class of separable Banach spaces, for $K$ a countable compact in the family $\{ [0,ω],[0,ω\cdot2],\cdots, [0,ω^2], \cdots, [0,ω^k\cdot n],\cdots,[0,ω^ω]\}$.
For every well founded tree $\mathcal{T}$ having a unique root such that every non-maximal node of it has countable infinitely many immediate successors, we construct a $\mathcal{L}_\infty$-space $X_{\mathcal{T}}$. We prove that for each such tree $\mathcal{T}$, the Calkin algebra of $X_{\mathcal{T}}$ is homomorphic to $C(\mathcal{T})$, the algebra of continuous functions defined on $\mathcal{T}$, equipped with the usual topology. We use this fact to conclude that for every countable compact metric space $K$ there exists a $\mathcal{L}_\infty$-space whose Calkin algebra is isomorphic, as a Ban…
We prove that if $X$ is a quasi-normed space which possesses an infinite countable dimensional subspace with a separating dual, then it admits a strictly weaker Hausdorff vector topology. Such a topology is constructed explicitly. As an immediate consequence, we obtain an improvement of a well-known result of Kalton-Shapiro and Drewnowski by showing that a quasi-Banach space contains a basic sequence if and only if it contains an infinite countable dimensional subspace whose dual is separating. We also use this result to highlight a new feature of the minimal quasi-Banach space constructed by …
A Banach space $X$ is called subprojective if any of its infinite dimensional subspaces $Y$ contains a further infinite dimensional subspace complemented in $X$. This paper is devoted to systematic study of subprojectivity. We examine the stability of subprojectivity of Banach spaces under various operations, such us direct or twisted sums, tensor products, and forming spaces of operators. Along the way, we obtain new classes of subprojective spaces.
This paper considers explicit constructions of Auerbach bases in separable Banach spaces. Answering the question of A. Pełczy{ń}ski, we prove by construction the existence of Auerbach basis in arbitrary subspace of $c_0$ of finite codimension and in the space $C(K)$ for $K$ compact countable metric space.
For every $ 1 < p < \infty $ an isomorphically polyhedral Banach space $E_p$ is constructed having an unconditional basis and admitting a quotient isomorphic to $\ell_p$. It is also shown that $E_p$ is not isomorphic to a subspace of a $C(K)$ space for every countable and compact metric space $K$.
In this note the following version of Phillips' lemma is proved. The L-projection of an L-embedded space - that is of a Banach space which is complemented in its bidual such that the norm between the two complementary subspaces is additive - is weak-weakly sequentially continuous.
In this note the following is proved. Separable L-embedded spaces - that is separable Banach spaces which are complemented in their biduals such that the norm between the two complementary subspaces is additive - have property (X) which, by a result of Godefroy and Talagrand, entails uniqueness of the space as a predual.
We show that the classification problem for genus n Banach spaces can be reduced to the unconditionally primary case and that the critical case there is n=2. It is further shown that a genus n Banach space is unconditionally primary if and only if it contains a complemented subspace of genus (n-1). We begin the process of classifying the genus 2 spaces by showing they have a strong decomposition property.
Let X be an L_1-predual space and let K be a countable linearly independent subset of the extreme points of its closed dual ball. It is shown that if the norm-closed linear span Y of K is w^*-closed in X^*, then Y is the range of a w^*-continuous contractive projection in X^*. This result is applied in order to provide new and simpler proofs of the results of Lazar, Lindenstrauss and Zippin on the embedding of C(K) spaces into X.
This is the survey of results about norm one projections and 1-complemented subspaces in Köthe function spaces and Banach sequence spaces. The historical development of the theory is presented from the 1930's to the newest ideas. Proofs of the main results are outlined. Open problems are also discussed. Every effort has been made to include as complete a bibliography as possible.
We show that, if $X$ is a closed subspace of a Banach space $E$ and $Z$ is a closed subspace of $E^*$ such that $Z$ is norming for $X$ and $X$ is total over $Z$ (as well as $X$ is norming for $Z$ and $Z$ is total over $X$), then $X$ and the pre-annihilator of $Z$ are complemented in $E$ whenever $Z$ is $w^*$-closed or $X$ is reflexive.
A classical result of Cembranos and Freniche states that the C(K, X) spaces contains a complemented copy of c_0 whenever K is an infinite compact Hausdorff space and X is an infinite dimensional Banach space. This paper takes this result as a starting point and begins a study of the conditions under which the spaces C(alpha), alpha<omega_1 are quotients of or complemented in spaces C(K,X). In contrast to the c_0 result, we prove that if C(beta mathbb N times [1,omega], X) contains a complemented copy of C(omega^omega) then X contains a copy of c_0. Moreover, we show that C(omega^omega) is not …
By a result of Johnson, the Banach space $F=(\bigoplus_{n=1}^\infty \ell_1^n)_{\ell_\infty}$ contains a complemented copy of $\ell_1$. We identify $F$ with a complemented subspace of the space of (bounded, linear) operators on the reflexive space $(\bigoplus_{n=1}^\infty \ell_1^n)_{\ell_p}$ ($p\in (1,\infty))$, thus giving a negative answer to the problem posed in the monograph of Diestel and Uhl which asks whether the space of operators on a reflexive Banach space is Grothendieck.
Given a real Banach space $\mathcal{X}$ and probability space $(Ω, Σ, μ)$ we characterize the countable additivity of Henstock-Dunford integral for Henstock integrable function taking values in $X$ as those weakly measurable function $ g: Ω\to \mathcal{X} $ for which $\{y^*g~: y^* \in B_\mathcal{X}^* \} $ is relatively weakly compact in some separable Orlicz space $ \mathcal{L}^{\overlineϕ}(μ) .$ We find relatively weakly compact in some Orlicz space with Henstock-Gel'fand integral.
We start the systematic study of Fréchet spaces which are $\aleph$-spaces in the weak topology. A topological space $X$ is an $\aleph_0$-space or an $\aleph$-space if $X$ has a countable $k$-network or a $σ$-locally finite $k$-network, respectively. We are motivated by the following result of Corson (1966): If the space $C_{c}(X)$ of continuous real-valued functions on a Tychonoff space $X$ endowed with the compact-open topology is a Banach space, then $C_{c}(X)$ endowed with the weak topology is an $\aleph_0$-space if and only if $X$ is countable. We extend Corson's result as follows: If the …
We provide some new consequences on the Lipschitz numerical radius and index which were introduced recently. More precisely, we give some renorming results on the Lipschitz numerical index, introduce a concept of Lipschitz numerical radius attaining functions in order to show that the denseness fails for an arbitrary Banach space, and study a Lipschitz version of Daugavet centers. Furthermore, we discuss the Lipschitz numerical index of vector-valued function spaces, absolute sums of Banach spaces, the Köthe-Bochner spaces, and Banach spaces which contain a dense union of increasing family of …
