The complemented subspace problem asks, in general, which closed subspaces $M$ of a Banach space $X$ are complemented; i.e. there exists a closed subspace $N$ of $X$ such that $X=M\oplus N$? This problem is in the heart of the theory of Banach spaces and plays a key role in the development of the Banach space theory. Our aim is to investigate some results on complemented subspaces, to give a history of the subject, and to present some open problems.
In this paper we prove some results related to the problem of isomorphically classifying the complemented subspaces of $X_{p}$. We characterize the complemented subspaces of $X_{p}$ which are isomorphic to $X_{p}$ by showing that such a space must contain a canonical complemented subspace isomorphic to $X_{p}.$ We also give some characterizations of complemented subspaces of $X_{p}$ isomorphic to $\ell_{p}\oplus \ell_{2}.$
We provide a sufficient condition for the sum of a finite number of complemented subspaces of a Banach space to be complemented. Under this condition a formula for a projection onto the sum is given. We also show that the condition is sharp (in a certain sense). As applications, we get (1) sufficient conditions for the complementability of sums of marginal subspaces in $L^p$ and sums of tensor powers of subspaces in a tensor power of a Banach space and (2) quantitative results on stability of the complementability property of the sum of linearly independent subspaces.
Characterizations are given for 1-complemented hyperplanes of strictly monotone real Lorentz spaces and 1-complemented finite codimensional subspaces (which contain at least one basis element) of real Orlicz spaces equipped with either Luxemburg or Orlicz norm.
We show that a complemented subspace of a locally convex direct sum of an uncountable collection of Banach spaces is a locally convex direct sum of complemented subspaces of countable subsums. As a corollary we prove that a complemented subspace of a locally convex direct sum of arbitrary collection of $\ell_{1}(Γ)$-spaces is isomorphic to a locally convex direct sum of $\ell_{1}(Γ)$-spaces.
Understanding the complemented subspaces of $L_p$ has been an interesting topic of research in Banach space theory since 1960. 1999, Alspach proposed a systematic approach to classifying the subspaces of $L_p$ by introducing a norm given by partitions and weights. This paper shows that with Alspach Norm we are able to classify some complemented subspaces of $L_p, 2<p<\infty$.
It is shown that the Schreier space X admits a set of continuum cardinality whose elements are mutually incomparable complemented subspaces spanned by subsequences of the natural Schauder basis of X.
An isomorphic (\ell_1)-predual space (X) is constructed such that neither (X) is isomorphic to a subspace of (c_0), nor (C(ω^ω)) is isomorphic to a subspace of (X). It follows that (X) is not isomorphic to a complemented subspace of a (C(K)) space.
We prove that the subspace $c_0$ of sequences that converge to zero is not complemented in the space $ac_0$ of sequences that almost converge to zero. We proceed with applying the same approach to inclusion chain $c_0\subset A_0 \subset \ell_\infty$.
It is proved that there exist complemented subspaces of countable topological products (locally convex direct sums) of Banach spaces which cannot be represented as topological products (locally convex direct sums) of Banach spaces. (This is a revised version of the paper by the same name formerly contained in the file ostrovskiicompsbsp.atx.)
We provide complete isomorphic invariance of a class of translation invariant complemented subspaces of L_p constructed by Bourgain, Rosenthal and Schechtman. We compute ordinal L_p-indices for this class. We further show that the isometric index of a tree subspace over a well founded tree is an invariance for the order of the tree. Finally we provide a dichotomy for the subspaces of L_p with small ordinal indices.
We show that Rudin-Plotkin isometry extension theorem in $L_p$ implies that when $X$ and $Y$ are isometric subspaces of $L_p$ and $p$ is not an even integer, $1 \leq p < \infty$, then $X$ is complemented in $L_p$ if and only if $Y$ is; moreover the constants of complementation of $X$ and $Y$ are equal. We provide examples demonstrating that this fact fails when $p$ is an even integer larger than 2.
We first unify all notions of partial injectivity appearing in the literature ---(universal) separable injectivity, (universal) $\aleph$-injectivity --- in the notion of $(α, β)$-injectivity ($(α, β)_λ$-injectivity if the parameter $λ$ has to be specified). Then, extend the notion of space of universal disposition to space of universal $(α, β)$-disposition. Finally, we characterize the $1$-complemented subspaces of spaces of universal $(α, β)$-disposition as precisely the spaces $(α, β)_1$-injective.
Let $\mathcal{P}_{K} (^{n}E; F)$ (resp. $\mathcal{P}_{w} (^{n}E; F)$) the subspace of all $P\in \mathcal{P}(^{n}E; F)$ which are compact (resp. weakly continuous on bounded sets). We show that if $\mathcal{P}_{K} (^{n}E; F)$ contains an isomorphic copy of $c_{0}$, then $\mathcal{P}_{K} (^{n}E; F)$ is not complemented in $\mathcal{P}(^{n}E; F)$. Likewise we show that if $\mathcal{P}_{w} (^{n}E; F)$ contains an isomorphic copy of $c_{0}$, then $\mathcal{P}_{w}(^{n}E; F)$ is not complemented in $\mathcal{P}(^{n}E; F)$.
Many of the known complemented subspaces of L_p have realizations as sequence spaces. In this paper a systematic approach to defining these spaces which uses partitions and weights is introduced. This approach gives a unified description of many well-known complemented subspaces of L_p. It is proved that the class of spaces with such norms is stable under (p,2) sums. By introducing the notion of an envelope norm, we obtain a necessary condition for a Banach sequence space with norm given by partitions and weights to be isomorphic to a subspace of L_p. Using this we define a space Y_n with norm…
We prove that if $X$ is a complex strictly monotone sequence space with $1$-unconditional basis, $Y \subseteq X$ has no bands isometric to $\ell_2^2$ and $Y$ is the range of norm-one projection from $X$, then $Y$ is a closed linear span a family of mutually disjoint vectors in $X$. We completely characterize $1$-complemented subspaces and norm-one projections in complex spaces $\ell_p(\ell_q)$ for $1 \leq p, q < \infty$. Finally we give a full description of the subspaces that are spanned by a family of disjointly supported vectors and which are $1$-complemented in (real or complex) Orlicz or …
We show that every Lorentz sequence space $d(\textbf{w},p)$ admits a 1-complemented subspace $Y$ distinct from $\ell_p$ and containing no isomorph of $d(\textbf{w},p)$. In the general case, this is only the second nontrivial complemented subspace in $d(\textbf{w},p)$ yet known. We also give an explicit representation of $Y$ in the special case $\textbf{w}=(n^{-θ})_{n=1}^\infty$ ($0<θ<1$) as the $\ell_p$-sum of finite-dimensional copies of $d(\textbf{w},p)$. As an application, we find a sixth distinct element in the lattice of closed ideals of $\mathcal{L}(d(\textbf{w},p))$, of which only five …
If Z is a quotient of a subspace of a separable Banach space X, and V is any separable Banach space, then there is a Banach couple (A_0,A_1) such that A_0 and A_1 are isometric to $X\oplus V$, and any intermediate space obtained using the real or complex interpolation method contains a complemented subspace isomorphic to Z. Thus many properties of Banach spaces, including having non-trivial cotype, having the Radon-Nikodym property, and having the analytic unconditional martingale difference sequence property, do not pass to intermediate spaces.
Let X be an L_1-predual space and let K be a countable linearly independent subset of the extreme points of its closed dual ball. It is shown that if the norm-closed linear span Y of K is w^*-closed in X^*, then Y is the range of a w^*-continuous contractive projection in X^*. This result is applied in order to provide new and simpler proofs of the results of Lazar, Lindenstrauss and Zippin on the embedding of C(K) spaces into X.
Let X,Y be two Banach spaces ; in the first part of this work, we show that K(X,Y) contains a complemented copy of c0 if Y contains a copy of c0 and each bounded sequence in Y has a subsequece which is w* convergente. Afterward we obtain some results of M.Feder and G.Emmanuele: Finally in this part we study the relation between the existence of projection from L(X,Y) on K(X,Y) and the existence of pro- jection from K(X,Y ) on K(X,Y) if Y has the approximation property. In the second part we study the Radon-Nikodym property in L(X,Y):
Given the polynomial ideal $\mathcal{J}\circ\mathcal{P} (^{n}E; F)$, we prove that if $\mathcal{J}\circ\mathcal{P} (^{n}E; F)$ contains an isomorphic copy of $c_{0}$, then $\mathcal{J}\circ\mathcal{P} (^{n}E; F)$ is not complemented in $\mathcal{P} (^{n}E; F)$ for every closed operator ideal $\mathcal{J}\subset \mathcal{L}_{K}$ and every $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Likewise we show that if $\widehat{(\mathcal{J}\circ\mathcal{L})^{fac}}(^{n}E;F)$ contains an isomorphic copy of $c_{0}$, then $\widehat{(\mathcal{J}\circ\mathcal{L})^{fac}}(^{n}E;F)$ is not complemented in $\mathcal{P}(^{n}E; F)$ for every c…
In this note we include two remarks about bounded ($\underline{not}$ necessarily contractive) linear projections on a von Neumann-algebra. We show that if $M$ is a von Neumann-subalgebra of $B(H)$ which is complemented in B(H) and isomorphic to $M \otimes M$ then $M$ is injective (or equivalently $M$ is contractively complemented). We do not know how to get rid of the second assumption on $M$. In the second part,we show that any complemented reflexive subspace of a $C^*$- algebra is necessarily linearly isomorphic to a Hilbert space.
Let $λ$ be an infinite cardinal number and let $\ell_\infty^c(λ)$ denote the subspace of $\ell_\infty(λ)$ consisting of all functions that assume at most countably many non-zero values. We classify all infinite dimensional complemented subspaces of $\ell_\infty^c(λ)$, proving that they are isomorphic to $\ell_\infty^c(κ)$ for some cardinal number $κ$. Then we show that the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on $\ell_\infty^c(λ)$ or $\ell_\infty(λ)$ has the unique maximal ideal consisting of operators through which the identity operator does not factor. Using similar techniques, we …
We consider the Schatten spaces S^p in the framework of operator space theory and for any $1\leq p\not=2<\infty$, we characterize the completely 1-complemented subspaces of S^p. They turn out to be the direct sums of spaces of the form S^p(H,K), where H,K are Hilbert spaces. This result is related to some previous work of Arazy-Friedman giving a description of all 1-complemented subspaces of S^p in terms of the Cartan factors of types 1-4. We use operator space structures on these Cartan factors regarded as subspaces of appropriate noncommutative L^p-spaces. Also we show that for any $n\geq 2$…
We consider 1-complemented subspaces (ranges of contractive projections) of vector-valued spaces $\ell_p(X)$, where $X$ is a Banach space with a 1-unconditional basis and $p \in (1,2)\cup (2,\infty)$. If the norm of $X$ is twice continuously differentiable and satisfies certain conditions connecting the norm and the notion of disjointness with respect to the basis, then we prove that every 1-complemented subspace of $\ell_p(X)$ admits a basis of mutually disjoint elements. Moreover, we show that every contractive projection is then an averaging operator. We apply our results to the space $\ell…
The Rademacher functions are investigated in the Morrey spaces M(p,w) on [0,1] for 1 \le p <\infty and weight w being a quasi-concave function. They span l_2 space in M(p,w) if and only if the weight w is smaller than the function log_2^{-1/2}(2/t) on (0,1). Moreover, if 1 < p < \infty the Rademacher sunspace R_p is complemented in M(p,w) if and only if it is isomorphic to l_2. However, the Rademacher subspace is not complemented in M(1,w) for any quasi-concave weight w. In the last part of the paper geometric structure of Rademacher subspaces in Morrey spaces M(p,w) is described. It turns out…
In this paper we provide a study of quaternionic inner product spaces. This includes ortho-complemented subspaces, fundamental decompositions as well as a number of results of topological nature. Our main purpose is to show that a uniformly positive subspace in a quaternionic Krein space is ortho-complemented, and this leads to our choice of the results presented in the paper.
We introduce and study the notion of space of almost universal complemented disposition (a.u.c.d.) as a generalization of Kadec space. We show that every Banach space with separable dual is isometrically contained as a $1$-complemented subspace of a separable a.u.c.d. space and that all a.u.c.d. spaces with $1$-FDD are isometric and contain isometric $1$-complemented copies of every separable Banach space with $1$-FDD. We then study spaces of universal complemented disposition (u.c.d.) and provide different constructions for such spaces. We also consider spaces of u.c.d. with respect to separa…
We prove a number of results concerning the embedding of a Banach lattice $X$ into an r.i. space $Y$. For example we show that if $Y$ is an r.i. space on $[0,\infty)$ which is $p$-convex for some $p>2$ and has nontrivial concavity then any Banach lattice $X$ which is $r$-convex for some $r>2$ and embeds into $Y$ must embed as a sublattice. Similar conclusions can be drawn under a variety of hypotheses on $Y$; if $X$ is an r.i. space on $[0,1]$ one can replace the hypotheses of $r$-convexity for some $r>2$ by $X\neq L_2.$ We also show that if $Y$ is an order-continuous Banach lattice which cont…
Dronov and Kaplitzki showed that every complemented subspace of a nuclear Köthe space E with a regular basis of type ($d_1$) has a basis so, in particular, solving the long standing problem whether any complemented subspace of the space (s) of rapidly decreasing sequences has a basis. We present a slightly modified version of their proof which shows that the range of every closed-range operator in $E$ has a basis
We show a structural property of cohomology with coefficients in an isometric representation on a uniformly convex Banach space: if the cohomology group $H^1(G,π)$ is reduced, then, up to an isomorphism, it is a closed complemented, subspace of the space of cocycles and its complement is the subspace of coboundaries.
Let $(E,F)$ be a pair of Fréchet spaces. In this paper, we discuss whether a certain property $P$ enjoyed by both $E$ and $F$ is also satisfied by the complete tensor product $E \widehat{\otimes}_π F$. Specifically we focus on the two properties generalizing Köthe spaces: the normability condition called the property $(y)$, and the property of smallness of bounded subsets of Fréchet spaces up to a complemented Banach subspace in connection with the problem of topologies of A. Grothendieck. We also consider the stability of some well known equivalences of operator classes with an application in…
The operator spaces $H_n^k$ $1\le k\le n$, generalizing the row and column Hilbert spaces, and arising in the authors' previous study of contractively complemented subspaces of $C^*$-algebras, are shown to be homogeneous and completely isometric to a space of creation operators on a subspace of the anti-symmetric Fock space. The completely bounded Banach-Mazur distance from $H_n^k$ to row or column space is explicitly calculated.
In 1965, Ron Douglas proved that if $X$ is a closed subspace of an $L^1$-space and $X$ is isometric to another $L^1$-space, then $X$ is the range of a contractive projection on the containing $L^1$-space. In 1977 Arazy-Friedman showed that if a subspace $X$ of $C_1$ is isometric to another $C_1$-space (possibly finite dimensional), then there is a contractive projection of $C_1$ onto $X$. In 1993 Kirchberg proved that if a subspace $X$ of the predual of a von Neumann algebra $M$ is isometric to the predual of another von Neumann algebra, then there is a contractive projection of the predual of…
We show that, if $X$ is a closed subspace of a Banach space $E$ and $Z$ is a closed subspace of $E^*$ such that $Z$ is norming for $X$ and $X$ is total over $Z$ (as well as $X$ is norming for $Z$ and $Z$ is total over $X$), then $X$ and the pre-annihilator of $Z$ are complemented in $E$ whenever $Z$ is $w^*$-closed or $X$ is reflexive.
We construct a countable inductive limit of weighted Banach spaces of holomorphic functions, which is not a topological subspace of the corresponding weighted inductive limit of spaces of continuous functions. The main step of our construction, using a special sequence of outer holomorphic functions, shows that a certain sequence space is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of a weighted space of holomorphic functions in two complex variables. This example solves in the negative a well-known open problem raised by Bierstedt, Meise and Summers.
We calculate ordinal $L_p$ index defined in "An ordinal L_p index for Banach spaces with an application to complemented subspaces of L_p" authored by J. Bourgain, H. P. Rosenthal and G. Schechtman, for Rosenthal's space $X_p$, $\ell_p$ and $\ell_2$. We show a subspace of $L_p$ $(2 < p < \infty)$ non isomorphic to $\ell_2$ embeds in $\ell_p$ if and only if its ordinal index is minimum possible. We also give a sufficient condition for a $\mathcal{L}_p$ subspace of $\ell_p\oplus\ell_2$ to be isomorphic to $X_p$.
We study when diameter two properties pass down to subspaces. We obtain that the slice two property (respectively diameter two property, strong diameter two property) passes down from a Banach space $X$ to a subspace $Y$ whenever $Y$ is complemented by a norm one projection with finite-dimensional kernel (respectively the quotient $X/Y$ is finite dimensional, $X/Y$ is strongly regular). Also we study the same problem for dual properties of the above ones, as having octahedral, weakly octahedral or 2-rough norm.
We prove a general result on complemented unconditional basic sequences in Banach lattices and apply it to give some new examples of spaces with unique unconditional basis. We show that Tsirelson space and certain Nakano spaces have the unique unconditional bases. We also construct an example of a space with a unique unconditional basis with a complemented subspace failing to have a unique unconditional basis.
We investigate the geometry of $C(K,X)$ and $\ell_{\infty}(X)$ spaces through complemented subspaces of the form $\left(\bigoplus_{i\in \varGamma}X_i\right)_{c_0}$. Concerning the geometry of $C(K,X)$ spaces we extend some results of D. Alspach and E. M. Galego from \cite{AlspachGalego}. On $\ell_{\infty}$-sums of Banach spaces we prove that if $\ell_{\infty}(X)$ has a complemented subspace isomorphic to $c_0(Y)$, then, for some $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $X^n$ has a subspace isomorphic to $c_0(Y)$. We further prove the following: (1) If $C(K)\sim c_0(C(K))$ and $C(L)\sim c_0(C(L))$ and $\ell_{\infty…
A Banach space $X$ is called subprojective if any of its infinite dimensional subspaces $Y$ contains a further infinite dimensional subspace complemented in $X$. This paper is devoted to systematic study of subprojectivity. We examine the stability of subprojectivity of Banach spaces under various operations, such us direct or twisted sums, tensor products, and forming spaces of operators. Along the way, we obtain new classes of subprojective spaces.
We prove that no ultraproduct of Banach spaces via a countably incomplete ultrafilter can contain $c_0$ complemented. This shows that a "result" widely used in the theory of ultraproducts is wrong. We then amend a number of results whose proofs had been infected by that statement. In particular we provide proofs for the following statements: (i) All $M$-spaces, in particular all $C(K)$-spaces, have ultrapowers isomorphic to ultrapowers of $c_0$, as well as all their complemented subspaces isomorphic to their square. (ii) No ultrapower of the Gurari\u ı space can be complemented in any $M$-spac…
We show that any Banach space contains a continuum of non isomorphic subspaces or a minimal subspace. We define an ergodic Banach space $X$ as a space such that $E_0$ Borel reduces to isomorphism on the set of subspaces of $X$, and show that every Banach space is either ergodic or contains a subspace with an unconditional basis $ which is complementably universal for the family of its block-subspaces. We also use our methods to get uniformity results; for example, in combination with a result of B. Maurey, V. Milman and N. Tomczak-Jaegermann, we show that an unconditional basis of a Banach spa…
The diametral dimension, $Δ(E)$, and the approximate diametral dimension, $δ(E)$ of an element $E$ of a large class of nuclear Fréchet spaces are set theoretically between the corresponding invariant of power series spaces $Λ_{1}(\varepsilon)$ and $Λ_{\infty}(\varepsilon)$ for some exponent sequence $\varepsilon$. Aytuna et al., \cite{AKT2}, proved that $E$ contains a complemented subspace which is isomorphic to $Λ_{\infty}(\varepsilon)$ provided $Δ(E)=Δ( Λ_{\infty}(\varepsilon))$ and $\varepsilon$ is stable. In this article, we will consider the other extreme case and we proved that in this l…
The famous Rosenthal-Lacey theorem asserts that for each infinite compact space $K$ the Banach space $C(K)$ admits a quotient which is either a copy of $c_{0}$ or $\ell_{2}$. The aim of the paper is to study a natural variant of this result for the space $C_{p}(K)$ of continuous real-valued maps on $K$ with the pointwise topology. Following famous Josefson-Nissenzweig theorem for infinite-dimensional Banach spaces we introduce a corresponding property (called Josefson-Nissenzweig property, briefly, the JNP) for $C_{p}$-spaces. We prove: For a Tychonoff space $X$ the space $C_p(X)$ satisfies th…
The Banach space $\mathcal{P}({}^2X)$ of $2$-homogeneous polynomials on the Banach space $X$ can be naturally embedded in the Banach space ${{\rm Lip}_0}(B_X)$ of real-valued Lipschitz functions on $B_X$ that vanish at $0$. We investigate whether $\mathcal{P}({}^2X)$ is a complemented subspace of ${{\rm Lip}_0}(B_X)$. This line of research can be considered as a polynomial counterpart to a classical result by Joram Lindenstrauss, asserting that $\mathcal{P}({}^1X)=X^*$ is complemented in ${{\rm Lip}_0}(B_X)$ for every Banach space $X$. Our main result asserts that $\mathcal{P}({}^2X)$ is not c…
